A school history of the United States of America including numerous sketch-maps showing territorial growth and progress of the American armies in different wars and campaigns and also including suggestions for parallel readings, 1492-1897.

Front matter

HAWAIIAN (OR SANDWICH) ISLANDS are twelve in number, and have an area of 8,000 square miles. Tliej^ were discovered by the Spaniards in 1542. These islands were politically independent of each other, and of other nations, until 1790, when they were united by the chief Kamehameha whose dynasty held the throne until 1872. They were by their own choice made a part of the United States. July 7, 1898.

ALASKA was discovered by a Russian expedition under Bering, in 1741. It belonged to Russia until 1867, when it was purchased by the United States for $7,200,000. It is valued chiefly for its fur, fisheries, and gold, the last being discovered in large quantities in the Yukon region. The search for gold has largely increased the population, and it now has a regular terrritorial government.

Frontispiece.

Preface

United States History, by common consent, finds a place in our schools. Not all, however, are agreed as to its utility or its educational value.

The citizen places emphasis on its ability to produce a safer, broader, and more intelligent citizenship. ' * Of what value is this study to the state?" is his test of utility.

The parents' test takes this form: "How much will this study do for the individual ? Will he be happier, better, wiser, and more prosperous in his life-struggle?"

These are proper questions, and should be correctly answered in the school-room.

The teacher will, however, add to these a third, and to him, the principal reason for pursuing this study. He knows that school-life is not a time of harvest, but of planting and of growth; that maturity is not reached in the school-room.

Much of the value of the study lies, therefore, in the movement toward a broader culture, and in the stimulating influences toward further reading.

If young people leave the study with a distaste for it, and with no desire for further reading in the line of history, it is quite evident that a most valuable part of the work has been lost. How much of value still remains is not easily determined.

The remedy, if a remedy be possible, lies in better methods of presenting the subject, either by text-book or teacher, or by both.

For several years I have felt that a more helpful text-book might be arranged. The strong desire to aid in obtaining better results finally brought forth this book.

The difficulty may reside in the subject of history itself; yet, even if that be true, it may still be possible to aid the student to better methods of study. The process by which this is attempted

iii in this text is explained under the heading ' ' Suggestions to Teachers. ' '

I have given more space to the Civiiy War than is usual in ordinary school histories. By this it is not intended to place undue emphasis on wars in general, nor on the Civil War in particular, " War is cruelty and you cannot refine it," yet he who would know history must learn about wars. Progress has always been compelled to push its way up through the smoke and shock of battle. We are a nation, and a united people to-day as the result of two great wars. Our national memorial days, without a proper knowledge of our military history, are void of meaning. The plan of this book seeks to harmonize two conflicting conditions : First, only a due proportion of time can properly be given to the study of the Civil War. Second, per contra, the war was vSo extended in territory, so vast in its plans, so numerous in its incidents, so desperate in its many battles, and so stupendous in its results, that, by the ordinary methods, but little can be accomplished towards comprehending it in the short time usually allotted to its study. By the aid of charts and maps, by avoiding all detailed descriptions of battles, and by a careful selection of matter bearing directly on the issues of the war, I seek to solve the pedagogical problem stated above.

J. W. Gibson.

February 22, i8py.

The Author's Acknowledgement.

I am under many obligations to the following persons: To W. F. Mozier, A. M., Professor of History and Literature in Ottawa, 111., Township High School for proof-reading and for suggestions about parallel readings; to Dr. J. L. Pickard, former President of the State University of Iowa, and to L. F. Parker, Professor of History in the same university, for special favors and for valuable suggestions; to Supt. S. B. Hursh, of Sterling, 111., Public Schools, to Dr. Kdwin C. Hewett, former President of the Illinois State Normal University, to Kdwin D. Mead, Old South Meeting House, Boston, Mass., to Miss Alice M, Holden of the Aurora, 111., Public Schools, for valuable suggestions in collateral readings; to Mrs. Alice Blair Gibson of the author's home, for invaluable aid in the work of preparing the book. All these favors are gratefully remembered by

Thk Author.

Table of Contents

Introduction' iii-v

Suggestions to Teachers xix-xx

EPOCH I.— 1492-1692— TWO HUNDRED YEARS.

Chapter I. Page

The Period oe Great Discoveries, 1492 — 1522 4-20

Influences that lead to the discovery of America — Exercise on Map of old route to India — Exercise on Map of Mediterranean Sea — The Middle Ages — Other Influences at Work — Prince Henry and the Portuguese Discoveries — Christopher Columbus — John and Sebastian Cabot — Vasca da Gama — The name America — Line of Demarcation — Exercise on Map of the World in 1490 and in 1500 — The Pacific Ocean — Florida — The Close of the Period of Great Discoveries.

CHAPTER VI. The American Indian 46-52

Origin — The Indian Language — Indian Character — Physical Characteristics— Government and Warfare— Home Life — The Habitations and Food of the Indians — Indian Tribes — Exercise on Map of Indian Tribes — The Mound Builders.

CHAPTER VII. The SETTI.EMENT OF VIRGINIA 53-69

Conditions in Europe and America — Influences at Work in England — Two Companies — Jamestown Colony — Exercise on Map of Virginia and Maryland — Captain John Smith — The New Charter — Starving Time — Beginning of Slavery in America — Indian Massacres — Some English History — Puritanism in England — The Civil War in England — The Old Dominion — Sir William Berkeley — A Period of Adversity.

CHAPTER VIII. The Planting of the New Engi^and Colonies 69-82

The Pilgrims go to Holland — The Pilgrims go to America — The Landing of the Pilgrims — The Indians around Plymouth — The Growth of the Plymouth Colony— Massachusetts Bay Colony — Settlement of Boston — Connecticut — New Haven Colony — Rhode Island — New Hampshire and Maine.

Chapter IX

The Colonial Confederacy of New England . . . • . 83-94 Colonial Governments — Local Self-Government — The Indians of New England — The Pequot War — King Philip's War — Exercise on Map of New England — Trouble with the Quakers — The Witchcraft Delusion — Charles II. and New England — Governor Andros in America.

CHAPTER X. The New Netherland 95-105

Henry Hudson— Holland— The New Netherland— The Patroons — The Swedes on the Delaware — The Government and People — End of the Dutch Rule in America — The Government of New York — Exercise on Map of New Netherland — New Jersey — Delaware.

Chapter XI

Maryland, Pennsylvania, The Carolinas, and Georgia . 106 -117 Maryland— The First Settlement— The Toleration Act- Pennsylvania — William Penn — Delaware — Philadelphia — North and South Carolina — Charleston — The Grand Model — The People who Settled the South — The two Colonies Separate — Exercise on Map of South Atlantic States — Georgia.

CHAPTER XII. The Great Northwest 118 -125

Our Focal Date — Joliet and Marquette — Fort Frontenac — The Griffin— La Salle in Illinois— La Salle down the Mississippi — Exercise on Map of French Explorations of the West — Synopsis of Period of Settlements.

A Century of Struggi^E for Supremacy in North America. CHAPTER Xin.

Spanish, French and Bngi^ish Ci^aims in North America. 127-136 The First Two Centuries in America — Claims to North America — Spanish Claims to North America — The French Claims — English Claims — Exercise on Map of British, French and Spanish Possessions in 1713 — About the Indians— King William's War — Schenectady — Acadia and Quebec — Queen Anne's War — The Story of Deerfield — Port Royal and Canada — Close of the War — King George's War — Louisburg and Close of the War — Summary of Chapter XIII.

CHAPTER XIV. The French and Indian War 137-155

Plans of the French — Fort Duquesne — Braddock's Defeat — Capture of Duquesne— Exercise on Map of French and Indian War — Sir William Johnson — William Pitt — British Plans for 1758 — Conditions at the North at Close of 1757 — Exercise on Map of French and Indian War, Northeast Division — Expedition against Louisburg — Ticonderoga — The Three Plans of the English for 1759 — Fort Niagara — Ticon- ■ deroga and Quebec — In the Champlain Valley — Exercise on Map No. 16— Quebec— Exercises on Maps Nos. 17 and 18 — Results of the War— Pontiac's Plot— Old Colonial Days.

CHAPTER XV. The American Revoi^ution: Its Causes 156-165

Causes Classified — Character of the American People — King George III. and his Government — The English People — Restrictions on Trade and Manufactures— The Taxing Power — Forms of Taxation — The Stamp Act — Effects of the Stamp Act— A new Tariff Law passed— Boston Tea Party — Boston Port Bill —A Second Congress Called — Synopsis of Causes of American Revolution.

Chapter XVI

The Revoi^utionary War: Events North of Virginia . . 167-202 Conditions when the war came — Exercise on Map of Boston — Battle of Lexington — Battle of Bunker Hill — Washington takes Command — Ticonderoga — Second Colonial Congress — Plans of the British Government — The Invasion of Canada — Synopsis of 1775 — Leading to Independence — Exercise on Map No. 20 — British Plans— Charleston, South Carolina — New York — Battle of Long Island — The Retreat of the Americans — Battle of Trenton — Exercise on Map of New Jersey — Battle of Princeton — Results of year, 1776 — Summary of 1776 — The Year of Double Campaigns, 1777 — Plans of the British — Burgoyne's Invasion of the North — Siege of Fort Schuyler — The Second Failure — The two Battles — Exercise on Map of Burgoyne's Invasion — Campaign in the South — Battle of Brandy wine — Forts on the Delaware — Exercise on Map No. 24 — Results of Burgoyne's Surrender — Influence of Burgoyne's Surrender in Europe — Financial Difficulties of the

United States. Europeans who came to our aid — The American Flag — Summary of 1777 — Monmouth — Treachery of General Charles Lee — The Indians during the Revolution — Wyoming — Cherry Valley — Indians Punished — Colonel Clark and the Northwest — Exercise on Map of Clark's Expedition — Summary of 1778.

CHAPTER XVII. Thk Revoi^ution: Operations in the South; The Close of

Operations in the South — Savannah and Georgia — Charleston and South Carolina — Cruel Treatment of theSouLhern People ^Aid from the North — King's Mountain — General Greene in the South — The Battle of the Cowpens— Guilford Courthouse — Exercise on Map of Southern Campaigns— Summary at the South — Events at the North — Paul Jones — Capture of Stony Point — A Gloomy Time — Treason of Benedict Arnold — The Closing Year — Yorktown — Effects of the Surrender in Europe — The Western Territory gained by treaty — Peace — Exercise on Map No. 27 — Summary of the North, 1779-1783 — Exercise on Maps Nos. 28 and 29.

Chapter XVIII

The Period of Transition, and the Adoption of the Constitution. 1783-1789 219 - 228

The Articles of Confederation — The Three Departments of Government — Weakness of the Articles of Confederation — Comparison between 1777 and 1863 — The famous Ordinance of 1787 — The Constitution adopted. The Difficulties in the way — Some noted men of the Convention — Difficulties to be surmounted — The Three Compromises. Summary of Period of Constitution-making.

Under the Constitution.

Chapter XIX

Washington, John Adams, Thos. Jefferson — 1789-1809—20

Government organized — Revenue Measures — Coinage Laws — ^Judicial Department — Whiskey Insurrection — Indian Difficulties — Troubles with England and France — The close of Washington's Administration and the beginning of Parties- Adams' Administration — The Death of Washington— The Alien and Sedition Laws — Theory of Nullification — ^Jefferson elected President— The New Capital — Louisiana Purchase — Political Parties — Expedition of Lewis and Clarke — War with Tripoli — Trouble with England and France— The Chesapeake and the Leopard — The Embargo Act — Foreign Slave Trade.

Chapter XX

Madison's Administration, 1809-1817, 8 years. The Second

War with England 247 - 259

James Madison— The affair of the * ' President " and ' ' Little Belt "—The Battle of Tippecanoe— War declared— The Surrender of Detroit — Battle of Lake Brie and Recapture of Detroit — Battle of the Thames — Exercise on Map No. 30 — The Army of the Center — Queenstown Heights — The Capture of York — Battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane — Operations in the North — War on the Ocean — The Constitution, alias " Old Ironsides " — Other Ocean Combats — Along the Atlantic Coast— The Capture of Washington — Defense of Baltirnore — Indian Troubles in the Southwest — Battle of New Orleans — Peace — Hartford Convention — War with the Barbary States — The Federal Party Disappears from History.

Chapter XXI

The Administrations of James Monroe and John Quincy Adams— 1817-1829, 12 years. Inventions and Growth

of Territory 260-275

James Monroe, President — Florida — The Monroe Doctrine — Visit of Lafayette — John Quincy Adams — Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson — The Cotton-Gin — Steam Power — Steamboats — *' Walk-in-the-water " and the ' 'Savannah " — Erie Canal — Railroads — Territorial Growth of the United States — Land Surveys — The Township System — Exercise on Map No. 32 and chart of Township — Admission of New States — From the old Northwest— From the Territory South of the Ohio.

CHAPTER XXII. The Administrations of Jackson, Van Buren, Harrison

TyIvEr, P01.K and TAYI.0R — 1829-1850, 21 Years . . 276 - 291 The Political Parties — Internal Improvements — The United States Bank— The Sub-Treasury Act— Protective Tariff- Indian Wars — The first Seminole War —The second Seminole War — Administration of Harrison and Tyler — Dorr's Rebellion — About Texas — The Oregon Country — Whitman's Ride — Polk's Administration — The Mexican War — Mexico Invaded by Taylor — General Scott in Mexico — Treaty of Peace and territory gained — Exercise on Map of Mexico — Discovery of gold in California — Taylor's Administration — Compromise Act of 1850.

Chapter XXIII

Generai. Progress of the Nation— i 840-1 860, 20 Years. Administrations of Fii.i.more, Pierce and Buchanan — 1850-1861, II Years 292 - 316

Growth of Territory — Admission of states west of the Mississippi River — Exercise on Map of Territorial Growth — Inventions — Electric Telegraph — Sub-Marine Cables — The Telephone — The Phonograph — Thos. Edison — Invention an Evolution — Modern Farming — Domestic Machinery — Anaesthetics — ^John Ericsson — American Literature — Historians of America — Growth of Anti-Slavery Sentiment — Under-Ground Railroad — The Kansas-Nebraska Bill — Kansas Troubles — The Political Contest of i860 — Synopsis of Events from Washington to Lincoln.

xi

Chapter XXIV

LiNCOivN's Administration: The Civii. War— Its Causes . .319-327 Abraham Lincoln— Civil War— Remote Causes— Secondary Causes — Exercise on Historical Monument— Direct Causes— About the Constitution — Fort Sumter.

Chapter XXV

The Civil. War: Events of 1861 328-336

How the army was organized — Difficulties in supplying an army — Home life of a soldier— Preparations for War — Why the South was better prepared— Strength of the North— Hopes of the South— Military Events of 1861— West Virginia— Bull Run — Missouri — Events along the Atlantic Coast— Kentucky Exercise on Map No. 38— The Trent Affair— Summary of 1861.

Chapter XXVI

The Civil, War: Events in the West, 1862 and 1863 . . . . 337 - 362 Events in the West— Exercise on Map No. 39— Mill Springs, Forts Henry and Donelson — Battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh— Siege of Corinth— Exercise on Map No. 40— Farragut's operations on the lower Mississippi — Confederates take the offensive— Perry ville—Iuka and Corinth— Stone River — Review of 1862 in the West— Exercise on Map No. 41 — Preparations— North—South— Congress — Vicksburg —Chattanooga Campaign— Chattanooga and Chickamauga— Battle of Chattanooga— A View from Lookout Mountain — Armies of the West — Synopsis of the West, 1863— Exercise on Map No. 48.

CHAPTER XXVH.

The Civii. War: Events in the East, 1862 and 1863 . . . . 363 - 379 A study of Virginia— The Merrimac and Monitor — Exercise on Map No. 42 — The Peninsular Campaign — Exercise on Map No, 43— Lee's first Invasion of the North — Exercise on Map No. 44 — Synopsis of the Year 1862, in the East— Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville — Lee's second Invasion of the Nort^h— Gettysburg— Outline of Events in the East, 1863— General results for 1863.

CHAPTER XXVIII. The Civil, War: Events in THE West, 1864 380-392

Changes made — Condition of affairs at the beginning of 1864 —Sherman's task— The Atlanta Campaign— Exercise on Map of Sherman's Atlanta Campaign— Far rag ut at Mobile Bay- Hood's Movements North— Sherman's March to the Sea- Franklin and Nashville— Exercise on Map No. 51— Review of the West for 1864.

Chapter XXIX

The Civil, War: Events in the East, 1864, and Ci^ose . . . 393 - 4io Grant's Overland Campaign— Exercise on Map of Grant's Overland Campaign — Grant moves south of the James River —Operations in the Valley— Review of 1864 in the East—

General results at the close of 1864 — Exercise on Map No. 53. Movement of Western Armies — Pontoons — Sherman moves North — Review of Sherman's March — Wilson's raid — Review of the Army of the Potomac — Commanders — Commanders of the Confederate Armies — Confederate Armies surrendered to Union forces — Exercise on Map No. 54 — Petersburg and Five Forks — Lee Surrenders — The Close.

Chapter XXX

The Reconstruction Period. Johnson and Grant, 1865-1876. 411 - 427 Johnson's Administration — The Grand Review — The Necessity for Reconstruction — The Two Problems — The Freedmen —The XlVth and XVth Amendments— The so-called "Carpet Bag" Government — Impeachment of President Johnson — Mexico— Purchase of Alaska — Presidential Election of 1868 — Grant's Administration — The Pacific Railroad — Santo Domingo — The Chicago Fire — The Geneva Award — The Greeley Campaign— The Stock Exchange — Greenbacks and Gold— Black Friday -The Panic of 1873— Indian Troubles— The Centennial Exposition — The Jetties — The East River Bridge — The Signal Service — Hayes and Tilden — Electoral Commission.

CHAPTER XXXI. Administrations of Hayes, GarfieivD, Arthur, Ci,evei.and

Harrison, CleveI/And and McKini^ey 428 - 462

Hayes' Administration — Resumption of Specie Payments — The Political Contest of i88o--Garfield and Arthur — Assassination of President Garfield — Civil Service Reform — Railroad Strikes — Labor Troubles — Who is my Neighbor — Political Contest of 1884— Cleveland's First Term— The New South- General Progress — Harrison's Administration — The World's Columbian Exposition — Exercise on Political Chart — The Drainage and Hennepin Canals — The Silver Question — The Political Contest of 1896 — The Spanish-American War— Summary of the Post- War Period.

APPENDIX A.

United States Constitution » . . 463 - 481

APPENDIX B.

One Hundred GeneraIv Review Topics 482 - 489

APPENDIX C.

Tracing Lessons in United States History 490 - 492

APPENDIX D.

Pronouncing VocabuIvAry 493 - 497

List of Maps or Charts.

War

Map No. I, The Old Routes to India

Map No. 2, Mediterranean Sea ....

Map No. 3, The Known World in 1490 .

Map No. 4, The Known World in 1500

Map No. 5, Scene of Action of Norsemen, 825-1025

Map No. 6, Spanish Voyages and Explorations .

Map No. 7, Indian Tribes

Map No. 8, Virginia and Maryland (Settlements)

Map No. 9, New England (Settlements) . .

Map No. 10, New Netherland and Vicinity .

Map No. II, South Atlantic States (Settlements) .

Map No. 12, French Explorations in the West

Map No. 13, British, French and Spanish Possessions

Map No. 14, French and Indian War (S. W. Div.)

Map No. 15, French and Indian War (N. W. Div.) .

Map No. 16, French and Indian War (North-Central Division)

Map No. 17, North America before the French and Indian

(1713-1763)

Map No. 18, After the French and Indian War .

Map No, 19, Boston and Vicinity

Map No. 20, Invasion of Canada (i 775-1 776)

Map No. 21, Atlantic Coast at beginning of Revolution

Map No. 22, New York and Vicinity (1776) .

Map No. 23, Hudson River and Lake Champlain

Map No. 24, New Jersey and New York (i 776-1 778)

Map No. 25, Clark's Expedition (1778-1779)

Map No. 26, Southern Campaign (1779-1781)

Map No. 27, Battle Chart of the Civil War

Map No. 28, British Possessions before the Revolution (i 763-1 783)

Map No. 29, Boundaries made by Treaty of Paris, 1783 .

Map No. 30, lyake Erie and Vicinity (1812-1814) ....

Map No. 31, Lake Champlain (1814)

Map No, 32, Territorial Claims and Cessions

Chart No. 33, Territorial History of United States East of the Missis sippi River

PAGE.

. 6

143 147

151 169 176 179

185 191

193 201 209 334 216 217

251 253 270

Map No. 34, The War in Mexico (1846-1847) 288

Map No. 35, Territorial Growth of United States . . . . .296 Chart No. 36, Territorial History of United States West of the Mississippi River ......... 298

Chart No. 37, Political Monument 324

Map No. 38, Field of Operations in the West— Civil War . . . 338 Map No. 39, Confederate Line of Defense in the West (1862) . . .343 Map No. 40, Confederate Line of Defense in the West, April i, 1862 . 346 Map No. 41, Confederate Line of Defense in the West at the close

Map No. 42, Virginia and Vicinity (Civil War) 356

Map No. 43, Peninsular Campaign . 358

Map No. 44, Lee's First Invasion (1862) 360

Map No. 45, Virginia and Vicinity (i 862-1 864) 362

Map No. 46, Vicksburg Campaign (1863) 367

Map No. 47, Chattanooga and Vicinity 372

Map No. 48, In the West— 1863 376

Map No. 49, Lee's Second Invasion 381

Map No. 50, Atlanta Campaign 388

Map No. 51, Sherman's March through Georgia 394

Map No. 52, Grant's Overland Campaign . . . . . . 397

Map No. 53, Virginia at Close of 1864 401

Map No. 54, Sherman's Movements 406

Map No. 55, Centers of Population 442

Chart No. 56, PoHtical River 446-447

List of Illustrations.

The Santa Maria ....

Columbus ......

Queen Isabella .....

King Ferdinand . , . . .

Sebastian Cabot .....

Norseman Ship and of the Middle Ages Old Norse Sea-King ....

Pueblo

Burial of De Soto ....

Fort San Marco, Florida

A Scene on I^ake George . . ,

Sir Walter Raleigh ....

Home of the Cliff- Dwellers

A Scene from Indian Life

Sioux Indians , . . . .

Indian Snow-Shoes . . . ,

Captain John Smith ....

Pocahontas ......

Charles I

Cromwell

Washington's Home ....

Canopy and Cole's Hill ....

Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor ,

Full Page — Noted Men of New England Indian Birch-bark Canoe .

Elder Brewster's Chair ....

Scene on the Hudson

Governor Peter Stuyvesant

Cecil Calvert — Second Lord Baltimore

William Penn ......

Penn's Wampum Belt

De La Salle

An Old Fashioned Fireplace

William Pitt, General Wolfe, and General

Quebec and Vicinity ....

Faneuil Hall, Boston

Full Page — British Officers of the Revolution

Signing the Declaration of Independence

Full Page — American Officers of the Revolution

Washington Crossing the Delaware

Full Page — Europeans who Aided th t Americans in vl:

Bust of Lafayette ....

Independence Hall — Philadelphia, Pa

PAGE.

Montcalm e Revolution

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• 31

. 39

. 45

. 47

. 58

. 62

. 65

. 74

. 82

. 96

. 107

. 117

. 136

. 149

. 171

. 181

. 196

. 202

Full Page — American Officers of the Revolution 206

Monticello, Jefferson's Home 210

Full Page — American Statesmen of the Revolution .... 221

Busts of Franklin, Madison and Hamilton 228

Constitutional Chart 230

Continental Money 233

Full Page — Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Jay and Madison . . 245

Fulton's First Steamboat 246

One of the First Railroad Trains 259

Bunker Hill Monument 262

Full Page — Famous American Statesmen and Inveulors . . . 265

Plan of Surveys of the West 272

Full Page— American Presidents 282

Circleof Ratios of Territorial Growth 293

Full Page — American Authors 303

Full Page— American Poets 3U5

Longfellow's Home 306

Whittier's Home 307

Full Page — Famous Americans 310

Full Page — Lincoln, St. Gaudens' vStatue of ...... 318

Harriet Beecher Stowe • . . .321

Harper's Ferry 333

Scene from Pittsburg Landing 344

Full Page— Union Commanders in the West (1861-1862) . , .346

Commanders of Army of Cumberland — Rosecrans and Thomas . . 348

National Cemetery, Vicksburg 351

Lookout Mountain 354

A View from Lookout Mountain ........ 356

First Reading of Emancipation Proclamation . . . . . 373

Gettysburg Battlefield and Park '. . . 375

Commanders of the Army of the Potomac 378

Commanders of Confederate Armies ....... 390

Commanders of the Army of the Tennessee 399

Famous Union and Confederate Generals 405

President Andrew Johnson ......... 416

Hon. James G. Blaine 418

Hon. Horace Greeley . . * 420

Main Building, Centennial Exposition 424

Samuel J. Tilden 427

President James A. Garfield ...... . ' 431

President Chester A. Arthur 432

Miss Frances E. Willard . 433

President Grover Cleveland ......... 438

President Benjamin Harrison ........ 441

Full Page— Our New Navy 443

World's Columbian Exposition 445

President William McKinley 451

Miss Clara Barton 453

Officers in the Spanish-American War ....... 455

Battleship Oregon ....... o c . 457

SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.

All teachers ivho are to use this text-book should consider carefully the following suggestions. Some of these apply to any United States history, but most of them have special reference to this book. It is important that teacher and text be in harmony.

PI.AN OF THK Book.

We read with comparative indifference the death-list from a railroad accident until our eyes rest upon the name of a friend. Our attention is at once fixed and interest awakened. Back of that name lies the face of a dead friend.

Words are the medium of thought. Language is an open window looking out upon a world of fact or of fancy. Imagination is the artist that paints the landscape. If we would apprehend the thought and see the beauty we must look through the window and not at it..

This book is arranged with the view of leading the student away from the stupefying habit of merely studying the printed page. This is done by —

I. The topical arrangement of matter, II. A large use of maps or charts,

III. Historic parallel readings,

IV. Associating pure literature bearing upon subjects kindred

to that under consideration, V. Historic Geography, and VI. Elementary Civics.

I. The arrangement of the subject to be studied, as far as we have been able to make it so, is topical. That is, the chain of events, logically and geographically associated, has been followed to a conclusion, regardless of contemporary events in other places. The time element is used only when it is necessary to keep in mind the order of events. Our effort has been to keep

xix chronology from dissecting the story. So far as possible, the causes, unity, and results of a line of related events have been kept together.

II. As matters of historic interest occur on the earth, locality becomes necessary to the study of history. The series of "Exercises on the Map" are introduced for the purpose of leading the pupil into the habit of associating the place with the event, thus reducing pure verbal memory to a minimum. The logical sequence of events and geographical position are emphasized in this text.

III. The mind demands more than a bare statement of facts. It is compelled by its very nature to dwell for a time with new ideas if it would become thoroughly acquainted with them. With this in mind we have suggested the parallel readings in order to hold the student longer to each topic under discussion.

IV. History and literature may be made to supplement each other. The study of history means much more to one whose mind is a gallery of pictured historic and literary images than to one who sees nothing but the printed pages of the text-book.

V. The abstract study of the earth's surface is a waste of time and energy. But the study of the earth as the home of man in all his activities and relations to its teeming life, becomes of infinite value and pleasure. The study of certain localities at the time they are of special interest through their historic associations, has therefore been suggested.

VI. History and civics are logically and chronologically associated. They sprung from the same fountain and must ever flow onward together. It would seem, therefore, that the most appropriate time to study the ethics, principles, and forms of government, is while the student's attention is directed to them through the study of history.

The Course in History.

We suggest that the study of history from this text-book should occupy a period of two school j^ears.

The two or three years immediately preceding the logical study of history proper should be in part occupied in the reading and study of biography, and pioneer stories.

About thk Parai^IvKl Rkadings.

No special library or list of authors is intended to be made the basis of the parallel readings; though special books are named, they are understood to be merely suggestive.