Trooper 3809 : a private soldier of the Third Republic

Preface

The bitter and protracted discussions which have arisen out of the Dreyfus case, and which have divided France into two hostile camps, have concentrated the attention of the civiHzed world on the French army, but nobody has done more to disgrace it, and to lower it in the eyes of friends and foes alike, than Frenchmen themselves.

Those who, persuaded of Dreyfus' innocence, made superhuman efforts to further the noble cause of justice and to obtain the redress of one of the greatest wrongs ever committed against a human being, spoiled their noble task by indiscriminate and wholesale abuse of the army in general, holding the thousands of French officers responsible for the conduct of a few of their number. Those, on the other hand, who believed in the guilt of Dreyfus, based their conviction upon their blind belief in the infallibility of half a dozen officers who had passed judgment upon the condemned man. Trusting to unworthy subordinates, the highest officers of the General Staff made of Dreyfus' guilt a matter on which they staked their own honour and reputation, and when they discovered that they had been deceived, they found themselves in the position of having either to acknowledge that they had been

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PREFACE

befooled, or else of having to stand by those who had led them into their awkward predicament. They chose the latter alternative, and their friends and supporters played into the hands of those who so fiercely attacked the army, by refusing to admit that there could be a single black sheep in it, and by thus linking together the whole body of French officers and making their collective honour dependent on the honour of every individual member.

A time came, however, when even the most determined partizans of this system had to turn against those they had extolled but the day before. First came Esterhazy, the liar, the swindler, and the traitor ; then Henry the forger, and de Paty du Clam, his accomplice.

It is a remarkable fact that amidst all these scenes of violent abuse there should be but one man who maintained implicit trust in the good faith of his worst enemies — Dreyfus himself — the victim of this most abominable conspiracy.

His case is, unfortunately, but a greatly magnified example of what daily happens throughout the French army, and the recollections I am now offering to the reader, of the time I served in its ranks, will show that Dreyfus has been a victim not so much of the malice of individuals as of a faulty system. It will be seen how, in a regiment, the Colonel forms his opinion of a private from the character given to him by his Corporal or Sergeant, and how the mere fact of appealing against a punishment is considered

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PREFACE

as an act of insubordination. It is always the same principle — le respect de la chose jugee (the upholding of a judgment, without considering upon what grounds or evidence it has been delivered).

I wish it to be clearly understood that this little book has not been written for the purpose of attacking the French army as represented by its officers. It is intended merely as a faithful account of the hardships I endured when I served my time in the ranks — hardships which every Frenchman has still to bear. I cannot follow M. Urbain Gobier in his virulent and indiscriminate attacks upon all French officers — among whom individuals differ as in other classes of men ; but each one of my readers will be able to draw his own conclusions with regard to the system which, in practice, is universally in force.

IX

Every Frenchman is liable to military service during twenty-five years of his life — viz., from the age of twenty until he is forty-five.*

In time of peace this period of service is thus divided :

(i) Three years of active service.

(ii) Ten years in the reserve of the standing army, during which two periods of a month each with the colours must be undergone.

(iii) Six years in the territorial army, with two periods of thirteen days each with the colours, and

(iv) Six years in the reserve of the territorial army.

The conscription lists are thus made out :

Every year the Mayor of each " Commune " draws up a list of all the young men who have arrived at the age of twenty during the past twelve months.

These lists must be posted up by January 14 at the latest. The names of the sons of foreigners, if born in France, are included, and unless they claim foreign nationality they are liable to serve, and on failing to do so when called upon are regarded as deserters and punished accordingly.

* For full particulars see " Loi du 15 Juillet 1889, sur la Recrutement de I'Armee." Librairie Militaire L. Baudoin, 30 rue Dauphine, Paris.

I

Domicile is established by the parents' residence.

Every year the War Minister fixes the number of conscripts required to serve three years with the colours; those in excess of that number are called upon to serve for one year. only; but during the following two years they are liable to be called upon to complete their time of active service.

In order to determine those who are to benefit by this arrangement tirage an sort (drawing lots) is resorted to.

In time of peace, conscripts falling under any of the following categories among others are also called upon to serve for one year only :

(a) The eldest of orphans, or the eldest son of a widow, or of a family whose father is blind, or has reached his seventieth year.

(b) The only son in a family of seven children or more — or the eldest son of a family of at least seven.

(c) The elder of twins.

(d) Brothers of men engaged in active service.

(e) Brothers of a man who has been killed, or who has died in active service, or who has been invalided on account of disease contracted, or wounds received, while serving.

(/) Young men who have signed an engagement to serve during ten years as teachers in the National schools.

(g) Students in law, science, or medicine who have already obtained their admission to the Government Universities or other institutions mentioned in the Act.

(h) Students of the religious institutions who are studying to become ministers of one of the religions recognised by the State.

Provided that, in classes (/), (g), (h), such young men have obtained their final degree before their twenty-sixth year, or that religious students have been ordained before the end of their twenty-sixth year, faihng which, they are called upon to complete three years' active service.

Whoever has been convicted of theft, obtaining money by false pretences, rape, and other crimes against morals, and has been sentenced to more than three months' imprisonment for such crimes, or has been sentenced twice for similar offences, is sent to special battalions in Algeria. If, at the time a conscript is called upon to serve, he is undergoing imprisonment, he begins his service at the expiration of his sentence.

Instead of joining their regiment like other conscripts, these men have to report themselves on a certain date at the headquarters of the military district to which they belong, and they are thence taken by gendarmes to the depot of their battalion. They are subjected to an iron discipline, being commanded by officers and non-commissioned officers picked out from other regiments where they have distinguished themselves for their harshness. Many are the tales of dreadful revenge taken by these conscripts on their officers. It is no uncommon thing for a few of them to play away the life of an officer at cards, the loser being obliged to kill him w^ithin a certain time. To quote but a single instance : A few years ago one of these battalions was being marched from Biskra to Tuggurt in Southern Algeria. Before leaving, four of the men had played away the life of their Major at cards. The loser, who was to carry out the deed, pretended to be ill, and kept to the rear of the column. On the second day he kept still farther back, and sat down pretending to be exhausted. The Major, who had fallen far behind, seeing the man, spoke to him kindly, telling him to make an effort. " Oh, sir," said the soldier, '' I can't ; I am done for." The Major kindly handed the man his flask to take a pull from, and as he was replacing it in his holster, the man fired his rifle point blank at his officer. Fortunately the horse swerved, and the bullet missed. Thereupon the Major drew his revolver, and blew the ruffian's brains out. A few months later a stone was found on the spot bearing this inscription:

PI ERE

On the ioth of December i8 —

Private

Was murdered by Major X.

The man who placed the stone there was never discovered, and, although it was removed by order of the military authorities, another one bearing a similar inscription soon afterwards stood in its place. Six times these stones were removed, and six times they were replaced, yet the guilty parties were never detected. It is hardly to be wondered at if the officers of these battalions usually carry loaded revolvers.

To return to our description of the mode of recruiting.

The lists having been duly posted up, a day is appointed for drawing the lots. This public ceremony is presided over by the " Sous-prefet " of the " Arrondissement." Having counted the number of names on the list, the Sous-prefet places a corresponding number of tickets, each bearing a number, in an urn : he then calls out the names of the young men, and each in turn draws a ticket ; in case of absence of one of them his lot is drawn by the Mayor. As already explained only a certain number of men being required to serve three years, those who draw the highest numbers stand a chance of serving for but twelve months, besides those who have a right to claim the privilege, although the latter are also bound to draw lots.

All the young men whose names appear in the lists have next to appear before a Conseil de Revision (Revising Commission).

This Commission consists of :

The Prefect of the Department, who is ex-officio

President.

A Conseiller de Prefecture.

A Member of the Conseil General.

A Member of the Conseil d'arrondissement. A General or Field Officer appointed by the military

authority.

An Intendant militaire (Commissariat officer). The chief Recruiting Officer of the district. A military Surgeon, or a Doctor, is appointed by the military authorities to make a medical examination of all the conscripts, and upon his report the Commission decides by vote whether each individual conscript shall serve or not. It should be added that the minimum height is 5 feet yz inch.

The Commission also decides upon claims of exemption made by sons of foreigners, and upon the claims of those entitled to a service of one year only.*

Each conscript subsequently receives his feuille de route, stating the regiment he must join, and the date on w^hich he must join it, and making an allowance for his journey to the town where he is to be quartered. f From the moment conscripts receive their feiiilles de route they are under military law, and can only be tried by court-martial for any crimes or offences they may commit.

Men while serving for a month in the reserve, or for a fortnight in the territorial army, are also exclusively under

' All who for any cause are considered unfit for service have to pay a yearly tax of 6 francs and an additional tax proportionate to their means, t Soldiers pay one-third of ordinary fares on French railways.

martial law for the time beins^. Even in the case of a soldier who has finished his service the fact of his assaulting one of his former superiors (from a Corporal upwards) renders him liable to be tried by court-martial " should such assault be considered the result of revenge for a punishment received during his service." — (Art. 223 and 224 of the Code of Military Justice.) So that a man who has been abominably treated during his time of service and who gives a good hiding to one of his former officers ten or twenty years later, is liable to be tried by the military authorities.

I may add here that the act of striking a siipcrieur, meaning any man superior in rank to one's self, from a Corporal upwards, is punished with death, even in time of peace. Two instances occurred while I served. In the first instance a private had struck a Corporal who had bullied him in a most shameful way ; in the second instance a Corporal had struck an officer who had called his mother by a vile name. Both men were found guilty and publicly shot in the presence of their regiment on special parade. It very seldom occurs that a man who has struck even a Corporal is reprieved.

In each subdivision of every military district is kept a register in which are inscribed the names of all the men in that subdivision who are serving, or have served.

In this register is stated the date at which each man has been incorporated, as well as the date of his leaving the service, the date of his passing into the reserve, then into the territorial army and into the reserve of the territorial army, until he has satisfied all his military obligations. Every change of address is also noted.

Every soldier receives on joining his regiment a livret matricide, a book in which are stated his age, his name, the address of his parents, his full description, the list of all the punishments he has received, and many other particulars.

It is of the utmost importance for every Frenchman to keep this book carefully, as it has to be produced whenever required by the military, civil, or judicial authorities, and its loss entails several days' imprisonment. Whenever a Frenchman — until he has reached the age of forty-five and has thus satisfied all his military obligations — wishes to absent himself from his domicile he is bound to present his livret at the nearest gendarmerie and to declare where he is going : this is written down in his livret, and on arrival at his new residence he must have this book " vise " anew. If he goes abroad he must present it to the French Consul, and whenever he changes his residence for more than three months, he must repeat the operation exactly after the fashion of a ticket-of-leave man in England. To omit to do so renders^the offender liable to imprisonment. It is therefore easy to realise the tremendous power of the military authorities in France.

II

The military law I have just explained is that which has been in force since 1889 only. It differs from the previous law chiefly in regard to the length of service. In my time (1879) the period of service in the active army was five years instead of three. Young men, however, who had obtained the degrees of B.A. or B.S., provided they paid £60 to Government, and provided also they contracted a voluntary engagement within the year preceding that in which they became liable to conscription, were allowed to serve only one year instead of five. During the next four years they still belonged, however, to the active army, and were liable to be called at any time by decree of the War Minister. These young men were officially called Engages conditionnels, but commonly termed Volontaires d'un an, or by abbreviation Volontaires. It is as such that I served.

I have roughed it a good deal since those days, but I have no hesitation in saying that the time of my active service with the colours was the bitterest experience I ever underwent.

In the case of a nation which possesses no public schools like the great institutions of England, I believe that compulsory military service might be made an excellent moral and physical training for young men in every rank of life. But the French system is vicious. A system in which gentlemen of refinement and the vilest dregs of the city slums are subjected to identical treatment, and ruled by identical measures of discipline, is an impossible one. Take punishments, for instance. " Equality of punishment " may sound well in theory, but in practice it becomes the rankest inequality. A gentleman accustomed to comfort, or perhaps luxury, is for the slightest fault sent to the Salle de Police to endure the degrading horrors presently to be described — his companions are perhaps roughs who have never slept in a bed since they were children, to whom dirt is a mere necessary condition, and vermin are " familiar beasts."

Where is the equality of punishment in such a case ?

It must not be thought either that some compensation lies in the comparative infrequency of the punishments meted out to gentlemen. The contrary is the truth. For an equal fault the rough usually gets a shorter punishment than the man of higher class.

The German system is very different. In Germany they also have the reduced service of one year for young men who have fulfilled certain conditions of superior education.

But these ein jahr preiviller, as they are called, form a class absolutely distinct from the other privates, and are distinguished by a uniform of better cloth. During the first month of their service they live in barracks, where they learn the routine of a common soldier's duties, but afterwards they are allowed lodgings in the town where their regiment is quartered, and they are altogether treated differently from the rest.

Then, again, in the German army non-commissioned officers cannot punish a private, the Captain alone having the right of punishment, while in the French army a Corporal could give us two days' Salic de Police; a Sergeant, four; a Sergeant-major, a Sub-lieutenant, or a Lieutenant, eight ; and a Captain could send us to prison. Each of those punishments was usually increased by the Major, and also by the Colonel, and it will scarcely be credited that no man could appeal against a punisJunent until he had undergone the zvhole of it. Things have altered a little since General Boulanger was Minister of War, but very slightly. There is still no higher appeal than to the Colonel, and such a thing as a private or even an officer having the right to ask for a court-martial in case he considers himself unjustly punished does not exist. But more of this in the sequel.

ni

In order to enable readers to understand clearly the account of my adventures, I think it will be necessary to describe somewhat fully the routine of a French cavalry regiment, as well as the rights and duties of officers, non-commissioned officers, and privates.

Any one desiring further particulars can obtain them from a little book called " Reglement du Service Interieur ties troupes de Cavalerie." (Paris : Librairie Militaire dc L. Baudoin, 30 rue Dauphine.)

The following are the titles of the officers and non-commissioned officers of a French cavalry regiment, with the duties and responsibiHties which theoretically devolve upon them. How far those duties are carried out will appear in the course of my narrative.

COLONEL.

(Five Gold Stripes.)

The authority of the Colonel extends over every part of the service. He is responsible for the discipline, military education, instruction, police, hygiene, and appearance of the regiment he commands. He directs its administration with the help of a " Conseil d'administration." He appoints all non-commissioned officers, and Corporals.

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL. (Three Gold and Two Silver Stripes.)

" The Lieutenant-colonel is the intermediary of the Colonel in every branch of the service. He acts on behalf of the Colonel in the absence of the latter. . . . When thus acting he states that the orders are the Colonel's, so that the authority of the latter should be sustained. . . ."

" Among the books he has to keep are those containing the individual notes on each officer, in which are entered twice yearly the punishments inflicted on each officer, and information as to their military as well as private conduct, their instruction, and military aptitude. These notes are countersigned by the Colonel, who adds whatever remarks he thinks fit. . . ."

CHEFS D'ESCADRONS (Majors). (Four Gold Stripes.)

There are two of these in each regiment, each commanding two squadrons.

" The ' Chefs d'Escadrons ' see that the Captains commanding their squadrons carry out their duties, as well as the Colonel's orders, with zeal and intelligence. . . .

" One of them presides over the Coinmission des ordinaires ( food supply) . The other presides over the Comijiission d'abatagc (k'lU'mg oi horses). . . ."

Each of them has also to look carefully into the service of the kitchens of their squadrons, and they must frequently visit the canteens.

They take in turns the weekly duty and are in charge of the general police of barracks. Under their orders they have for this service a Captain and an Adjudant.

MAJOR. (Tzuo Gold and Tzvo Silver Stripes.)

The duties of this officer are chiefly connected with the general administration of the regiment — accounts, purchases, pay, equipment, barrack furniture, &c. He is in command of the 5th squadron,* which forms the depot in case of war.

CAPITAINE INSTRUCTEUR.

The Capitaine Instructeur is chiefly concerned with the instruction of the non-commissioned officers. He also gives the Lieutenants and Sub-lieutenants lectures on shooting, artillery, topography, hippology, &c., and has to teach the Adjudants (to be described later) their duties.

* French cavalry regiments have five squadrons. II

CAPITAINE TRESORIER (Paymaster).

He receives all moneys for the use of the regiment ; he makes all payments authorised by the Council of Administration, of which he is a member.

He keeps the " archives " of the regiment. Every five days he hands over the pay to the Captain commanding each squadron or to his Sergeant-major, and issues the demand for forage supplied through the " Intendant " (an official apart from the regiment).

Under him he has a Deputy, a Lieutenant, or Sub-lieutenant.

CAPITAINE D'HABILLEMENT.

This Captain is in charge of the armoury, clothing, and barrack furniture, keeping all accounts relating to the same.

All the regimental workshops are under his orders : the chief armourer, the master saddler, the master tailor, and master bootmaker.

Under this officer is :

THE PORTE ETENDARD.

A Lieutenant who helps generally his immediate chief, and carries the colours on parade.

DOCTORS.

Two Doctors are attached to each cavalry regiment — a mcdccin major (captain-surgeon) and medecin aide major (lieutenant-surgeon). Their duties are similar to those of regimental doctors in an English regiment.

VETERINARY SURGEONS.

Two Veterinary Surgeons are attached to each regiment, and their duties need not be described here.

CAPITAINES (Captains). (Three Stripes.)

There are two Captains in each squadron — the Captain Commanding (capitainc commandant) and a second Captain (capitaine en second).

Captain Commanding. — This officer is in full charge of the squadron (in time of peace a squadron consists of about 120 men and horses) ; he is the real chief and almost the only one the non-commissioned officers and men of his squadron know, many of them leaving the service without having ever been spoken to by such an exalted and god-like being as a Major, much less by their Lieutenant-colonel or Colonel. The Captain in command is himself a very great man indeed, who has very little intercourse with such riff-raff as common privates. No leave nor promotion can be obtained except through him, and punishments are usually increased when they reach His Mightiness. When I served my time I think I saw my Captain nearly twenty times in as many months, but nevertheless I must show what his duties are — in theory. Let us quote once more from the '' Service Interieur."

*' The chief duty of the Captain Commanding is to inspire the soldiers under his command with zeal and love [ !] of the service; to develop among them feelings of duty, honour, and devotion to their Fatherland. He must endeavour to make their duties easy by advice, the equitable use of his authority, and a constant solicitude for their welfare. He is the necessary intermediary of all their requests. ... He must repress the familiarity and harshness of his subordinates towards the privates, who must never be iUtreated or insulted."

He has also to look after the officers under his direct orders. '' He visits his squadron daily, visits the men in hospital, and signs a daily report to the Colonel."

" He is responsible for the military education of his squadron, for the discipline of the rank and file, the condition of the horses and stables. . . ."

He is also responsible for the moneys and supplies handed over to him.

The Captain receives from the Treasurer the money for the use of the squadron on the ist, 6th, nth, i6th, 2ist, and 26th of each month. This money is divided into two parts : the first being the money to be spent on the men's food, and the second being the men's pocket-money, " which," say the regulations, " must not be less than 5 centimes (/^d.) per day." The money invariably handed over to the men is 2^c/. every five days in the infantry, and 4d. every five days in the cavalry ! Corporals get about twice as much, while Sergeants get about 4d. a day, and Sergeant-majors Sd. What would Tommy Atkins say to that ?

All the accounts and books are kept by the Sergeant-major, the Sergeant fourricr, and the Corporal fourricr, non-commissioned officers whose duties vv^ill be described more fully later on. All clothes, saddlery, arms, &c., are supplied to the men in the presence of the Captain : all repairs are done on his written requisition.

When the men's food is supplied through the Commission des ordinaires the Captain finds every day the amount of supplies required. When, however, he receives money for the purchase of provisions he must see that supplies are bought at the cheapest rate.

The daily rations for each private are as follows :

Ten ounces of meat (bone included).

One pound of bread for soup, which is reduced to 3J2 ounces if stew is served instead of soup.

In the same way the ration of meat is reduced if fish, lard, or preserves are given to the men.

The Captain in Command assigns a horse to each trooper, and has to see that the horses are kept in good condition. He reports on all matters to his Major.

Second Captain. — The duties of this officer are twofold : first, in the squadron, and secondly, as Captain on regimental duty for the week — '* Captain of the Week."

In the squadron he is under the orders of the Captain Commanding, but he is specially in charge of all matters connected with the food supply.

In case of the absence of the Captain Commanding he takes the command of the squadron. The five Second Captains take " the week " by turn. The *' Captain of the Week " is under the immediate orders of the '' Major of the Week." He has to see to the roll-calls, the assemblies, and the changing of guards. He is in charge of the cells, and is responsible for the cleanliness of the barracks, and their police and security. The evening roll-call takes place in the rooms, and is made by each Sergeant-major, who hands over his report to the Adjudant, who makes out a general bulletin and hands it over to the '' Captain of the Week." This Captain may order extra roll-calls in the middle of the night should he think fit to do so.

LIEUTENANTS AND SUB-LIEUTENANTS.

There are four of these in each squadron, and they take in turn the " weekly service " {service de sentaine). As such they must be, or ought to be, present at '* stables,"

drill, &c. Let us quote again from the " Service Interieur " : " They must maintain perfect order in their peloton" [company] " excite emulation among their men, advise union " [the only union I ever saw was in the hatred all the men felt against them], '' develop the love of service, and always show an impartial example of justice." [But wait until I tell my own story.] '' The chief of a pcloton visits it daily. He inquires into everything relating to it. . . .

" He sees to the cleanliness of his men " [mine must have had peculiar ideas on the subject]. ..." Often and without warning he inspects the clothes of a man whom he suspects of bad conduct.

" He passes constant reviews of the men's effects " [doesn't he], *' and when a man returns after an absence of fifteen days or more he inspects his kit. : . ."

He does many other things — in theory — but chiefly acts on the principle that rules are made to be broken.

Under these titles are known all the skilled assistants (whether non-commissioned officers or troopers) who are employed as clerks in the offices of the Treasurer, and other officers employed in the various administrative services of the regiment. The Capitaine d'habillement acts as their Captain Commandant.

ADJUDANTS.

The Adjudants, although non-commissioned officers, wear the uniform of a Sub-lieutenant, the only difference being that their galoons are striped with a small red thread. They receive from the troopers and other non-commissioned officers the same marks of respect as officers.