Warraparna Kaurna! Reclaiming an Australian language

Front matter

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents Maps, Plates, Graphs and Tables Preface to this Edition (2016) Revised Kaurna Spelling Additional References Foreword to the 2000 Edition Preface to the 2000 Edition Acknowledgements Abbreviations Conventions and Terminology

Chapter 1: Locating the Study Who are the Kaurna?

Kaurna territory Kaurna neighbours Kaurna people today A Kaurna linguistic and cultural renaissance The relationship between Kaurna and Nunga English Prospects for the revival of Kaurna

Chapter 2: Language Reclamation Language reclamation: preliminaries 'Dead' or 'sleeping' languages? Terminology does matter Revival of a 'dead' language: is it really possible? What do we need as a basis for reviving a language? What is being revived?

Natural vs. artificial languages Language reclamation: the method Assembling the language sources Archival research Philology and comparative/historical linguistics Language typology and language universals Language modernisation vi Warraparna Kaurna!

Chapter 3: An Ecological Approach to Language Revival 41 Language ecology 41 On the nature of language 45 Communicative vs. symbolic functions of language 47 Esoteric vs. exoteric languages 49 Language as cultural artefact 50 Language planning issues 52 Chapter 4: A Sociolinguistic History of Kaurna 56 First contacts 57 Invasion of Kaurna lands: colonisation, 1836 61 Christianising and 'civilising' 64 The German missionaries 65 Decline of the Kaurna and loss of the Kaurna language 13 Surviving the 'dark ages' 78 Chapter 5: Kaurna Sources 85 The sources 86 Language contact and contact languages 104 Recent compilations of Kaurna material used as resources 104 Grammar 106 Kaurna texts 110 Kaurna Dreaming stories 113 Kaurna songs 118 Chapter 6: Restoring and Transforming the Kaurna Language 128 Recovering the sounds of Kaurna 129 Restoring the lexicon 137 Lexical semantics 143 Grammar and syntax 146 Variation 151 Recapturing the genius of the language 152 The reintroduction of aspects of traditional culture 155 Kaurna in the twenty-first century 156 Authenticity and integrity 162 Development of Kaurna language materials 166 Summary and conclusions 168 Chapter 7: Kaurna Language Programs 172 Precursors of Kaurna programs in the education sector 172 Language ecology in the education sector 174 Kaurna language programs 180 Teacher training and in-service 183 Curriculum development 183

Approaches and methods 187

Table of Contents vii

Evaluation 193 Chapter 8: Kaurna in Society 203 Names and naming 203 The public function of Kaurna 210 Cultural tourism 221 Language use within the Kaurna community 228 Summary and discussion 230 Chapter 9: Kaurna Language Revival: The Formulaic Method 234 A revival of Kaurna as a spoken language? 234 Approaches to language revival 235 The Formulaic Method 237 Introducing the language into the Kaurna community 241 'Artificial pidgins' and Ngarrindjeri 'language renewal’ 245 The relationship between minority and majority languages 247

Chapter 10: Sociopolitical Dimensions of Kaurna Language Revival 250

The construction and reconstruction of identity 255 The struggle for recognition, empowerment and reconciliation 261 The sociopolitical backdrop for Kaurna language revival 262 Whose language is it? Ownership and copyright issues 266 The role of linguistics 272 Chapter 11: Into the Twenty-first Century: Developments since 2000 280 Kaurna sources 281 Restoring and transforming the Kaurna language 282 Revised Kaurna Spelling (2010) 283 Kaurna language programs 285 Kaurna in society 286 Kaurna on the web 287 Media coverage 288 International profile 289 Sociopolitical dimensions of Kaurna language revival 291 Chapter 12: Summary and Conclusions 295 Bibliography 307

Index 338 viii Warraparna Kaurna!

Maps, Plates, Graphs and Tables

List of Maps

Map I: Kaurna Native Title claim xxvi Map II: Kaurna territory and neighbouring languages xxvii Map III: Thura-Yura languages xxviii Map IV: Main localities referred to on the Adelaide Plains XXİX Map 7.1 Location of Kaurna language programs, 1990-1997 180 Map 8.1: Prominent Kaurna names appearing on current maps 204

Map 8.2: Kaurna sites of cultural significance in the metropolitan area 223

List of Plates (between pp. 202 and 203)

Plate 1: Clamor Schiirmann

Plate 2: Christian Teichelmann

Plate 3: Kadlitpinna 'Captain Jack'

Plate 4: Ivaritji (Amelia Taylor)

Plate 5: The Kuri (RS Kurdi) and Palti

Plate 6: A page from Kartanya's copybook, 1840

Plate 7: Letter written by Pitpauwe, 1843

Plate 8: Letter written by Wailtyi, 1843

Plate 9: Group Letter written to Gawler (penned by Itya Maii), 1841 Plate 10: Ten Commandments and Gawler's speech, 1840

Plate 11: Lewis O'Brien and Georgina Williams KL&LE launch Plate 12: Nelson (Snooky) Varcoe teaching Kaurna at KPS, 1992 Plate 13: Dr Alitya Wallara Rigney at KL&LE launch, 1997 Plate 14: Cherie Warrara Watkins, steps of Parliament House, 1996 Plate 15: Alma Ridgway and Vicki Hartman, 1996

Plate 16: First Kaurna workshop, KPS, 1990

Plate 17: Nola Foster and children out the front of KPS

Plate 18: Tauondi students on excursion

Plate 19: Julie Hodgkinson and children at KPS

Plate 20: Nelson Varcoe and PWAC singers, 1995

Plate 21: Kevin Duigan, Cherie Watkins and KPS children, 1997 Plate 22: Singing group in Tarntanyangga (Victoria Square) Plate 23: Smoking ceremony at PWAC

Plate 24: Kevin Duigan and KPS children, 26 May 1999

Plate 25: Nelson Varcoe at Journey of Healing, 26 May 1999 Plate 26: Lester [rabinna Rigney, 26 May 1999

Plate 27: Kaurna Radio Shows team, 2010

Plate 28: CKLR team

Plate 29: Kaurna media team (Steve and Taylor) on location at Brighton Plate 30: Jack Kanya Buckskin and daughter Mahleah Kudlyu Plate 31: KWP members, 4 December 2014

Table of Contents ix

Plate 32: Signing of MoU between KWP and the University of Adelaide, 2013 Plate 33: Return of Kaurna letters from Germany

Plate 34: Kaurna TAFE Certificate III course, 2012

Plate 35: TAFE Certificate III graduates, December 2013

Plate 36: University of Adelaide Kaurna Summer School excursion, Warriparinga, January 2013

Plate 37: Steve Gadlabarti Goldsmith at Kaurna Learner's Guide launch, Tandanya, December 2013

Plate 38: Jack Kanya Buckskin and Kuma Kaaru dance troupe

Plate 39: Kaurna street signs

Plate 40: Kaurna Coast public artwork

Plate 41: Tindo solar bus

Plate 42: Kaurna graffiti art under Southern Expressway

List of Graphs

Graph 7.1: Enrolments and graduates of Tauondi Kaurna course,

1993-1997 197 Graph 8.1: Kaurna speeches in public, 1991-1997 211 Graph 8.2: Number of individuals giving Kaurna speeches in a

given year 213 Graph 8.3: Performance of Kaurna songs in public, 1992-1997 215 List of Tables

Table 5.1: 'Traditional' Kaurna songs 121 Table 5.2: Kaurna hymns written in the early 1840s 123 Table 5.3: Kaurna sources making an original contribution 126 Table 5.4: Secondary Kaurna sources 127 Table 6.1: Kaurna consonants 130 Table 6.2: Nukunu consonant system 131 Table 6.3: Some variant spellings in T&S 132 Table 6.4: Borrowings from Aboriginal languages, 1990-1997 138 Table 6.5: Prominent lexical gaps in Kaurna fauna terminology 141 Table 6.6: Gaps in the fauna domain addressed so far 142 Table 6.7: Examples of Kaurna neologisms developed in the 1990s 159 Table 7.1: Kaurna language programs: a chronology 181

Table 11.1: KWP Projects funded by Commonwealth Government Grants (2005-2015) 292

Preface to this Edition (2016)

This book, Warraparna Kaurnal!, is a revised paperback edition and ebook of the hardcover book Warrabarna Kaurna! originally published in Lisse, The Netherlands, in 2000. It is the chronicle of the early stages of the revival of a language that ceased to be spoken many years ago. This revival is based on historical documents, most of which were recorded in the period 1836-1858. Taking an ecological perspective, I trace the history of the language and all known sources. Since 2000, a few more minor sources have come to light and there is always the possibility of discovering something more in the future.

My analysis of Kaurna language revival here focuses primarily on the period 1990-1997 when I undertook intensive research for my PhD project completed in 1998. Kaurna language revival began with the writing of six songs in 1990. Since then, the language has developed considerably; Kaurna programs have been established and expanded across several institutions catering for a range of learners; increasingly, the language is being used in public by members of the Kaurna community; the range of functions for which the language is being used continues to expand; and there are early signs that the language is beginning to take root within Nunga households.

The study is part of a long-term ongoing project, where the ground is continually shifting. The use of and interest in the Kaurna language is gathering momentum and much has happened since 1997. Kaurna language reclamation is an exciting collaboration between Kaurna people, educators, linguists and others. This collaboration was solidified with the formation of Kaurna Warra Pintyandi (now Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi) (KWP) in 2002 and an incorporated Aboriginal organisation, Kaurna Warra Karrpanthi (KWK) in September 2013. Partnerships with a number of organisations have been formalised and agreements reached. Considerably more Kaurna language resources are now available to the learner or teacher of Kaurna. Developments since 2000 are discussed in more detail in Chapter 11 (pages 281-295).

Despite all these developments, we are still in the very early stages of Kaurna language revival. Will the Kaurna language take the 'great leap forward' and emerge as an everyday language within the Kaurna community? The signs that this might actually happen are certainly more positive than they were back in 2000. The Kaurna language has transformed the lives of several young Kaurna people who are teaching the language, developing resources and passing the language on to their own children. Two young Kaurna provided quotes for the national curriculum Framework for Aboriginal Languages and Torres Strait Islander Languages released in 2015. Jack Kanya Buckskin says in the explanatory 'What is the Framework' section:

Ngaityu warra ngathaitya ngai. Ngaityu warra yaintya yarta-ana tarraitpayinthi. Warraitya tampinthi yaintya yarta tampi-apinthi.

Preface to this Edition (2016) xi

My language is more than just a way to converse with me. It is my identity and the

doorway to understanding my culture as a whole. Understanding my language helps me

to understand the place around me and connects me to this country.

Vincent 'Jack’ Buckskin, Cultural Mentor, Tauondi College and Kaurna language leader.

(http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/languages/framework-for-aboriginal-languagesand-torres-strait-islander-languages/what-is-the-framework)

Taylor Power-Smith writes in the Rationale:

To me, teaching Kaurna means sinking my toes into this sacred soil and embracing who I am. It means being so proud of my language and culture that I want to share it with whoever wants to listen, learn and be a part of my journey. Taylor Power, Kaurna language teacher, Gilles Street Primary School, with Kaurna translation assistance from Rob Amery, Head of Linguistics, University of Adelaide. (http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/languages/framework-for-aboriginal-languagesand-torres-strait-islander-languages/rationale)

Whatever the ultimate outcome, the Kaurna language movement has already been a success in the eyes of the Kaurna community, within the education sector, and, to some extent, in the eyes of the public.

This study is breaking new ground. In the Kaurna case, very little knowledge of the language remained within the Aboriginal community. Yet the Kaurna language has become an important marker of identity and a means by which Kaurna people can further the struggle for recognition, reconciliation and liberation. This study challenges widely held beliefs as to what is possible in language revival and questions notions about the very nature of language and its development.

A major revision of Kaurna spelling was adopted in 2010. Prior to that the spellings used by the German missionaries Teichelmann and Schiirmann (1840) were used by the Kaurna language movement. The spelling of Kaurna words in current use in this edition have been changed to conform to the revised spelling system, though historical spellings are retained as they appear in the original source material. Historical spellings will be retained in all quotations and will be the default spelling in Chapters 4 and 5, whilst revised spelling will be the default in the remaining chapters. Where necessary, revised spellings in brackets may be used alongside historical spellings, as for example with the personal name Mullawirraburka [RS Murlawirrapurka]. Historical spelling is continued for placenames, with the revised spelling noted once in brackets as in the example given above. In the ebook version, historical spelling appears in blue font, whilst Revised Spelling (RS) appears in red, in keeping with the practice adopted in Kulurdu Marni Ngathaitya, the Kaurna Leaners Guide published in 2013.

xii Warraparna Kaurna!

Revised Kaurna Spelling (adopted by KWP in 2010)

The following letters make up the Kaurna Alphabet: a, aa, ai, au, dl, dlh, dly, dn, dnh, dny, i, ii, k, 1, Ih, ly, m, n, ng, nh, ny, p, r, rd, rdl, rdn, rl, rn, rr, rt, t, th, ty, u, ui, uu, w, y.

These letters represent the distinctive sounds of the Kaurna language. There are many digraphs and trigraphs in the Kaurna Alphabet. Just as sh in English 'wishing’ is not simply an s followed by an h, in the same way dl is not simply a d followed by an /. The letters dl represent a single sound described further below.

Vowels There are actually just three short vowels in Kaurna: a i u and their long counterparts aa ii uu plus the diphthongs ai au ui.

a as in the English words: mama, papa, visa or Maori haka

i as in the English words: bit, pit, sit

u as in the English words: put, butcher

aa as in the English words: father, Bart,

ii as in the English words: tea, key, ski

uu similar to the vowel in the English words: cooler, flu, Sue

ai as in the English words: pie, spy, chai

au as in the English words: power, town, Maui

ui similar to the vowel in the English word: boy Consonants

The Kaurna consonant sounds | m n w y are pronounced much the same as the same English letters.

Voicing

The Kaurna spelling system uses p t k (as opposed to b d g in Ngadjuri and Narungga). The pronunciation of p is sometimes [p] and at other times closer to [b]. Similarly the pronunciation of t often sounds like [d] and k often sounds like [g].

Interdentals Kaurna has sounds made with the tongue in between the teeth (interdental).

th is like the d in the English word: width, but unlike the th in think,

this, with or lathe

nh is like the n in the English word: tenth

lh is like the | in the English word: filth The d, n and / in width, tenth and filth are interdental because they anticipate the following interdental fricative th sound, but the sound written th in English is not the same as the Kaurna th. No air passes through the mouth with Kaurna th. It is a true stop.

Preface to this Edition (2016) xiii

Retroflex Sounds

The Kaurna retroflex sounds rl, rn and rt do not occur in English and are pronounced with the tongue tip curled slightly back from where it occurs when saying the English sounds | n t. This same sound is common in Indian-English and many other Aboriginal languages.

Alveopalatal Sounds These sounds are produced with the blade of the tongue placed against the palate, and with the tip down behind the bottom and top teeth.

ty is similar to the sound in English words: church, butcher, judge and gof-you, ny as in the middle of the English words: Bunyan, onion ly is similar to the sound in the English words: million, will-you Prestopping l-sounds and n-sounds in Kaurna may be prestopped. These prestopped sounds pattern as single consonants. Prestopping is often in free-variation with their non-prestopped counterparts. For instance the word for ‘house’ is both warli and wardli. 'Fire' is both karla and kardla. Notice that the rd here is part of the trigraph rdl and is totally different to rd, which is the flapped or tapped r-sound discussed below.

The Velar Nasal, ng The ng sound in Kaurna occurs at the beginning of words and syllables, but is exactly the same sound as the ng in English.

ng as in the middle and end of the English words: ringing, singer,

Rhotics or r-sounds There are three 'r' sounds in Kaurna: r, rd and rr.

r is exactly the same as in Australian English: roaring rd is a quick flap or tap (similar to the tt when said quickly in English buffer it).

rr is 'rolled' or 'trilled' like the 'r' sound in Scottish English, Italian or Indonesian.

Spelling of placenames

Kaurna placenames often end in the locative suffixes -ngka or —ila ‘in, at, on’. When these suffixes occur on common nouns they are spelt -ngka and —ila. However, when they occur on a proper noun (an actual name) they are spelt -ngga and —illa. So the two words nurlungka 'on the curve' and Nurlungga ‘at Nurlu = Noarlunga’ are pronounced exactly the same but spelt slightly different. You will see placenames spelt in many different ways, but increasingly councils are adopting the new spelling illustrated in this book.

Xiv Warraparna Kaurna!

Spelling of personal names

Some Kaurna people prefer to use their own spelling or keep the old T&S spelling in their own names. Others have adopted the new spellings used here. Kaurna people are free to choose the spelling of their own names.

Stress

The first syllable in Kaurna words as always stressed. In longer words, the third syllable receives secondary stress. Stress the bold syllables in Ngangkiparingga.

Sounds at the start of words

Kaurna words can only commence with i, k, m, n=(nh), ng, p, t=(th), w or y. Note that when Kaurna words commence with the letters n and t, these sounds are actually interdental nh and th. In reduplicated words like tadlithadli 'frypan' the t at the beginning and th in the middle are exactly the same sound pronounced in exactly the same way.

Additional references

Much has been written on the Kaurna language since the publication in 2000 of Warrabarna Kaurna! Reclaiming an Australian Language. These additional references have been integrated into the previous Bibliography. The Bibliography in this volume is up to date with respect to the Kaurna language, though recent developments, of which there are many, within the field of revival linguistics are not captured here.

Tampitirkanthu, Kaurna Warra tirkatitya!

'Read in order to understand the Kaurna language.

Amery, Rob (2000). The First Lutheran Missionaries in South Australia and their contribution to Kaurna language reclamation and the reconciliation movement. Journal of Friends of Lutheran Archives, No. 10, October 2000, 30-58.

Amery, Rob (2000). Reclaiming the Kaurna Language. In Footprints in the Sand, compiled by Yvonne Allen, Holdfast Bay Reconciliation Group (pp. 30-40). (Includes a section on Kaurna placenames and Kaurna words used elsewhere in the booklet).

Amery, Rob (2001). Round pegs in square holes: Formalising the teaching of Australian Indigenous languages. In the MLTASA Newsletter, Spring 2001. Paper presented at the AFMLTA Conference, Canberra, 7-10 July 2001.

Amery, Rob (2001). Language planning and language revival. Current Issues in Language Planning 2(2&3): 141-221.

Amery, Rob (2002). Indigenous language programs in South Australian Schools: Issues, dilemmas and solutions. Paper prepared for the NSW Board of Studies, March 2002.

Preface to this Edition (2016) XV http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/aboriginal_research/pdf_doc/indig _lang_sa_amery.doc

Amery, Rob (2002). Weeding out spurious etymologies: Toponyms on the Adelaide Plains. In Luise Hercus, Flavia Hodges and Jane Simpson (Eds), The land is a map: Placenames of Indigenous origin in Australia (165- 180). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Amery, Rob (2002). Marginalised relics or dynamic modern languages? Emerging issues when Australia's Indigenous languages modernise. Babel 37(2): 10-15; 37-38. Paper presented at the Indigenous Languages Panel, AFMLTA conference, Canberra, 10 July 2001.

Amery, Rob (Ed.) (2003). Warra Kaurna: A resource for Kaurna language programs. 3™ ed. revised and expanded. Kaurna Warra Pintyandi, c/- University of South Australia. Reprinted September 2005, Image & Copy Centre, The University of Adelaide.

Amery, Rob (2004). Beyond their expectations: Teichelmann and Schtirmann's efforts to preserve the Kaurna language continue to bear fruit.! In Walter F. Veit (Ed.) The struggle for souls and science. Constructing the Fifth Continent: German missionaries and scientists in Australia. Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs: Occasional Paper No. 3, 9-28.

Amery, Rob (2004). Early Christian missionaries — Preserving or destroying Indigenous Languages and Cultures? Commissioned paper written for Holy Holy Holy exhibition, Flinders University, 2004. In Vivonne Thwaites (Ed.), Holy Holy Holy, Flinders University City Gallery, 36-45.

Amery, Rob (2009). Phoenix or relic? Documentation of languages with revitalization in mind. Language Documentation & Conservation (LD&C) December 2009 issue (Volume 3, Number 2). Online at: http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/Idc/

Amery, Rob (2009). Kaurna language reclamation and the Formulaic Method. In Wesley Y. Leonard & Stelomethet Ethel B. Gardner (Eds), Language is Life. Proceedings of the 11" Annual Stabilizing Indigenous Languages Conference, 10-13 June 2004 at University of California at Berkeley. Report 14, Survey of California and other Indian Languages, 81-99. Online at: http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/resources/publications.php

Amery, Rob (2010). Monitoring the use of Kaurna, the language of the Adelaide Plains. In John Hobson, Kevin Lowe, Susan Poetsch & Michael Walsh (Eds) Re-awakening languages: Theory and practice in the revitalization of Australia's Indigenous languages. Sydney: Sydney University Press, 56-66.

Amery, Rob (2012). Four Dresdners in South Australia in the early-mid nineteenth century: A lasting legacy for Kaurna, Ngarrindjeri and Barngarla peoples. Zeitschrift fiir Australienstudien 26.

Amery, Rob (2012). Taking to the airwaves: a strategy for language revival. In M. Ponsonnet, L. Dao & M. Bowler (Eds), Proceedings of the 42nd

! This paper is based on an earlier paper entitled ‘The First Lutheran Missionaries in South Australia: Their contribution to Kaurna language reclamation and the reconciliation movement’, which was published in the Journal of Lutheran Archives No. 10, October 2000: 30-58.

xvi Warraparna Kaurna!

Australian Linguistic Society Conference — 2011. Australian National University Canberra ACT, 5-6 December 2011. ANU Digital Collections. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9280

Amery, Rob (2013). Authenticity and correction of errors in the context of language reclamation. History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences. http://hiphilangsci.net/2013/08/28/authenticity-and-the-correction-of-errors-in-the-context-of-language-reclamation

Amery, Rob (2013). A Matter of interpretation: Language planning for a sleeping language, Kaurna, the language of the Adelaide Plains, South Australia. Language Problems and Language Planning 37(2): 101-124.

Amery, Rob (2014). Reclaiming the Kaurna language: A long and lasting collaboration in an urban setting. Language Documentation and Conservation. 8: 409-429. {The Role of Linguists in Indigenous Community Language Programs in Australia. Special issue edited by John Henderson. http://www.nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldce http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4613/amery .pdf?sequence=3

Amery, Rob (2014). A New Lease of life: 25 years of reclaiming and reintroducing a forgotten language in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. 2014 Tai-Uan Gi-gian Kap Kau-hak Kok-tsé Hak-sut Gian-thohué: Proceedings of the 10" International Symposium on Taiwanese Languages and Teaching, Chengkung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Vol. 1: 1.1 — 1.26 (Invited Keynote address).

Amery, Rob (2015). Kaurna. In Nicola Grandi & Livia Kértvélyessy (Eds), Edinburgh Handbook of Evaluative Morphology (423-429). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Amery, Rob (forthcoming). The trail of discovery of Kaurna Language Source Material. To appear in a Special Issue of the Australian Journal of Linguistics edited by Ian Green.

Amery, Rob (forthcoming). The application of Dual Naming to Kaurna toponyms. Australian National Placenames Survey 2011 Workshop, Adelaide, 2 September 2011.

Amery, Rob & Jack Buckskin (2012a). A comparison of traditional Kaurna kinship patterns with those used in contemporary Nunga English. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1: 49-62.

Amery, Rob & Jack Buckskin (2012b). Handing on the teaching of Kaurna language to Kaurna Youth. Australian Aboriginal Studies 2: 31-41.

Amery, Rob & Jack Kanya Buckskin (2013). Having it both ways: Towards recognition of the Kaurna language movement within the community and within the university sector. Proceedings of FEL XVII Endangered Languages Beyond Boundaries: Community Connections, Collaborative Approaches, and Cross-Disciplinary Research. The Seventeenth Conference of the Foundation for Endangered Languages: Ottawa, Canada. October 2013.

Amery, Rob & Mary-Anne Gale (2008). Language Revival in Australia. In William McGregor (Ed.), Encountering Aboriginal languages: Studies in

Preface to this Edition (2016) xvii the history of Australian linguistics, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 339- 382.

Amery, Rob & Mary-Anne Gale (2014). They came, they heard, they documented: The Dresden missionaries as lexicographers. Australex Adelaide: Endangered Words, and Signs of Revival, 25-28 July 2013. http://www.adelaide.edu.au/australex/publications/amery_and_gale.pdf

Amery, Rob & Peter Mihlhausler (2006). Koeler's Contribution to Kaurna Linguistics. In Peter Miihlhausler (Ed.), Hermann Koeler's Adelaide. Observations on the language and culture of South Australia by the first German visitor. Unley, SA: Australian Humanities Press, 25-48.

Amery, Rob & Dennis O'Brien (2007). Funeral liturgy as a strategy for language revival. In Jeff Siegel, John Lynch & Diana Eades (Eds), Linguistic Description and Linguistic Applications: Studies in Memory of Terry Crowley. John Benjamins, 457-467 (Chapter 34).

Amery, Rob & Alice Wallara Rigney with Nelson Varcoe, Chester Schultz & Kaurna Warra Pintyandi (2006). Kaurna Palti Wonga — Kaurna Funeral Protocols. (book, CD & Sympathy Cards) Kaurna Warra Pintyandi, Adelaide.

Amery, Rob & Alitya Wallara Rigney (2007). Collaborative Language Revival — the work of Kaurna Warra Pintyandi (Adelaide Plains, South Australia). FEL XI Working Together for Endangered Languages: Research Challenges and Social Impacts. The Eleventh Conference of the Foundation for Endangered Languages: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Rumah University, University of Malaya 26-28 October 2007 (paper delivered by Rob Amery & Jack Buckskin 26 October 2007).

Amery, Rob & Lester Irabinna Rigney (2006). Recognition of Kaurna cultural heritage in the Adelaide Parklands: A linguist's and Kaurna academic's perspective. Proceedings of The Adelaide Parklands Symposium: A balancing act: past — present — future. University of South Australia, Adelaide, 10 November 2006, 12-26.

Amery, Rob & Simpson, Jane (1994). Kaurna. In Thieberger & McGregor (Eds), 144-172.

Amery, Rob & Jane Simpson (2013). Kulurdu Marni Ngathaitva! Sounds Good to me! A Kaurna Learner's Guide. Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi in association with Wakefield Press, Kent Town.

Amery, Rob, Watkins, Cherie & Lester Rigney (1997). Tape transcripts. A series of weekly lessons with accompanying tape for self-instruction. Prepared for the Kaurna Language & Language Ecology course, University of Adelaide.

Amery, Rob & Georgina Yambo Williams (2002). Reclaiming through renaming: The reinstatement of Kaurna toponyms in Adelaide and the Adelaide Plains. In Luise Hercus, Flavia Hodges and Jane Simpson (Eds), The land is a map: Placenames of Indigenous origin in Australia, 255- 276. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2002.

Buckskin, Jack Kanya, Mary-Anne Gale, Rob Amery, Cherie Warrarra Watkins & Jane Wilson (2013). Kaurna alphabet book second edition. Adelaide: Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi, University of Adelaide.

xviii Warraparna Kaurna!

Chittelborough, J. (1906). 'Primitive Adelaide' in The Register, 27/28 December 1906 (article includes a short Kaurna wordlist).

Gale, Mary-Anne (2012a). Summary Report TAFE Certificate III 'Learning an endangered Aboriginal language (Kaurna Language)', workshop held at the University of Adelaide 10-14 April & 25 April 2012.

Gale, Mary-Anne (2012b). Summary Report TAFE Certificate II "Learning an endangered Aboriginal language (Kaurna Language)', workshop held at Relationships Australia SA, Hindmarsh, 9-13 July 2012.

Gale, Mary-Anne (2012c). Summary Report TAFE Certificate III 'Learning an endangered Aboriginal language (Kaurna Language)', workshop held at Wilto Yerlo, University of Adelaide 24-28 September 2012.

Gale, Mary-Anne (2012d). Summary Report TAFE Certificate II "Learning an endangered Aboriginal language (Kaurna Language)', workshop held at Relationships Australia SA, Hindmarsh, 17-21 December 2012.

Gale, Mary-Anne (2013). Summary Report TAFE Certificate III 'Learning an endangered Aboriginal language (Kaurna Language)', workshop held at Port Adelaide TAFE 15-19 April 2013.

Miihlhdusler, Peter (Ed.) (2006). Hermann Koeler's Adelaide. Observations on the language and culture of South Australia by the first German visitor. Unley, SA: Australian Humanities Press.

Schultz, Chester (forthcoming). Ask the right question, then look everywhere: Finding and interpreting the old Aboriginal place-names around Adelaide and Fleurieu Peninsula. Australian National Placenames Survey 2011 Workshop, Adelaide, 2 September 2011.

Schultz, Chester (forthcoming). Feet on the Fleurieu.

Watkins, Cherie Warrara & Mary-Anne Gale (2006). Kaurna alphabet book. Kaurna Plains School, Elizabeth.

Foreword to the 2000 Edition

As an Indigenous Australian I take honour in writing the foreword for this book. My honour is shared in two ways. Firstly, to the further advancement such writing makes to the liberation struggle of my people. Secondly the theoretical contributions it makes to the disciplines of Indigenous Education and Linguistics.

I find comfort in its pages as a Narungga, Kaurna, Ngarrindjeri man who has worked in the Kaurna language revival movement for several years. For here is a story of a journey that needed telling. A story of Indigenous and non- Indigenous peoples working diligently to revive and maintain Indigenous Language. From the contents of these pages we see determined people who want to make Kaurna language a functional part of their daily lives.

However, the languages of colonised peoples cannot be meaningfully discussed outside the context of imperialism, colonialism and neo-colonialism. Therefore, the story of the Kaurna Language Revival movement is a counterstory to early western ideas and beliefs regarding Indigenous cultures.

Colonial interruption in language transmission from older to younger generations has done violence to the survival of Indigenous languages, identities and cultures. Such genocidal interruption meant that very little knowledge of the language remained within the Kaurna community.

The scars of systematic suppression of Indigenous languages and cultures map the Indigenous terrain of languages revival and maintenance. Moreover, it is to the process of colonial imposition and elevation of English whilst subjugating our languages that we as colonised peoples remain defiant.

Documented in the pages of this book are real lives in real struggle. Language is not simply about words or the lexicon. It is about people. Warrabarna Kaurna! reflects the challenges, the celebration and the struggles facing Kaurna peoples today in reclaiming and maintaining our language.

The book seeks to inform the reader of the strategic transformation process of Kaurna language from the historical record to the hearts, minds and vocal chords of my peoples. What makes this study unique is that Kaurna is at the far end of the continuum of language revival activities. Seemingly insurmountable odds had to be overcome.

e Colonial forced silence of language leaves no fluent speakers

e Fluent Kaurna not used as an everyday language for well over a century

e No sound recording of language as it was spoken last century

e Kaurna population a small minority spread across several communities

As a longitudinal study nine years in the making, this book brings clarity to the dual processes needed for such delicate surgery. The author's methodological approach and his use of various theoretical positions highlight