The history of Romanism, from the earliest corruptions of Christianity to the present time

Front matter

THE

FROM

THE EARLIEST CORRUPTIONS OF CHRISTIANITY TO THE PRESENT TIME ;

Preface

The present work is intended to supply a chasm that has long been felt by ministers, theological students, and other intelligent protestants, in the historical and religious literature of the age.

While a multitude of works have been published (many of great value) on the subjects of controversy between protestants and papists, or on special topics illustrative of particular periods in the history, or particular traits in the character of Popery, the need has long been felt of a complete, yet comprehensive History of Romanism, through the whole period of its existence, which, in the compass of a single volume, might present, in chronological order, the origin and history of its unscriptural doctrines and ceremonies, the biography of its most famous (or infamous) popes, the proceedings and decrees of its most celebrated councils, with so much of the details of its tyranny over monarchs and states in the days of its glory — of its inquisitions, massacres, tortures, and burnings — and of the successful or unsuccessful efforts of reformers, in various ages, to rescue the world from its thraldom, as might be necessary for a full exhibition of its unchanging character.

There are comparatively but few ministers or private Christians who can spare either the leisure or the expense to procure and to study the library of works — Roman Catholic as well as protestant, Latin as well as English — through which are scattered the multiplicity of facts relative to this subject, a knowledge of which is necessary to all who would understand the true character of Popery, and be prepared to defend against its Jesuitical apologists and defenders the doctrines of Protestantism and of the Bible. Hence the desirableness of a work which should collect together all such facts as might be necessary for this purpose from these sources, and present them in systematic order, and in as striking a point of light as the importance of the subject might demand.

Such a work is attempted in the present volume. The subject has for years past occupied the attention of the author, and much of his reading and research has been directed into this channel.

i v PREFACE.

Probably, however, years more might have elapsed before he would have summoned courage to present such a work to the world, had it not been for the persuasions of his enterprising publisher, Mr. Walker, and his assurances that if the author would prepare his materials for the press, he would spare no expense to issue the work in a style of mechanical execution and artistical embellishment superior in these respects to any work that has ever been published in America upon the character or the history of Romanism. How completely Mr. Walker has redeemed this promise, the appearance and illustrations of the volume must testify.

With respect to the matter of the work, the author has availed himself of all the standard and authentic works on general and ecclesiastical history, on the Inquisition and Persecution of Popery, on the Reformers and the Reformation, and on the points of controversy between Popery and Protestantism to which he could gain access, either in private collections or in public libraries. Among Roman Catholic authors, the Latin annals of Baronius and Raynaldus (the great storehouse of Romish history), and the Church histories of Fleury and Dupin, have been freely examined, besides the works of Bellarmine, Paul Sarpi, and many others of a more special or limited scope, relating to particular pontiffs, councils or events. Full extracts have been made from the bulls of Popes and the decrees of Councils, especially of the council of Trent, illustrative of the doctrines and character of Popery. These valuable and authentic documents are taken from their own standard works, and printed generally in the original Latin, with the English translation in parallel columns. This plan has been adopted, so as to permit Popery to speak for itself, and for the purpose of obviating the common objection of Romanists, of inaccurate translations.

Among protestant writers, most of the standard historians and writers on Romanism have been consulted, and from them important facts have been freely gleaned. The references at the foot of the page will show the extent of the authors obligation to Gieseler, Edgar, Conyers Middleton, Isaac Taylor, Mosheim, Jones, Bower, Walch, Ranke, Robertson, Waddington, Hallam, George Stanly Faber, Southey, Townley, Sismondi, Russell, Tillotson, Jortin, Barrow, Chillingworth, L'Enfant, Bonnechose, D'Aubigne, Cox, Limborch, Llorente, Puigblanch, Perrin, Cramp, Elliott, TvPCrie, Lorimer, Browning, &c. &c, besides a multitude of other authors referred to in the course of the work. The learned ■ Text-book of Ecclesiastical History" by Gieseler, and the " Variations of Popery" by Dr. Edgar,

PREFACE.

have been found especially valuable, for the copious citations from original authorities, many of which are not to be found in America. In some instances, the facts mentioned in these authorities have been translated and incorporated in the present work ; and in others, some of the most remarkable citations from original Romish authorities have been copied, on account of their immense value to the scholar and the theologian, as illustrative of the character of Romanism, as drawn by her own writers.

The copious analytical and alphabetical Indexes, Glossary, and full Chronological Table, have been prepared with much labor and care ; and the author hesitates not to say, from the inconvenience he has often experienced in consulting works, from the want of such tables, will be found a most valuable addition to the work.

The engravings were executed by Mr. B. J. Lossing, of New York, and are not mere fancy sketches for the sake of embellishment, but are illustrative of unquestionable facts, and intended to impress those facts more vividly upon the memory. A full description of the subject of each will be found in the page adjoining ; an important desideratum, the absence of which destroys more than half the value of many pictorial embellishments.

The author only deems it necessary to add, that he has endeavored to avoid all matters of controversy between the different denominations of protestant Christians. He has written as a member of the great protestant family, and not as a member of any one particular branch of that family. It is his belief that all protestants should unite in the conflict with Rome ; and it has been his aim to furnish, from the armory of truth, weapons for that conflict, which shall be alike acceptable to all — to the Protestant Episcopalian, the Presbyterian, the Lutheran, the Dutch Reformed, the Congregationalist, the Methodist, the Baptist, and, in a word, to every one who is not ashamed of the name of PROTESTANT.

To that God, who has declared in the sure word of prophecy, that " Babylon the Great" must fall, the author humbly commits his book. If the work shall be the means of extending light throughout our yet happy America, upon the history and character of that hierarchal despotism, which is straining every nerve to reduce the people of this land to its tyrannical sway, and of thus arresting the efforts of Rome to spread over the western continent, the darkness, the superstition and the mental and spiritual thraldom of the middle ages, he will feel that he is richly rewarded. J. D.

IXDEX OF EXGRAYDsGS.

Page.

1. Frontispiece. King John delivering up bis crown to Pandulph, the Pope's

legate.

2, 3. Crowning of Nuns and anathema against false Nuns, ... - 73

4. Way-side shrine of the Virgin. Calabrian minstrels playing in her honor, 83

5. Worship of the image of the Virgin in a church, 83

6. Relics carried in procession to a church to be consecrated, 95

7. The Bishop closing up the Eelics in the Altar, 95

S. Praying at the Tombs of the Martyrs, 103

9. Sprinkling and blessing of horses at Rome on St. Anthony's day, - - 119

10. Different forms of priestly tonsure, or shaving heads, - 137

11. Consecration of an Abbot by the imposition of hands, ... - 137

12. St. Peter's Church, with the Piazza, Colonnade, Obelisk, and Fountains, - 179

13. Romish ceremony of the Baptism of Bells, ------ 209

14. Remains of Glastonbury Abbey, the scene of St. Dunstan's miracles, - 233

15. The Emperor Henry IV. doing penance at the gate of the Pope's palace, - 245

16. Marking the foreheads of the people with ashes on Ash- Wednesday, - 257

17. The ceremony of Incensing a Cross, ------- 257

IS. Two kings leading the Pope's horse at the castle of Toici, in France, - 275

19. View of Lambeth palace, near London, ------- 263

20. Doorway in the Lollard's tower, an apartment of the palace, ... 2S3

21. Emperor Barbarossa leading the Pope's mule through St. Mark's square, - 295

22. Count Raimonds' degrading penance — whipped around the monk's tomb, - 311

23. 24, 25. The Scapular, Rosary, Consecrated Wafer, Standards of Inquisition, &c. 327

26. Procession of Corpus Christi at Rome. Colosseum, in the foreground, - 339

27. Wickliff rebuking the Mendicant Friars, 331

2S The dead body of a Pope lying in state, ------- 333

29, 30. Jerome's contrast. The Master and the Servant Christ and the Pope, 393

31. Burning of John Huss at Constance, ------- 405

32. Rome and St. Peter's from the bridge of St. Angelo. Accident at Jubilee, 421

33. The Pope as a warrior. Pope Julius in battle, ------ 431

34. The Pope as a God. Adored on the high altar of St. Peter's, - 431

35. Tetzel selling indulgences, --------- 441

36. Burning of Bibles by Romish Priests at Champlain, N. Y., - 441

37. 38. Auricular Confession in a church, and in a sick chamber, - 519

39. Ceremony of the degradation of a Priest, previous to Martyrdom, [- - 553

40. Burning of Latimer and Ridley at Oxford, ------ 553

41. Cranmer's renunciation of his Recantation, in St. Mary's Church, Oxford, 559

42. Martyrdom of Cranmer, — "This hand hath sinned, this hand shall suffer," 559

43. Prison of the Inquisition at Cordova, in Spain, - - - 5G5

44. Tortures of the Inquisition. Pulley, and roasting the feet, - - - 571

45. Lady after torture brought before the tribunal of the Holy Office, - - 571

46. Procession of heretics condemned by the Inquisition to an Auto da fe, - 577

47. Cruelties of the Popish Piedmontese soldiery to the Waldenses, - - 533 43. Children forcibly taken from their parents to be brought up as Papists, - 5S3

49. Massacre of St. Bartholomew's, in Paris, in 1572, 591

50. Fac-simile of Papal Medal in honor of Massacre of St. Bartholomew's, - 591 ■51. Portrait of Pope Pius IX., 657

ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS.

HISTORY OF ROMANISM.

BOOK I.— POPERY IN EMBRYO.— From the earliest corruptions op Christianity to the papal supremacy, a. d. 606.

Chapter I. — Christianity Primitive and Papal. PAGE

^l. — Christ's kingdom not of this world, ------ 25

§ 2. — Apostles despised all worldly honors, ------ 25

§ 3. — Primitive and papal Christianity contrasted, ----- 26

§ 4. — Purifying effect of pagan persecutions, ------ 26

§ 5. — Popery a subject of prophecy. Tertullian quoted, 27 $ 6. — The hindrance to the revelation of the "man of sin" removed in the

time of the emperor Constantine, ------ 29

Chapter II. — Religion in alliance with the State. § 7. — Supposed miraculous conversion of Constantine, 30

§ 8. — Undertakes to remodel the government of the church. Dignity of the

5 9. — Bishops of Rome. Spiritual assumption and tyranny of Victor. First

instance of pretended authority of Rome over other bishops, - 32 $ 10. — Stephen, bishop of Rome, excludes St. Cyprian of Carthage, but the excommunication regarded as of no authority. Increasing wealth and pride of the bishops. Martin of Tours and the emperor Maximus, 33

Chapter III. — Steps toward papal Supremacy

5 11. — Simple organization and government of the primitive churches, - 36

§ 12. — Giesclcr's and Mosheim's account of the first changes in this primitive form. This change the first step toward Popery, 36

5 13. — Another step toward papal supremacy. Council of Sardis, in 347, allows ot appeals to Rome. Decision of Zosimus, in 415, in the case of an appeal, rejected by the African bishops, who refused to acknowledge the authority of the decree of Sardis, 39

5 14. — Other steps. Law of Valentinian. Romish decretals. Council of

515. — Favor of the different barbarian conquerors, ----- 42 $ 16. — Willingness of the Roman pontiffs to conciliate them, by adopting

heathen rites. Testimony of Robertson and Hallam, 42

Chapter IV. — Divine right of supremacy claimed and disproved

$ 17.*— A superiority of rank had been tacitly conceded by many to the bishop of Rome, on account of the importance of that city. Alter the fall of Rome, its bishops began to demand supremacy as a divine right t 44, v iii ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

§ 18. The claim examined. No proof that Peter was ever bishop of Rome, 44

§ 19. Nor if he had been, that he was constituted by Christ supreme head of

the church, 46

$ 20.— Others more worthy, Paul, Peter, and John, and wherefore, 47 § 21. If Peter had been supreme, still no proof that the supremacy descended. Note. Uncertainty about the first bishops of Rome, - 48

Chapter V.— Popery fully established. — The man of sin revealed

§ 22. Disgraceful and bloody struggles between rival pontiffs, 50

§ 23. Contests between the bishops of Rome and Constantinople, for the title

of Universal Bishop, - - - 51

§ 24. — Gregory's letter to the patriarch John, against the " blasphemous " title, 52 § 25. — His letters to the emperor Mauritius on the same subject. The title obtained by pope Boniface III., for himself and his successors, by the

grant of the tyrant Phocas, A. D. 606, 53

$ 26. — Henceforward the religion of Rome properly termed Popery, or the

religion of the Pope, ---------55

Chapter VI. — Papal Supremacy. — The actors in its establishment. — The tyrant Phocas, the Saint Gregory, and the pope Boniface.

27. — Effect of the establishment of the papal supremacy, 57

28. — Biography of the emperor Phocas, the author of the papal supremacy, 58

§ 29. — His cruel massacre of the emperor Mauritius and five sons. His murder of the queen and daughters, -------58

§ 30. — Gibbon's character of this blood-thirsty tyrant, 59

5 31-33. — Saint Gregory's flatteries of the tyrant Phocas, and joy at his success, on account of his favor to the Roman See, 60

§ 34. — Boniface exercises his newly obtained supremacy. His decree declaring all elections of bishops null and void, unless confirmed by the Universal Bishop, the Pope, - - - - - - 64

BOOK n.— POPERY AT ITS BIRTH, A. D. 606.— Its doctrinal and ritual CHARACTER AT THIS EPOCH.

Chapter I. — Romish errors traced to their origin. — Their early growth no argument in their favor.

\ 1. — The germs of popish errors of early date. No argument in their favor, 65 \ 2. — Chillingworth's noble sentiment quoted, " The Bible only the religion

of Protestants," - - - - - - I - - 66

k 3. — Protestantism defined. Refuses to receive any doctrine upon the mere

authority of tradition, --------66

\ 4. — Papists and Puseyites place the Bible and Tradition upon a level, - 67

Chapter II. — Origin of Romish errors continued. — Celibacy of the clergy.

$ 5. — Forbidding to marry a mark of anti-Christ. Note : Is marriage a necessary qualification for a minister ? 69

$6. — Tcrtullian's extravagant praise of celibacy. Consequences of such

§ 7.— Sensible remarks on this subject, by Clement of Alexandria, - - 71

$ 8. — Cyprian's address to female devotees. Consecrating and crowning of

5 9.— Second marriages prohibited to the clergy. Next step in the innovation,

they are forbidden to marry at all, after ordination, 72

§ 10.— Paphnutius, at the council of Nice, opposes this corruption, 72

ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS. i x

PAQE

x 11. —Chrysostom's singular explanation of the parable of the ten virgins, 75

§ 12. — Siricius, bishop of Rome, decrees the celibacy of the clergy, 77 £ 13, — This doctrine plainly contrary to the New Testament. Note : The early

Reformers, Vigilantius and Jerome, ------ 77

$ 14. — Instances of primitive married clergymen, 79

Chapter III. — Origin of Romish errors continued. — Worship of the Virgin Mary, \ 15. — Chrysostom's description of the sanctity of a professed virgin, - - 80 \ 16. — Fanciful conceits in the fourth century, relative to the perpetual virginity of Mary, 81

§ 17.— Origin of the worship of the Virgin Mary. Sect of the Collyridians, 82 \ 18. — Modern worship of the Virgin worse than that of the ancient heretics.

Instances of this kind of modern idolatry, ----- 82 \ 19. — The idolatrous reverence of the Virgin accelerated by the Nestorian controversy, about the title " mother of God." Images of the Virgin. Note: Amusing anecdote of the emperor Constantine Copronymus, 85 \ 20. — Festivals established in honor of the Virgin Mary, 86

Chapter IV. — Origin of Romish errors continued. — Monkery.

521. — Monkery of heathen origin. Originated in Egypt, 87

§ 22. — Resemblance between heathen and Christian anchorites, 88

5 23. — Early monks. Paul, Anthony, Hilarion, Martin of Tours, 88

§ 24. — Gregory Nazianzen quoted. Symeon, the pillar saint, 89

$ 25. — Monasteries and abbots, 90

§ 26. — Exempted from the jurisdiction of bishops, and taken under the protection of the popes. Thus become the tools of Rome. Instance of

inhuman severity to a poor monk, by Gregory the Great, 91

§ 27. — Monkish saints and their fabulous legends, ----- 92

Chapter V. — Origin of Romish errors continued. — Worship of saints and relics.

§ 28. — Invocation of saints grew up by degrees, from the reverence paid to martyrs. Relics enshrined in altars, ------ 93

5 29. — St. Ambrose's discovery of the bodies of two saints. Relics necessary,

before a Romish church can be consecrated, 93

5 30. — Bodies of saints embalmed in Egypt. Churches dedicated to them, 94

§ 31. — Gregory Nazianzen's invocations to his departed father and St. Cyprian, 97 § 32. — Worship of images unknown to Christians in the fourth century. Letter of Epiphanius, ---------98

$ 33. — Pagan ceremonies imitated and adopted, 98

§ 34. — Frauds. Fictitious saints and relics. Bones of a thief reverenced as a

§ 35. — Mount Soracte converted into a saint, 100

{ 36. — Ludicrous mistakes in saint-making. Saints Evodia, Viar, and Amphi-

bolus, the name of a cloak. St. Veronica, - - - 101

$ 37. — Two pernicious maxims arose. That it was lawful to deceive, and to

persecute for the good of the church, - - - - - 102

§ 38. — Praying at the sepulchres of the saints. Other superstitions, - - 105 § 39. — Increase of superstition in the sixth century. Purgatory, efficacy of

relics, &c., 106

§ 40. — St. Gregory's curious letter to the Empress, in reply to her request for

the head of St. Paul. Wonderful prodigies, - - - - 107 ( 41 . — St. Gregory exalts the merit of pilgrimages, inculcates Purgatory, &c.

First mention of Purgatory, - 108 x ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTEXTS.

Mai

5 42.— With few exceptions, Popery at its birth, in 606, and Popery in its dotage, in the nineteenth century, identical, 109

Chapter VI. — Striking resemblance between pagan and papal ceremonies. — The loiter derived from the former.

§ 43. — The classical scholar cannot avoid recognizing the resemblance, - 109 § 44. — Early adoption of these pagan ceremonies. This policy adopted by

Gregory Thaumaturgus, - - - - - - - -110

§ 45. — After Constantine, this sinful conformity to Paganism increased. Christianized Paganism. Saying of Augustine, - 111 § 46. — Dr. Conyers Middleton's visit to Rome. His object not to study Popery, but the pagan classics. Discovered that the best way to study Paganism, was to study Popery, which had been mostly copied from it, 112 J47. — Instances of this conformity, - - - - - - -"-113

(1.) — Worshipping toward the East, - » - - - - -114

(3.) — Use of holy water. Sprinkling of horses on St. Anthony's day, - 116

(4.) — Burning of wax candles in the day-time, 121

(5.) — Votive gifts and offerings, - - - - - - - -121

(6.) — Adoration of idols or images, - - - - - - -123

(7.) — The gods of the Pantheon turned into popish saints, - 124

(9.) — The Pope and the Pontifex Maximus, and kissing the Pope's toe, - 126 (10.) — Processions of worshippers and self-whippers, - - - - 127

(11.) — Religious orders of monks, nuns, &c, ------ 128

§ 48. — This conformity acknowledged by a Romish author. Hence the conclusion drawn that Popery is mainly derived from Paganism, - - 129 49. — St. Gregory instructs Augustin the monk, and Serenus, bishop of Marseilles, to favor the pagan ceremonies, - - - - - 130

BOOK m.— POPERY ADVANCING.— From the establishment of the

SPIRITUAL SUPREMACY, A. D. 606, TO THE POPE'S TE3JFORAL SOVEREIGNTY, 756, AND TO THE CROWNING OF THE EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE, 800.

Chapter I. — Gradual increase of the papal power. — Darkness, superstition, and ignorance of this period.

1. — The churches did not all immediately submit to the supremacy of the

Pope, 133

I 2. — Election of the popes confirmed by the emperors or their viceroys, - 134

5 3. — Rival candidates for the popedom. Sergius pays the Exarch a hundred

pounds of gold to secure his election, - - - - - - 135

; 4. — Means taken by the popes to enlarge their power. Pope Vitatianus

appoints, by his own authority, Theodore as archbishop of Canterbury, 135 5 5. — Important matters of dispute. Different modes of shaving heads, - 136 § 6. — Archbishop Theodore detained at Rome three months, to have his head

shaved, 139

§ 7. — The popes encourage appeals to their tribunal, by deciding in favor of

the appellant. Instance. Appeal of Wilfred/bishop of York, - 139

§ 8. — First instance of a pontiff requiring an oath of allegiance. Boniface,

bishop of Germany, 140

J 9.— Felix, archbishop of Ravenna, rejects the authority of the Pope, who, with the Emperor, inflicts upon him the most horrid cruelties. His eyes dug out, &c, 141

ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS. xi

f PAOK

« 10. — Origin of kissing the Pope's foot. Pope Constantine's visit to Constantinople. Favored by the emperor Justinian, - - - - 141

§11. — Cruel character of this tyrant, 142

§ 12. — Ignorance and darkness of this age. Bishops unable to write, - 143 § 13. — Specimen of papal reasoning, to prove that monks are angels. St. Peter

in person consecrating a church, 144

§14. — Specimen of the doctrine of this age. St. Eligms,- ... 144 § 15. — Rise of Mahometanism, - - - - - - - -145

Chapter II. — History of the Monothelite controversy. — Pope Honorius condemned as a heretic, by the sixth general council, A. D. 680.

5 16. — Origin of this controversy, -------- 146

§ 17.— Pope Honorius professes himself in favor of the doctrine of one will.

The decree called the Echthesis, - 146

§ 18. — Pope John IV. differs from his predecessor Honorius, and anathematizes the doctrine, - - -147

§19-20.— Progress of the dispute, 148

§ 21. — Pope Theodore excommunicates Pyrrhus, and signs the sentence with

the consecrated wine of the sacrament, - - - - - 149

§ 22. — Pyrrhus restored to his dignity of patriarch of Constantinople, notwithstanding the Pope's anathema, - - - - - - -150

§ 23. — Pope Martin seized and banished by the Emperor, - - - - 150

§ 24. — Pope Eugenius and Vitalianus more moderate, - - - - 151

§ 25. — Pope Honorius condemned at the sixth general council, for heresy.

Monothelitism condemned, - - - - - - -151

§26. — Lessons from this controversy. - - - - - - -152

(1.) — Popes careful to advance their authority, ----- 152

(2.) — Their authority not yet universally received, - - - - - 152

(3.) — Popes did not yet dare to anathematize and depose kings, - - 153 (4.) — Disproves papal infallibility. Note : Extracts from Bellarmine, &c,

on infallibility, - - - - - - - - - -153

Chapter III. — Image-worship. — From the beginning of the great controversy on this subject, to the death of the emperor Leo, and of pope Gregory, both in the same year, A. D. 741.

§27-28. — Opinions of the early fathers relative to image-worship, - - 154 §29. — Paulinus adorns a church with pictures, A. D. 431, - 155

§ 30. — St. Gregory's opinion. Pope Constantine in 713, curses those who

deny veneration to images, - - - - - - -156

§31. — Commencement of the great controversy, in 726, - 156

§ 32. — Efforts of the emperor Leo to destroy image-worship. Insurrection in

consequence of his decree in 730, - - - - - -157

§33. — Pope Gregory's insulting letter to the emperor Leo, - - - 158 § 34. — Revolt against the Emperor at Rome, in consequence of his decree

against images, - - - - - - - - -159

§35. — Letter of pope Gregory III., to Leo, 160

§ 36. — Gregory expends vast sums on images and relics at Rome. The Emperor and the Pope both die, A. 1). 741, 160

Chapter IV. — Continuation of the controversy on Image-worship. — From the death of Leo and Gregory, A. D. 741, to the establishment of this idolatry, by the second general council of Nice, A. D. 784.

\ 37. — The emperor Constantine V. and pope Zachary, , - 161 x ii ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

§ 38.— Image-worship condemned by the council at Constantinople, in 754, 162 \ 39.— Crimes of the empress Irene, wife of the emperor Leo IV., - - 162

§ 40. Baronius justifies the torture or murder of her son, - - - 163

§ 41. —She assembles the second council of Nice, in 784, which finally establishes image-worship, - - - - - - - - 164

{42. — Popish idolatry thus established by law, - - - - - 164

Chapter V. — The Pope finally becomes a temporal sovereign, A. D. 756.

43. Rebellious tumults at Rome. Rome becomes a kind of republic under

the Pope, 165

§ 44-45. — The Pope applies, in 740, to Charles Martel, for help against the

§46. — Pope Zachary and Luitprand, king of the Lombards, - - - 167 § 47. — Pepin of France, with the approval and advice of Zachary, deposes his

master Childeric, - - - - - - - - -167

§ 48-49.— Rome in danger from Aistulphus, king of the Lombards, - - 167 § 50. — Succored by Pepin, who forces the Lombards to yield up the exarchate

to the Pope, 169

§ 51. — Aistulphus. after Pepin's return, refuses to deliver up the places to the

§ 52. — Pope Stephen applies again to Pepin, ------ 170

53. — Forges a letter to Pepin from St. Peter in heaven, - - - - 171

{ 54. — Pepin forces Aistulphus to keep his engagement with the Pope, who

thus becomes a temporal monarch, A. D. 756, - - - - 171

Chapter VI. — The confirmation and increase of the Pope's temporal power, to the coronation of Charlemagne, A. D. 800.

\ 55. — Limits of the papal territories, - - - - - - -174

\ 56. — Enlarged by Charlemagne, - - - - - - - -174

\ 57-58. — Charlemagne twice visits Rome, - - - - - -175

\ 59.— Crowned Emperor by the Pope, A. D. 800, 175

\ 60-61. — Daniel's little horn and three horns or kingdoms plucked up by it.

Final complete establishment of the independence of the papal states, 177

BOOK IV.— POPERY IN ITS GLORY.— THE WORLD'S MIDNIGHT.—

From the coronation of Charlemagne, A. D. 800, to the beginning of

THE PONTIFICATE OF POPE HlLDEBRAND, OR GREGORY VII., A. D. 1073.

Chapter I. — Proofs of the darkness of this period. — Forged decretals. — Reverence for monks, saints, and relics. Worship of the Virgin. Purgatory.

5'1. — This period designated the dark ages, the iron age, &c. Lamentable

52. — False decretals. Pretended donation of Constantine. Extract from it, 182 5 3. — The world duped for centuries, by these forgeries. Gibbon quoted, 183 5 4. — Acknowledged by Baronius. Fleury, and other Romanists, to be forged.

Opinions of Hallam, Mosheim, and Campbell, - - - - 184 §5-6. — Increasing reverence for monks, relics, &c, - - - - 185 57-8. — Multiplication of new saints. Absurd legends of their lives, - 186 5 9- — The popes assume the exclusive privilege of saint-making, - - 187 §10.— Increase of festivals or saints' days. Feast of All-Saints, - - 188 § 11. — Rosary of the Virgin. Absurd stories invented to do her honor. Specimens, 189

512.— Fears of Purgatory. Feast of All-Souls, - .... 190

ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS. xiii

PAOE.

CHAPTER II.— Proofs of the darkness of this period continued. — Origin and final establishment of Transubstanliation. — Persecution of Berenger, its famous op* poser. — Popish miracles in its proof.