A school history of the United States of America including ...suggestions for parallel readings, 1492-1897

Preface

United States History, by common consent, finds a place in our schools. Not all, however, are agreed as to its utility or its educational value.

The citizen places emphasis on its ability to produce a safer, broader, and more intelligent citizenship. ' ' Of what value is this study to the state?" is his test of utility.

The parents' test takes this form: "How much will this study do for the individual ? Will he be happier, better, wiser, and more prosperous in his life-struggle ?"

These are proper questions, and should be correctly answered in the school-room.

The teacher will, however, add to these a third, and to him, the principal reason for pursuing this study. He knows that school-life is not a time of harvest, but of planting and of growth; that maturity is not reached in the school-room.

Much of the value of the study lies, therefore, in the movement toward a broader culture, and in the stimulating influences toward further reading.

If young people leave the study with a distaste for it, and with no desire for further reading in the line of history, it is quite evident that a most valuable part of the work has been lost. How much of value still remains is not easily determined.

The remedy, if a remed}^ be possible, lies in better methods of presenting the subject, either by text-book or teacher, or by both.

For several years I have felt that a more helpful text-book might be arranged. The strong desire to aid in obtaining better results finally brought forth this book.

The difficulty may reside in the subject of history itself; yet, even if that be true, it may still be possible to aid the student to better methods of study. The process by which this is attempted in this text is explained under the heading ' ' Suggestions to Teachers. ' '

I have given more space to the Civile War than is usual in ordinary scho(51 histories. By this it is not intended to place undue emphasis on wars in general, nor on the Civil War in particular, " War is cruelty and you cannot refine it," yet he who would know history must learn about wars. Progress has always been compelled to push its way up through the smoke and shock of battle. We are a nation, and a united people to-day as the result of two great wars. Our national memorial days, without a proper knowledge of our military history, are void of meaning. The plan of this book seeks to harmonize two conflicting conditions : First, only a due proportion of time can properly be given to the study of the Civil War. Second, per contra, the war was so extended in territory, so vast in its plans, so numerous in its incidents, so desperate in its many battles, and so vStupendous in its results, that, by the ordinary methods, but little can be accomplished towards comprehending it in the short time usually allotted to its study. By the aid of charts and maps, by avoiding all detailed descriptions of battles, and by a careful selection of matter bearing directly on the issues of the war, I seek to solve

the pedagogical problem stated above.

J. W. Gibson.

February 22, 18 pj.

The Author's Acknowledgement.

I am under many obligations to the following persons: To W. F. Mozier, A. M., Professor of History and Literature in Ottawa, 111., Township High School for proof-reading and for suggestions about parallel readings; to Dr. J. L. Pickard, former President of the State University of Iowa, and to L. F. Parker, Professor of History in the same university, for special favors and for valuable suggestions; to Supt. S. B. Hursh, of Sterling, 111., Public Schools, to Dr. Edwin C. Hewett, former President of the Illinois State Normal University, to Edw4n D. Mead, Old South Meeting House, Boston, Mass., to Miss Alice M. Holden of the Aurora, 111., Public Schools, for valuable suggestions in collateral readings; to Mrs. Alice Blair Gibson of the author's home, for invaluable aid in the w^ork of preparing the book. All these favors are gratefully remembered by

Thk Author.

I

Table of Contents

Introduction iii-v

Suggestions to Teachers xix-xx

EPOCH I.— 1492-1692— TWO HUNDRED YEARS.

Chapter I. Page

The Period of Great Discoveries, 1492 — 1522 4-20

Influences that lead to the discovery of America — Exercise on Map of old route to India — Exercise on Map of Mediterranean Sea — The Middle Ages — Other Influences at Work — Prince Henry and the Portuguese Discoveries — Christopher Columbus — John and Sebastian Cabot — Vasca da Gama — The name America — Line of Demarcation — Exercise on Map of the World in 1490 and in 1500 — The Pacific Ocean — Florida — The Close of the Period of Great Discoveries.

Origin— The Indian Language— Indian Character— Physical Characteristics— Government and Warfare— Home Life — The Habitations and Food of the Indians— Indian Tribes- Exercise on Map of Indian Tribes— The Mound Builders.

CHAPTER VII. The Settlement of Virginia 53-69

Conditions in Europe and America— Influences at Work in England — Two Companies — ^Jamestown Colony — Exercise on Map of Virginia and Maryland— Captain John Smith — The New Charter— Starving Time — Beginning of Slavery in America— Indian Massacres — Some English History — Puritanism in England— The Civil War in England— The Old Dominion— Sir William Berkeley— A Period of Adversity.

CHAPTER VIII. The Planting of the New England Colonies 69-82

The Pilgrims go to Holland — The Pilgrims go to America — The Landing of the Pilgrims — The Indians around Plymouth — The Growth of the Plymouth Colony — Massachusetts Bay Colony — Settlement of Boston — Connecticut — New Haven Colony — Rhode Island — New Hampshire and Maine.

Chapter IX

The Colonial Confederacy oe New England . . . • . 83-94 Colonial Governments— Local Self-Government — The Indians of New England — The Pequot War — King Philip's War — Exercise on Map of New England — Trouble with the Quakers— The Witchcraft Delusion — Charles II. and New England — Governor Andros in America.

CHAPTER X. The New Netherland 95-105

Henry Hudson — Holland — The New Netherland — The Patroons — The Swedes on the Delaware — The Government and People — End of the Dutch Rule in America — The Government of New York — Exercise on Map of New Netherland — New Jersey — Delaware.

Chapter XI

Maryland, Pennsylvania, The Carolinas, and Georgia . 106 - 117 Maryland— The First Settlement— The Toleration Act- Pennsylvania — William Penn — Delaware — Philadelphia — North and South Carolina — Charleston — The Grand Model — The People who Settled the South — The two Colonies Separate — Exercise on Map of South Atlantic States — Georgia.

Chapter XII

Our Focal Date — Joliet and Marquette — Fort Frontenac — The Griffin — La Salle in Illinois— La Salle down the Mississippi — Exercise on Map of French Explorations of the West — Synopsis of Period of Settlements.

A Century of Struggi.e for Supremacy in North America. CHAPTER Xin.

Spanish, French and Engi^ish CIvAims in North America. 127 - 136 The First Two Centuries in America — Claims to North America — Spanish Claims to North America — The French Claims — English Claims — Exercise on Map of British, French and Spanish Possessions in 1713 — About the Indians — King William's War — Schenectady — Acadia and Quebec — Queen Anne's War — The Story of Deerfield — Port Royal and Canada — Close of the War — King George's War — lyouisburg and Close of the War — Summary of Chapter XHI.

Chapter XIV

Plans of the French — Fort Duquesne — Braddock's Defeat — Capture of Duquesne — Exercise on Map of French and Indian War — Sir William Johnson — William Pitt — British Plans for 1 758 — Conditions at the North at Close of 1757 — Exercise on Map of French and Indian War, Northeast Division — Expedition against Louisburg — Ticonderoga — The Three Plans of the English for 1 759 — Fort Niagara — Ticonderoga and Quebec — In the Champlain Valley — Exercise on Map No. 16— Quebec — Exercises on Maps Nos. 17 and 18—- Results of the War— Pontiac's Plot — Old Colonial Days.

CHAPTER XV. The American RevoIvUTion: Its Causes 156-165

Causes Classified— Character of the American People — King George III. and his Government — The English People— Restrictions on Trade and Manufactures — The Taxing Power — Forms of Taxation— The Stamp Act — P^ffects of the Stamp Act— A new Tariff Law passed— Boston Tea Party — Boston Port Bill —A Second Congress Called — Synopsis of Causes of American Revolution.

Chapter XVI

The Revolutionary War: Events North of Virginia . . 167 -202 Conditions when the war came — Exercise on Map of Boston — Battle of Lexington — Battle of Bunker Hill — Washington takes Command — Ticonderoga — Second Colonial Congress — Plans of the British Government — The Invasion of Canada — Synopsis of 1775— Leading to Independence— Exercise on Map No. 20 — British Plans— Charleston, South Carolina — New York — Battle of Long Island — The Retreat of the Americans — Battle of Trenton — Exercise on Map of New Jersey — Battle of Princeton — Results of year, 1776 — Summary of 1776 — The Year of Double Campaigns, 1777 — Plans of the British — Burgoyne's Invasion of the North — Siege of Fort Schuyler — The Second Failure — The two Battles — Exercise on Map of Burgoyne's Invasion — Campaign in the South — Battle of Brandy wine — Forts on the Delaware— Exercise on Map No. 24 — Results of Burgoyne's Surrender — Influence of Burgoyne's Surrender in Europe — Financial Diflficulties of the

United States. Europeans who came to our aid— The American Flag— Summary of 1777 — Monmouth — Treachery of General Charles Lee — The Indians during the Revolution — Wyoming— Cherry Valley — Indians Punished — Colonel Clark and the Northwest — Exercise on Map of Clark's Expedition — Summary of 1778.

CHAPTER XVII. The Rkvolution: Operations in the South; The Close of

Operations in the South — Savannah and Georgia — Charleston and South Carolina — Cruel Treatment of theSouchern People — Aid from the North — King's Mountain — General Greene in the South — The Battle of the Cowpens— Guilford Courthouse — Exercise on Map of Southern Campaigns— Summary at the South — Events at the North — Paul Jones — Capture of Stony Point — A Gloomy Time — Treason of Benedict Arnold— The Closing Year — Yorktown — Effects of the Siurrender in Europe — The Western Territory gained by treaty — Peace— Exercise on Map No. 27— Summary of the North, 1779-1783 — Exercise on Maps Nos. 28 and 29.

Chapter XVIII

The Period of Transition, and the Adoption of the Constitution. 1783-1789 219-228

The Articles of Confederation — The Three Departments of Government — Weakness of the Articles of Confederation — Comparison between 1777 and 1863 — The famous Ordinance of 1787— The Constitution adopted. The Difficulties in the way — Some noted men of the Convention — Difficulties to be surmounted — The Three Compromises. Summary of Period of Constitution-making.

Under the Constitution.

Chapter XIX

Washington, John Adams, Thos. Jefferson — 1789-1809—20

Government organized — Revenue Measures — Coinage Laws — Judicial Department — Whiskey Insurrection — Indian Difficulties — Troubles with England and France — The close of Washington's Administration and the beginning of Parties — Adams' Administration — The Death of Washington— The Alien and Sedition Laws — Theory of Nullification — Jefferson elected President -The New Capital — Louisiana Purchase — Political Parties — Expedition of Lewis and Clarke — War with Tripoli — Trouble with England and France— The Chesapeake and the Leopard— The Embargo Act— Foreign Slave Trade.

Chapter XX

Madison's Administration, 1809-1817, 8 years. The Second

War with England 247 - 259

James Madison— The affair of the ' ' President " and ' ' Little Belt "—The Battle of Tippecanoe— War declared— The Surrender of Detroit — Battle of Lake Erie and Recapture of Detroit — Battle of the Thames — Exercise on Map No. 30 — The Army of the Center — Queenstown Heights — The Capture of York — Battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane — Operations in the North — War on the Ocean — The Constitution, alias " Old Ironsides " — Other Ocean Combats — Along the Atlantic Coast— The Capture of Washington — Defense of Baltimore — Indian Troubles in the Southwest — Battle of New Orleans — Peace — Hartford Convention — War with the Barbary States — The Federal Party Disappears from History.

Chapter XXI

The Administrations of James Monroe and John Ouincy Adams— 1817-1829, 12 years. Inventions and Growth

OF Territory 260 - 275

James Monroe, President — Florida — The Monroe Doctrine — Visit of Lafayette — John Quincy Adams — Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson— The Cotton-Gin — Steam Power — Steamboats — " Walk-in-the-water " and the "Savannah" — Erie Canal — Railroads — Territorial Growth of the United States — Land Surve3S — The Township System — Exercise on Map No. 32 and chart of Township — Admission of New States — From the old Northwest— From the Territory South of the Ohio.

CHAPTER XXII. The Administrations of Jackson, Van Buren, Harrison

TyIvEr, Polk and Tayi^or- 1829-1850, 21 Years . . 276 - 291 The Political Parties — Internal Improvements — The United States Bank— The Sub-Treasury Act— Protective Tariff- Indian Wars — The first Seminole War —The second Seminole War — Administration of Harrison and Tyler — Dorr's Rebellion — About Texas — The Oregon Country— ^Whitman's Ride — Polk's Administration — The Mexican War — Mexico Invaded by Taylor — General Scott in Mexico — Treaty of Peace and territory gained — Exercise on Map of Mexico— DivScovery of gold in California — Taylor's Administration — Compromise Act of 1850.

Chapter XXIII

Generai. Progress of the Nation— 1840-1860, 20 Years. Administrations of Fili^more, Pierce and Buchanan— 1850-1861, II Years 292-316

Growth of Territory — Admission of states west of the Mississippi River— Exercise on Map of Territorial Growth— Inventions— Electric Telegraph — Sub-Marine Cables— The Telephone — The Phonograph — Thos. Edison — Invention an Evolution — Modern Farming — Domestic Machinery — Anaesthetics — ^John Ericsson — American Literature — Historians of America — Growth of Anti-Slavery Sentiment — Under-Ground Railroad — The Kansas-Nebraska Bill - Kansas Troubles — The Political Contest of i860 — Synopsis of Events from Washington to Lincoln.

xi

Chapter XXIV

IviNcoi^N's Administration: The Civil War— Its Causks .319-328 Abraham Ivincoln — Civil War — Remote Causes — Secondary Causes — Exercise on Historical Monument — Direct Causes — About the Constitution— Fort Sumter.

CHAPTER XXV. The Civil, War: Events of 1861 329-340

How the army was organized — Difficulties in supplying an army — Home life of a soldier— Preparations for War— Why the South was better prepared — Strength of the North — Hopes of the South — Military Events of 1861 — West Virginia — Bull Run — Missouri — Events along the Atlantic Coast — Kentucky—Exercise on Map No. 38— The Trent Affair— Summar v of 186 r.

Chapter XXVI

Events in the West — Exercise on Map No. 39— Mill Springs, Forts Henry and Donelson— Battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh— Siege of Corinth— Exercise on Map No. 40— Farragut's operations on the lower Mississippi— Confederates take the offensive— Perry ville—Iuka and Corinth— Stone River- Review of 1862 in the West— Exercise on Map No. 41.

Chapter XXVII

A study of Virginia— The Merrimac and Monitor— Exercise on Map No. 42— The Peninsular Campaign— Exercise on Map No. 43— Lee's first Invasion of the North — Exercise on Map No. 44— Synopsis of the Year 1862, in the East.

Chapter XXVIII

Preparaiiofis—Nofik—Sou^/i— Congress— Vicksburg — Synopsis of Grant's Movements— Chattanooga Campaign— Chattanooga and Chickamauga— Battle of Chattanooga— A View from Lookout Mountain— Armies of the West— Synopsis of the West, 1863— Exercise on Map No. 48.

Chapter XXIX

Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville— Lee's second Invasion of the North— Gettysburg— Outline of Events in the East, 1863— General results for 1863.

Chapter XXX

Changes made— Condition of affairs at the beginning of 1864— Sherman's task— The Atlanta Campaign— Exercise on Map of Sherman's Atlanta Campaign— Farragut at Mobile Bay- Hood's Movements North— Sherman's March to the Sea- Franklin and Nashville— Exercise on Map No. 51— Review of the West for 1864.

Chapter XXXI

Grant's Overland Campaign — Exercise on Map of Grant's Overland Campaign — Grant moves south of the James River — Operations in the Valley — Review of 1864 in the Fast — General results at the close of 1864 — Exercise on Map No. 53.

CHAPTER XXXII. The Civil, War: Its Ci^ose, 1865 402 - 410

Movement of Western Armies — Pontoons— Sherman moves North — Review of Sherman 's March — Wilson 's raid — Review of the Army of the Potomac — Commanders — Commanders of the Confederate Armies — Confederate Armies surrendered to Union forces— Exercise on Map No. 54 — Petersburg and Five Forks — Lee Surrenders — The Close.

Chapter XXXIII

The Reconstruction Period. Johnson and Grant. 1865-1876. 411 - 427 Johnson's Administration — The Grand Review — The Necessity for Reconstruction — The two Problems — The Freedmen —The XlVth and XVth Amendments— The so-called " Carpet Bag" Government — Impeachment of President Johnson — Mexico — Purchase of Alaska — Presidential Election of 1868 — Grant's Administration — The Pacific Railroad— Santo Domingo — The Chicago Fire — The Geneva Award — The Greeley Campaign — The Stock Exchange — Greenbacks and Gold— Black Friday— The Panic of 1873— Indian Troubles— The Centennial Exposition — The Jetties — The East River Bridge— The Signal Service — Hayes and Tilden — Electoral Commission.

CHAPTER XXXIV. Administrations of Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland

Harrison, Cleveland and McKinley 428 - 453

Hayes' Administration — Resumption of Specie Payments — The Political Contest of 1880 — Garfield and Arthur — Assassination of President Garfield — Civil Service Reform — Railroad Strikes— Labor Troubles — Who is my Neighbor— Political Contest of 1884— Cleveland's First Term— The New South — General Progress — Harrison's Administration — The World's Columbian Exposition — Exercise on Political Chart — The Drainage and the Hennepin Canals — The Silver Question — The Political Contest of 1896 — Summary of the Post-war Period.

APPENDIX A.

United States Constitution 454 - 473

APPENDIX B.

One Hundred General Review Topics 474 - 481

Index 483

List of Maps or Charts.

Map No.

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Chart No

7, 8,

9, lo, II,

12,

13,

The Old Routes to India ....

Mediterranean Sea

The Known World in 1490 ....

The Known World in 1500 ....

5, Scene of Action of Norsemen, 825-1025

6, Spanish Voyages and Explorations .

Indian Tribes . . .

Virginia and Maryland (Settlements) New England (Settlements) ....

New Netherland and Vicinity ....

South Atlantic States (Settlements) .

French Explorations in the West British, French and Spanish Possessions (1713)

14, French and Indian War (S. W. Div.)

15, French and Indian War (N. W. Div.) .

16, French and Indian War (North-Central Division) .

17, North America before the French and Indian

(1713-1763)

18, After the French and Indian War ,

19, Boston and Vicinity

20, Invasion of Canada (i 775-1 776)

21, Atlantic Coast at beginning of Revolution .

22, New York and Vicinity (1776) ....

23, Hudson River and Lake Champlain

24, New Jersey and New York (1776-1778)

25, Clark's Expedition (1778-1779)

26, Southern Campaign (i 779-1 781)

27, Proposed Boundaries at Treaty of Paris, 1783

28, British Possessions before the Revolution (1763

29, Boundaries made by Treaty of Paris, 1783 .

30, Lake Erie and Vicinity (1812-1814)

31, Lake Champlain (1814)

32, Territorial Claims and Cessions ....

. 33, Territorial History of United States East of the M sippi River

PAGE.

War

Map No. 34, The War in Mexico (t. 846-1 847) 288

Map No. 35, Territorial Growth of United States 296

Chart No. 36, Territorial History of United States West of the Mississippi River 298

Chart No. 37, Political Monument 324

Map No. 38, Field of Operations in the West— Civil War . . . 338 Map No. 39, Confederate Line of Defense in the West (1862) . . . 343 Map No. 40, Confederate Line of Defense in the West, April i, 1862 . 346 Map No. 41, Confederate Line of Defense in the West at the close

Map No. 42, Virginia and Vicinity (Civil War) 35^

Map No. 43, Peninsular Campaign 358

Map No. 44, Lee's First Invasion (1862) 360

Map No. 45, Virginia and Vicinity (1862-1864) 362

Map No. 46, Vicksburg Campaign (1863) 3^7

Map No. 47, Chattanooga and Vicinity • 372

Map No. 48, In the West -1863 376

Map No. 49, Lee's Second Invasion 381

Map No. 50, Atlanta Campaign 388

Map No. 51, Sherman's March through Georgia . . . . . 394

Map No. 52, Grant's Overland Campaign 397

Map No. 53, Virginia at Close of 1864 401

Map No. 54, Sherman's Movements 406

Map No. 55, Centers of Population 442

Chart No. 56, Political River 44^-447

List of Illustrations.

The Santa Maria and the Pinta

Columbus

Queen Isabella

King Ferdinand

Sebastian Cabot

Norseman Ship of the Middle Ages .....

Burial of De Soto

A Scene on Lake George

Sir Walter Raleigh

A Scene from Indian Life

Captain John Smith

Pocahontas

Washington's Home

Full Page— Noted Men of New England ....

An Old Fashioned Fireplace

A Scene on the Hudson

Governor Peter Stuyvesant

Cecil Calvert — Second Lord Baltimore

William Penn

De La Salle

William Pitt, General Wolfe, and General Montcahn

Independence Hall — Philadelphia, Pa

Full Page — British Officers of the Revolution .

Full Page — American Officers of the Revolution .

Full Page — Europeans who Aided the Americans in the Revolution

Full Page — American Officers of the Revolution ....

Full Page — American Statesmen of the Revolution

Continental Money

Full Page — Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Jay, and Madison

Bunker Hill Monument

Full Page — Famous American Statesmen and Inventors .

Plan of Surveys of the West

Full Page — American Presidents

Circle of Ratios of Territorial Growth

Full Page — American Authors

PAGE.

9-IO II

. 12 13

• 15 22

• 31

• 41 46

. 58 59

• 65

• 94 96

. 100 107

. 1 10 121

. 146 166

• 171 181

. 196

. 221

233 . 245

262 . 265

272 . 282

• 303

Full Page — American Poets 305

Longfellow's Home 306

Whittier's Home 307

Full Page — Famous Americans . 310

Full Page — Lincoln and his Cabinet 318

Full Page — Union Commanders in the West (1861-1862) . . . 348

Full Page — A View from Lookout Mountain 371

Commanders of Army of Cumberland — Rosecrans and Thomas . . 374 Full Page— Commanders of Army of the Tennessee .... 375

Full Page — Commanders of Confederate Armies 393

Full Page — Famous Union and Confederate Generals . . . 408

President Andrew Johnson 416

Hon. James G. Blaine 418

Hon. Horace Greeley 420

Main Building, Centennial Exposition 424

President James A. Garfield 431

President Chester A. Arthur 432

President Grover Cleveland 438

President Benjamin Harrison 441

Full Page — Our New Navy 443

World's Columbian Exposition 445

President William McKinley 451

SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.

We read with comparative indifference the death-list from a railroad accident until our eyes rest upon the name of a friend. Instantly our attention is fixed and interest awakened. Back of that name lies the face of a dead friend.

Words are dead unless made the medium of thought. Language is an open window looking out upon a world of fact or of fancy. Imagination is the artist that paints the landscape. If we would apprehend the thought and see the beauty we must look through the window and not at it.

PivAN OF THE Book.

This book is arranged with the view of aiding the student in breaking away from the habit of studying the printed page rather than the thought expressed by it. This is done by —

I. The topical arrangement of matter, II. A large use of maps or charts,

III. Historic parallel readings,

IV. Associating pure literature bearing upon subjects kindred to

that under consideration, V. Historic Geography, and

VI. Blementary Civics.

I. The arrangement of the subject to be studied, as far as we have been able to make it so, is topical. That is, the chain of events, logically and geographically associated, has been followed to a conclusion, regardless of contemporary events in other places. The time element is used only as a guide to keep in mind the order of events. Our effort has been to keep chronology from dissecting the story. So far as possible, the causes, unity, and results of a line of related events have been kept together.

II. As matters of historic interest occur on the earth, locality becomes an essential element in the study of history. The series of "Exercises on the Map" are introduced for the purpose of leading the pupil into the habit of associating the place with the event, thus reducing pure verbal memory to a minimum. The logical sequence of events and geographical position are emphasized in this text.

III. The mind demands more than a bare statement of facts. It is compelled by its very nature to dwell for a time with new ideas if it would become thoroughly acquainted with them. With this in mind we have suggested the parallel readings in order to hold the student longer to each topic under discussion.

IV. History and literature may be made to supplement each other. The study of history means much more to one whose mind is a gallery of

xix pictured historic and literary images than to one who sees nothing but the printed pages of the text book.

V. The abstract study of the earth's surface, if not absolutely harmful, is at least a waste of time and energy. But the study of the earth as the home of man in all his activities and relations to its teeming life, becomes of infinite value and pleasure. The study of certain localities at the time they are of special interest through their historic associations, has therefore been suggested.

VI. History and civics are logically and chronologically associated. They sprung from the s^me fountain and must ever flow onward together. It would seem therefore that the most appropriate time to study the ethics, principles, and forms of government, is while the student's attention is directed to them through the study of history.

A Hint as to the Course in History.

We suggest that the study of history from the text-book should occupy a period of two school-years.

The two or three years immediately preceding the logical study of history proper should be in part occupied in the reading and study of biographic and pioneer stories, in the form of story and supplementary reading. No primary history as such should be used.

Suggestions About the Parai,i.ei. Readings.

No special library or authors are intended to be made the basis of the parallel readings; though special books are named and followed, they are understood to be merely suggestive.

Most books of value have an index at the close, and a table of contents in the first pages of the book. Having an important word as a "pointer," a reference to the index will locate the discussion of the subject; The contents give an analysis, more or less complete, of each chapter. By the aid of these index references and of the table of contents, subjects of the more pressing interest may be read, without perusing the whole work. It is well to read, in order, all of a good book, but school-life is too short to enable a student to read the complete works of our standard authors. In the study of a specific subject, the skillful use of the index and table of contents may be made very helpful.

A Caution.

These should be readings for the home or the school; not tasks in the learning of lessons. The readings, both in history and literature, should be to the mind what the refreshing showers are to the thirsty land. The will must not be permitted to intrude itself upon the attention of the other faculties, as much of the value and pleasure in reading is lost by any conscious effort of the memory.

The mind should not halt at the printed page.

We use the term literature for the reason that the readings suggested should partake more of the nature of literary study than of merely learning to read.

THE FIRST EPOCH=-200 YEARS

1492-1692.

I. DiSCOVERlKS.

II. Explorations.

III. Settlements.

IV. Growth of Free Government,

Free Thought, .

AND A Free Church,

Chapter I. The Period Of Great Discoveries, 1492-1522

Parali^kl Readings and Correlate Work.

History:— Specific readings from Irving's Life of Columbus. Index titles; Marco Polo and his book of travels; Henry, Prince of Portugal; Ancient trade monopolized by the Lombards; Henry I., King of Portugal, and Columbus; Isabella, Queen of Castile, favors Columbus; Salamanca, Columbus before the Council of; Granada, Conquest of by Spain; Voyage, first of Columbus; Discovery of America, sight of land; Pinzon, Martin Alonzo, and Columbus; Barcelona, reception of Columbus at; Papal Bull of Partition of the non-Christian world; Columbus in Chains; Death and Burial of Columbus.

Other readings: Old South Ivcaflets.

No. 30. — Strabo's Introduction to Geography,

No. 32. — Marco Polo's account of Japan and Java.

No. 29. — The Discovery of America, from the Life of Columbus, by his son, Ferdinand Columbus.

No. 33.— Columbus's letter to Gabriel Sanchez, describing the first voyage and discoveries.

No. 37. — Early notes of the voyages of the Cabots.

Fiske's Discovery of America.

Mandeville's Travels.

For Supplementary Reading: —Ellis's Stories from American History to p. 46. Also Corbett and Content's Stories of the Three Americas, pp. 9- 56. Baillie's poem "First Voyage of Columbus."