History of the state of California and biographical record of the Sierras, an historical story of the state's marvelous growth from its earliest settlement to the present time

Front matter

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Preface

HISTORICAL.

THERE are very few states in the Union that have a more varied and a more interesting history than CaHfornia ; and there are few if any whose history is so vaguely and so indefinitely known. This is largely due to the fact that its colonization was effected by one race and its evolution as a state by another.

In the rapid development of the state by the conquering race, the trials and struggles of the first colonists have been forgotten. No forefathers' day keeps their memory green, and no observance celebrates the anniversary of their landing. To many of its people, the history of California begins with the discovery of gold, and all behind that is regarded of little importance. Tile race characteristics of the two peoples who have dominated California differ widely; and from this divergence arises the lack of sympathetic unison. Perhaps no better expression for this difference can be given than is found in popular bywords of each. The "poco tiempo" (by and by) of the Spaniard is significant of a people who are willing to wait — who would rather defer till vianana — to-morrow — than hurry to-day. The "go ahead" of the American is indicative of haste, of rush, of a strenuous struggle to overcome obstacles, whatever they may be, in the present.

In narrating the story of California, I have endeavored to deal justly with the different eras and episodes of its history; to state facts; to tell the truth without favoritism or prejudice ; to give credit where credit is due and blame where it is deserved. In the preparation of this history I have tried to make it readable. I have avoided dull details and have omitted cumbrous statistics.

The subject has been presented by topic, observing so far as possible the chronological order of the events. In collecting material for this work, I have visited all the large libraries of the state, have consulted state and county archives, and have scanned thousands of pages of newspapers and magazines. Where extracts have been made, due credit has been given in the body of the work. I have received valuable assi stance from librarians, from pioneers of the state, from editors and others. To all who have assist ed me, I return my sincere thanks.

J. M. GUINN.

PREFACE.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

WHEN we study the progress made in northeastern California, especially during the past two decades of the nineteenth century and the opening years of the twentieth century, we are led to the conclusion that the present gratifying condition is due to the enterprise of public-spirited citizens. They have not only developed commercial possibilities and horticultural resources, but they have also maintained a commendable interest in public affairs, and have given to their commonwealth some of its ablest statesmen. The prosperity of the past has been gratifying; and, with the building of the canal to connect the Atlantic and the Pacific, with the increasing of railroad facilities, with the further development of local resources, there is everv reason to believe that the twentieth century will witness the most marvelous growth this region has ever made.

In the compilation of this work and the securing of necessary data, a number of writers have been engaged for months. They have visited leading citizens and used every endeavor to produce a work accurate and trustworthy in ever)' detail. Owing to the great care exercised, and to the fact that every opportunity was given to those represented to secure accuracy in their biographies, the publishers believe they are giving to their readers a volume containing few errors of consequence. The biographies of a number of representative citizens will be missed from the work. In some instances tliis was caused by their absence from home when our writers called, and in some instances was caused by a failure on the part of the men themselves to imderstand the scope of the work. The publishers, however, have done all within their power to make this work a representative one.

The value of the data herein presented will grow with the passing years. Posterity will preserve the volume with care, from the fact that it perpetuates biographical history that otherwise would be wholly lost. In those now far-distant days will be realized, to a greater extent than at the present time, the truth of Macaulav's statement, "The history of a country is best told in the lives of its people." ' CHAPMAN PUBLISHING COMPANY.

October, 1906.

Chapter I. Page

Spanish Explorations and Discoveries 33

Romance and Reality — The Seven Cities of Cibola — The Myth of Quivera— El Dorado — Sandoval's Isle of the Amazons — Mutineers Discover the Peninsula of Lower California — Origin of the Name California — Cortes's Attempts at Colonization — Discovery of the Rio Colorado — Coronado's Explorations — Ulloa's Voyage.

CHAPTER n.

Alta or Nueva California 37

Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo — Enters the Bay of San Diego in Alta California — Discovers the Islands of San Salvador and Vitoria — The Bay of Smokes and Fires — The Santa Barbara Islands — Reaches Cape Mendocino — His Death and Burial on the Island of San Miguel — Ferrolo Continues the Voyage — Drake, the Sea King of Devon — His Hatred of the Spaniard — Sails into the South Sea — Plunders the Spanish Settlements of the South Pacific — Vain Search for the Straits of Anian — Refits His Ships in a California Harbor — Takes Possession of the Country for the English Queen — Sails Across the Pacific Ocean to Escape the Vengeance of the Spaniards — Sebastian Rodriguez Cermeno Attempts a Survey of the California Coast — Loss of the San .^gustin — Sufferings of the Shipwrecked Mariners — Sebastian Viscaino's Explorations — Makes No New Discoveries — Changes the Names Given by Cabrillo to the Bays and Islands — Some Boom Literature — Failure of His Colonization Schefne — His Death.

CHAPTER HI.

Colonization of Alta California 43

Jesuit Missions of Lower California — Father Kino or Kuhn's Explorations — Expulsion of the Jesuits — Spain's Decadence — Her Northwestern Possessions Threatened by the Russians and English — The Franciscans to Christianize and Colonize .-Mta California — Galvez Fits Out Two Expeditions — Their Safe Arrival at San Diego — First Mission Founded — Portola's Explorations — Fails to Find Monterey Bay — Discovers the Bay of San Francisco — Return of the Explorers — Portola's Second Expedition — Founding of San Carlos Mission and the Presidio of Monterey.

CHAPTER IV, Aborigines of California 49

Inferiority of the California Indian — No Great Tribes — Indians of the San Gabriel Valley — Hugo Reid's Description of Their Government — Religion and Customs — Indians of the Santa Barbara Channel — Their God Chupu — Northern Indians — Indian Myths and Traditions.

CHAPTER V.

PAGE

Franciscan Missions of Alta California 56

Founding of San Diego de Alc?.Ia — San Caries Barromeo — San Antonio de Padua— San Gabriel Arcangel — San Luis Obispo — San Francisco de Asis — San Juan Capistrano — Santa Clara — San Buenaventura— Santa Barbara— La Purisima Concepcion— Santa Cruz— La Soledad — San Jose — San Juan Bautista — San Miguel — San Fernando del Rey, San Luis Rey, Santa Ynez — San Rafael^San Francisco Solano — Architecture — General Plan of the ■ • ■ Missionary Establishinents — Houses of the Neophytes— Their Uncleanliness.

CHAPTER VI.

Prf.sidios of California 66

Presidio in Colonization — Founding of San Diego — General Plan of the Presidio — Founding of Monterey — Rejoicing over the Event — Hard Times at the Presidio — Bear Meat Diet — Two Hundred Immigrants for the Presidio — Founding of the Presidio of San Francisco — .Anza's Overland Route from Sonora — Quarrel with Rivera — Anza's Return to Sonora — Founding of Santa Barbara — Disappointment of Father Serra — Quarrel of the Captain with the Missionaries over Indian Laborers — Soldiers' Dreary Life at the Presidios.

CHAPTER VH.

Pueblos 73

Pueblo Plan of Colonization— Necessity for ,A.gricultural Colonies — Governor Filipe de Neve Selects Pueblo Sites — San Jose Founded — Named for the Patron Saint of California • — Area of the Spanish Pueblo — Government Supplies to Colonists — Founding of the Pueblo of Los Angeles — Names of the Founders — Probable Origin of the Name — Subdivisions of Pueblo Lands — Lands .Assigned to Colonists — Founding of Branciforte, the last Spanish Pueblo.

CHAPTER VHL The Pa.ssixc, of Spain's DoMiN.vrioN 78

Spain's Exclusiveness — The First Foreign Ship in Monterey Bay — Vancouver's Visit — Government Monopoly of the Fur Trade — .\nierican Smugglers — The Memorias — Russian .Aggression^Famine at Sitka — Rezanoff's Visit — A Love Affair and Its Tragic Ending — l^'ort Ross — Failure of the Russian Colony Scheme — The War of Mexican Independence — Sola the Royalist Governor — California Loyalists — The Year of Earthquakes — Bouchard the Privateer Burns Monterey — The Lima Tallow Ships — Hard Times — No Money and Little Credit — The Friars Supreme.

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CHAPTER IX.

From EiiriRE to Republic 82

Sola Calls for Troops — Cholas Sent Him — Success cf the Revolutionists — Plan of Iguala — The Three Guarantee's — The Empires-Downfall of .Agustin L— Rise of the Republic — Bitter Disappointments of Governor Sola and the Friars — Disloyalty of the Mission l riar.s — Refuse to Take the Oath of .Mlcgiance — .^rguella. Governor — .Advent of Foreigners — Coming of the Hide Droghers- — Indian Outbreak.

CONTEXTS. 21

CHArTKR X.

P.«GE

First TyECADic ok Mexican Rule 87

Echeandia Governor— Make San Diego His Capital— Padres of the Four Southern Missions Take the Oalh ol Allegiance to the Republic — Friars of the Northern Missions Contumacious — Arrest of Padre Sarria — Expulsion of the Spaniards — Clandestine Departure of Padres Ripoll and Altiniira — Exile of Padre Martinez — The Diputacion — Queer Legislation— The Mexican Congress Attempts to Make California a Penal Colony — Liberal Colonization Laws — Captain Jedediah S. Smith, the Pioneer of Overland Travel, Arrives— Is Arrested— First White Man to Cross the Sierra Nevadas— Coming of the Fur Trappers — The Pattie Party — Imprisoned by Echeandia— Death of the Elder Pattie— John Ohio Pattie's Bluster— Peg Leg Smith — Ewing Young — The Solis Revolution — A Bloodless Battle — Echcandia's Mission Secularization Decree — He Is Hated by the Friars — Dios y Libertad — The Fitch Romance.

CHAPTER XI.

Revolutions — The Hij ar Colonists g^

Victoria, Governor — His Unpopularity^Defeated by the Southern Revolutionists — .Abdicates and is Shipped out of the Country — Pio Pico. Governor — Echeandia, Governor of Abajenos (Lowers) — Zamarano of the Arribanos (Uppers) — Dual Governors and a No Man's Land — War Clouds — Los Angeles the Political Storm Center — Figueroa Appointed Gefe Politico — The Dual Governors Surrender — Figueroa the Right Man in the Place — Hijar's Colonization Scheme — Padres, the Promoter — Hijar to be Gefe Politico — A Famous Ride — A Cobbler Heads a Revolution— Hijar and Padres Arrested and Deported — Disastrous End of the Compania Cosmopolitana — Death of Figueroa.

CHAPTER XII.

The Decline and Fall of the Missions qfi

Sentirnent vs. History — The Friars' Right to the Mission Lands Only That of Occupation — Governor Borica's Opinion of the Mission System — Title to the Mission Domams — Viceroy Bucarili's Instructions — Secularization — Decree of the Spanish Cortes in 1813 — Mission Land Monopoly — No Land for Settlers — Secularization Plans. Decrees and Reglamentos — No Attempt to Educate the Neophytes — Destruction of Mission Property, Ruthless Slaughter of Cattle — Emancipation in Theory and in Practice- — Depravity ot the Neophytes — What Did Six Decades of Mission Rule Accomplish? — What Became of the Mission Estates — The Passing of the Neophytes.

CHAPTER XIII.

The Free and Sovereign St.\te of Alta California 10:

Castro, Gefe Politico — Nicolas Gutierrez. Comandante and Political Chief — Chico, "Gobernador Propritario" — Makes Himself Unpopular — His Hatred of Foreigners — .Makes Trouble Wherever He Goes — Shipped Back to Mexico — Gutierrez .Again Political Chief — Centralism His Nemesis — Revolt of Castro and Alvarado — Gutierrez Besieged — Surrenders and Leaves the Country — Declaration of California's Independence — El Estado Libre y Soberano de La .Alta California — Alvarado Declared Governor— The Ship of State

PAGE

Launched— Encounters a Storm— The South Opposes California's Independence— Los Angeles Made a City and the Capital of the Territory by the Mexican Congress— The Capital ''hjestion the Cause of Opposition — War Between the North and South — Battle of San Buenaventura— Los Angeles Captured— Peace in the Free State— Carlos Carrillo, Governor of the South— War Again— Defeat of Carrillo at Las Flores— Peace— Alvarado Appointed Governor by the Supreme Government — Release of Alvarado's Prisoners of State— Exit the Free State.

CHAPTER XIV.

Decline and Fall of Mexican Domination lo8

Hijos del Pais in Power — The Capital Question — The Foreigners Becoming a Menace — Graham AfYair — Micheltorena Appointed Governor — His Cholo Army — Commodore Jones Captures Monterey — The Governor and the Commodore Meet at Los Angeles — Extravagant Demands of Micheltorena — Revolt Against Micheltorena and His Army of Chicken Thieves — Sutter and Graham Join Forces with Micheltorena — The Picos Unite with Alvarado i-nd Castro — Battle of Cahuenga — Micheltorena and His Cholos Deported — Pico, Governor — Castro Rebellious — The Old Feud Between the North and the South — Los Angeles the Capital — Plots and Counter-Plots — Pico Made Governor by President Herrera — Immigration from the United States.

CHAPTER XV.

Municipal Government — Homes and Home Life of the Californians 114

The "Muy Ilustre Ayuntamiento," or Municipal Council — Its Unlimited Power. Queer Customs and Quaint Usages — Blue Laws — How Office Sought the Man and Caught Him — Architecture of the Mission Age Not Aesthetic — Dress of the Better Class — Undress of the Neophyte and the Peon — Fashions That Changed but Once in Fifty Years — Filial Respect — Honor Thy Father and Mother — Economy in Government — When Men's Pleasures and Vices Paid the Cost of Governing — No Fire Department — No Paid Police — No Taxes.

CHAPTER XVI.

Territorial Expansion by Conquest 1 19

The Mexican War — More Slave Territory Needed — Hostilities Begun in Texas — Trouble Brewing in California — Fremont at Monterey — Fremont and Castro Quarrel — Fremont and His Men Depart — Arrival of Lieutenant Gillespie — Follows Fremont — Fremont's Return — The Bear Flag Revolt — Seizure of Sonoma — A Short-Lived Republic — Commodore Sloat Seizes California — Castro's Army Retreats Southward — Meets Pico's Advancing Northward — Retreat to Los Angeles — Stockton and Fremont Invade the South — Pico and Castro Vainly Attempt to Arouse the People — Pico's Humane Proclamation — Flight of Pico and Castro — Stockton Captures Los .\ngeles — Issues a Proclamation — Some Historical Myths; — The First Newspaper Published in California.

CHAPTER XVII.

PACE REVOLT OF THE CaLIFORNIANS I25

Stockton Returns to His Ship and Fremont Leaves for the North — Captain Gillespie, Comandante, in the South — Attempts Reforms — Californians Rebei — The Americans Besieged on Fort Hill — Juan Flaca's Famous Ride — Battle of Chino — Wilson's Company Prisoners — Americans Agree to Evacute Los Angeles — Retreat to San Pedro — Cannon Thrown into the Bay — Flores in Command of the Californians.

CHAPTER XVIII.

Dffeat axd Retreat of Mervine's Men 129

Mervine, in Command of the Savannah, Arrives at San Pedro — Landing of the Troops— Mervine and Gillespie Unite Their Forces — On to Los Angeles — DuvalTs Log Book — An Authentic Account of the March, Battle and Retreat — Names of the Killed and Wounded — Burial of the Dead on Dead Man's Island — Names of the Commanding Ofificers — Flores the Last Gefe Politico and Comandante-General — Jealousy of the Hijos del Pais — Hard Times in the Old Pueblo.

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CHAPTER XIX.

FiXAU CONOL'EST OF CALIFORNIA j^^

Affairs in the North — Fremont's Battalion — Battle of Natividad — Bloodless Battle of Santa Clara — End of the War in the North — Stockton at San Pedro — Carrillo's Strategy — A Remarkable Battle — Stockton Arrives at San Diego — Building of a Fort — Raid on the Ranchos — The Flag Episode — General Kearny Arrives at Warner's Pass — Battle of San Pasqual — Defeat of Kearny — Heavy Loss — Relief Sent Him from San Diego — Preparing for the Capture of Los Angeles — The March — Battle of Paso de Bartolo — Battle of La Mesa— Small Losses — American Names of These Battles Misnomers.

CHAPTER XX.

Capture and Occupation of the Capital 141

Surrender of Los Angeles — March of the Victors — The Last Volley — A Chilly Reception — A Famous Scold — On the Plaza — Stockton's Headquarters — Emory's Fort — Fremont's Battalion at San Fernando — The Flight of Flores — Negotiations with General Pico — Treaty of Cahuenga — Its Importance — Fremont's Battalion Enters the City — Fremont. Governor — Quarrel Between Kearny and Stockton — Ktarny Departs for San Diego and Stockton's Men for San Pedro.

CHAPTER XXI.

Transition and Transformation 144

Colonel Fremont in Command at Los Angeles — The Mormon Battalion — Its Arrival at San Luis Rey, Sent to Los Angeles — General Kearny Governor at Monterey — Rival Governors — Col. R. B. Mason, Inspector of the Troops in California — He Quarrels with Fremont — Fremont Challenges Him — Colonel Cooke Made Commander of the Military

PAGS

District of the South — Fremont's Battah'on Mustered Out — Fremont Ordered to Report to Kearny— Returns to the States with Kearny — Placed Under Arrest — Court-Martialed ^Fouiid Guiky — Pardoned by the President — Rumors of a Mexican invasion — Building of a Fort — Col. J. B. Stevenson Commands in the Southern District — A Fourth of July Celebration — The Fort Dedicated and Named Fort Moore— The New York Volunteers- Company F. Third U. S. Artillery, Arrives— The Mormon Battalion Mustered Out- Commodore Shubrick and General Kearny Jointly Issue a Proclamation to the People- Col. R. B. Mason, Military Governor of California — A Policy of Conciliation— Varela, Agitator and Revolutionist, Makes Trouble — Overland Immigration Under Mexican Rule — The First Train— Dr. Marsh's Meanness — The Fate of the Donner Party.

CHAPTER XXII.

Mexican L.^wvs and American Officials : 150

Richard A. Mason, Commander of the Military Forces and Civil Governor of California- Civil and Military Laws^— The First Trial by Jury — Americanizing the People — Perverse Electors and Contumacious Councilmen — Absolute Alcaldes — Nash at Sonoma and Bill Blackburn at Santa Cruz — Queer Decisions — El Cation Pcrdidc of Santa Barbara — Ex- Governor Pio Pico Returns — Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo — Peace Proclaimed — The News Reaches California — Country Acquired by the Treaty — The Volunteers Mustered

Out.

CHAPTER XXIII.

Gold! Gold! Gold! I55

Traditions of Early Gold Discoveries in California — The First Authenticated Discovery — Marshall's Discovery at Colomas — Disputed Dates and Conflicting Stories About the Discovery — Sutter's Account — James VV. Marshall — His Story — The News Travels Slowly — First Newspaper Report — The Rush Begins — San Francisco Deserted — The Star and the Californian Suspend Publication — The News Spreads— Sonorian Migration — Oregonians Come — The News Reaches the States — A Tea Caddy Full of Gold at the War Office, Washington — Seeing Is Believing — Gold Hunters Come by Land and Sea — The Pacific Mail Steamship Company — Magical Growth of San Francisco — The Dry Diggings — Some Remarkable Yields — Forty Dollars for a Butcher Knife — Extent of the Gold Fields.

CHAPTER XXIV.

Making a St.\te 162

Bennett Riley, Governor — Unsatisfactory Form of Government — Semi-Civil and Semi-Military — Congress Does Nothing — The Slave-Holding Faction Prevents Action — Growing Dissatisfaction — Call for Convention — Constitution Making — The Great Seal- Election of State Officers-^Peter H. Burnett, Governor — Inauguration of a State Government — The "■ First Legislature — A Self-Constituted State — The Pro-Slavery Faction in Congress — Op-

pose the Admission of California — Defeat of the Obstructionists — California Admitted into the Union — Great Rejoicing — A Magnificent Procession — California Full Grown at Birth — The Capital Question — San Jose Loses the Capital — Vallejo Wins — Goes to Sacramento — Comes to Benicia — Capital Question in the Courts — Sacramento Wins — Capitol Building Begun in i860 — Completed in 1869.

CONTEXTS. 25

CHAPTER XXV.

PAGE

The Argonauts. i6q

Wlio First Called Them .Argonaiils — How Tliey Came and From Where They Came— Extent of the Gold Fields— Mining Appliances— Bateas, Gold Pans. Rockers, Long Toms, Sluices— Useless Machines and Worthless Inventions — Some Famous Gold Rushes— Gold Lake — Gold Bluffs — Kern River— F'razer River — Washoe — Ho for Idaho! — Social Leveling — Capacity for Physical Labor the Standard— Independency and Honesty of the Argonauts.

CHAPTER XXVI.

S.\N Franci.'^co 175

The First House — A Famous Fourth of July Celebration — The Enterprise of Jacob P. Leese — General Kearny's Decree for the Sale of Water Lots — .Alcalde Bartlett Changes the Name of the Town from Verba Buena to San Francisco — Hostility of the Star to the Change — Great Sale of Lots in the City of Francisca, now Benicia — Its Boom Bursts — Population of San Francisco Septeinber 4, 1847 — Vocations of Its Inhabitants — Population March. 1848 — Vioget's Survey— O'Earrell's Survey — Wharves— The First School House— The Gold Discovery Depopulates the City — Reaction — Rapid Growth — Description of the City in April, 1850 — Great Increase in Population — How the People Lived and Labored — Enormous Rents— High Priced Real Estate— .Vwful Streets — Flour Sacks. Cooking Stove and Tobacco Box Sidewalk — Ships for Houses — The Six Great Fires — The Boom of 1853 — The Burst of 1855 — Harry Meigs— Steady Growth of the City.

Vr^ t^* W^

CHAPTER XXVH.

Crime, Criminals and Vigilance Committees 182

But Little Crime in California Under Spanish and Mexican Rule — The First Vigilance Committee of California — The United Defenders of Public Safety — Execution of Alispaz and Maria del Rosario Villa — .Advent of the Criminal Element — Criminal Element in the Ascendency — Incendiarism, Theft and Murder — The San Francisco Vigilance Committee of 1851 — Hanging of Jenkins — .\ Case of Mistaken Identity — Burdue for Stuart — .Arrest, Trial and Hanging of Stuart — Hanging of Whittaker and McKenzie — The Committee .Adjourns but Does Not Disband — Its Work .'\pproved — Corrupt Officials — James King bf William Attacks Political Corruption in the Bulletin — Richardson killed by Cora — Scathing Editorials — Murders and Thefts — Attempts to Silence King — King Exposes James P. Casey's State's Prison Record — Cowardly Assassination of King by Casey — Organization of the Vigilance Committee of 1856 — Fatal Mistake of the Herald — Casey and Cora in the Hands of the Cominittec — Death of King — Hanging of Casey and Cora — Other Executions — Law and Order Party — Terry and His Chivalrous Friends — They Are Glad to Subside — Black List and Deportations — The .Augean Stable Cleaned — The Committee's Grand Parade — Vigilance Committees in Los Angeles — Joaquin Murrieta and His Banditti — Tiburcio Vasquez and His Gang.

CHAPTER XXVni.

FlLIKlSTERS A.ND FILIBUSTERING I93

The Origin of Filibustering in California — Raoussct-Boulbon's Futile Schemes — His Execution — William Walker — His Career as a Doctor. Lawyer and Journalist — Recruits Filibusters — Lands at La Paz — His Infamous Conduct in Lower California — Failure of His

PAG",

Scheme— A Farcical Trial — Lionized in San Francisco— His Operations in Nicaragua- Battles— Decrees Slavery in Nicaragua— Driven Out of Nicaragua— Tries Again— Is Captured and Shot— Crabb and His Unfortunate Expedition— Massacre of the Misguided Adventurers — Filibustering Ends When Secession Begins.

CHAPTER XXIX.

From Gold to Grain axd Fruits 199

Mexican Farming — But Little Fruit and Few Vegetables — Crude Farming Implements — The Agricultural Capabilities of California Underestimated — Wheat the Staple in Central California — Cattle in the South — Gold in the North — Big Profits in Grapes — Orange Culture Begun in the South — Apples, Peaches, Pears and Plums — The Sheep Industry — The Famine Years of 1863 and 1864 Bring Disaster to the Cattle Kings of the South — The Doom of Their Dynasty — Improvement of Domestic Animals — Exit the Mustang — Agricultural Colonies.

CHAPTER XXX.

Civil War — Loyaltv and Disloyalty 204

State Division and What Became of It — Broderick's Early Life — Arrival in California — Enters the Political Arena — Gwin and Broderick — Duel Between Terry and Broderick — Death of Broderick — Gwin-Latham Combination — Firing on Fort Sumter — State Loyal — Treasonable Utterance — A Pacific Republic — Disloyalty Rampant in Southern California — Union Sentiments Triumphant — Confederate Sympathizers Silenced.

«3* «3* <^

CHAPTER XXXI.

Trade, Travel and Transportation 21 1

Spanish Trade — Fixed Prices — No Cornering the Market— Mexico's Methods of Trade — I The Hide Droghers — Trade — Ocean Commerce and Travel — Overland Routes — Overland Stage Routes — Inland Commerce — The Pony Express — Stage Lines — Pack Trains — Camel Caravans — The Telegraph and the Railroad — Express Companies.

CHAPTER XXXII.

Railroads 218

Early Agitation of the Pacific Railroad Scheme — The Pacific Railroad in Politics — Northern Routes and Southern Routes — First Railroad in California — Pacific Railroad Bills in Congress — A Decade of Agitation and No Road — The Central and Union Pacific Railroads — Act of i862^Subsidies — The Southern Pacific Railroad System — Its Incorporation and Charter — Its Growth and Development — The Santa Fe System — Other Railroads.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

PAGE

The Indian Question 22-

Treatment of *he Indians by Spain and Mexico — A Conquista— Unsanitary Condition of the Mission Villages— The .Mission Neophyte and What Became of Him— Wanton Oi-.trages on the Savages — Some So-Calied Indian Wars — Extermination of the Aborigines— Indian Island Massacre— The Mountaineer Battahon— The Two Years' War— The Modoc War.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

Some Political History 229

Advent of the Chinese— Kindly Received at First— Given a Public Reception— The "China Boys" Become Too Many— Agitation and Legislation Against Them— Dennis Kearney and the Sand Lot Agitation— Kearney's Slogan, "The Chinese Must Go"— How Kearney Went — The New Constitution— A Mixed Convention — Opposition to the Constitution — The Constitution Adopted- Defeat of the Workingmen's Party— A New Treaty with China— Governors of California, Spanish, Mexican and American.

CHAPTER XXXV.

Education and Educ.\tional Institution 235

Public Schools in the Spanish Era — Schools of the Mexican Period — No Schools for the Neophytes — Early .American Schools — First School House in San Francisco — The First American Teacher — The First School Law — A Grand School System — University of the Pacific — College of California — University of California — Stanford University — Normal Schools.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

Cities of Calikorxi.v — Their Origin and Growth 242

The Spaniards and Mexicans Not Town Builders— Francisca. on the Straits of Cariiuincz, the First American City — Its Brilliant Prospects and Dismal Failure — San Francisco — It, Population and Expansion— Los Angeles, the Only City in Calilornia Before the Conquest —Population and Development- Oakland, an American City— Population- Sacramento, the Metropolis of the Mines— San Jose, the Garden City— Stockton, the Entrepot of the Southern Mines — San Diego, the Oldest City— Fresno — Vallejo— Nevada Citv— Grass Valley—Eureka — Marysville — Redding— Pasadena — Pomona— San Bernardino— Riverside.

INDKX.

A

Agee, William £ 350

Alexander. Jules 325

Alexander, Samuel 629

Arms, William 373

Arnold, Alexander T 323

Austin, James T 445

B

Bacher, Antone 714

Bagin, Frederick E 744

Bailey, George B 666

Bailey, Justus R 537

Bangham, Eber G 357

Bangham, Frank H 380

Barham, Charles 443

Barham. Thomas L 402

Barham, Thomas M 459

Barry, John T 374

Barry, Norman J 440

Bass, John E 357

Bass, Richard D 633

Bass, Roland 776

Bass, Stephen S 748

Bates, Jared 768

Battelle, Thornton F 751

Batterson, George 581

Baty, David 638

Beatie, Daniel 573

Bennett, George W 764

Bergeret, Joseph A 620

Berry, David C 314

Bigelow, Orson 410

Bittner, Jacob 301

Boggs. Jackson R 474

Bonner, John H 269

Borrette, John S 420

Boucher, Thomas E 389

Boyle, John 332

Branham, James 289

Bringham, Marion C 619

Bringham, William C 616

Broadwell, Jacob W 628

Brock, Isaac N 698

Brockman, William 349

Brown, E. C. 403

Bunnell. T-ucius A 742

Burnham, William T 779

Bursham. William T 779

Burroughs, Harry D 530

Bush, Frederick E 500

c

Cady, Frank P 326

Cady, Stoel 641

Cahlan, John 352

Cain, William M 431

Campbell, Francis H 705

Carter, Josiah S., M. D 726

Chandler, Benjamin F 401

Chapman, Chester W 302

Christie Brothers 578

Church, Isaac S 655

Churchill, Jerome 755

Clark, Charles B 460

Clark, Richard B 375

Clark, William H 485

Clarken, Hon. Richard M 568

Clayburg, Andrew T 496

Clinch, William 738

Clough. Fred I\[ 691

Coates. Gaines L., M. D 270

Coates, Winston D., M. D 356