The text of the Old Testament considered, with a treatise on sacred interpretation, and a brief introduction to the Old Testament books and the Apocrypha

Front matter

Qass"B^ > \ m Book iD3 w

I 'LETION OF THE TRAVEL] I BRARY.

VOYAG1 In EUROPE.

Chap. II. — Languages of the Old Testament

Hebrew and Chaldee. — Origin of the Name Hebrew. — Three Derivations of the Word. — Shemitic Dialect. — Different Names given to it. — Indo-germanic, Japhetic, or Arian Family of Languages. — Distinguishing Character of the Shemitic Family. — Its grammatical Character. — Shemitic trunk-language divided into three leading branches ; the Aramaean, the CanaauitLsh, the Arabic. — State of the Hebrew Language prior to its earliest historical Period. — Hebrew substantially identical with the Canaanitish, Phenician, and Punic. — Abraham adopted from the Tribes in Canaan their common Tongue. — "Was Hebrew the primitive Language ? — Dialects in the Hebrew. — The History of the Language divided into three Periods by Hiivernick and others. — Golden and Silver Ages, with the Writers belonging to each. — Time when the Hebrew ceased to be the Jews' living Tongue ..-.-.. 2—14

Chap. III. — The Hebrew Characters _ - - - 14 — is

I Chap. IV. — Hebrew Vowel Points ... - is— 22

Chap. V Hebrew Accents • - - - 22, 23

Chap. VI. — dfeans by which a Knoivledge of the Hebreio Language may be acquired.

The historical, philological, and philosophical - 23—26

X CONTENTS OF

Chap. VIL — Criticism of the Text.

History of the external Form of the Text. — Various Divisions noticed Pages 27 — 30

Chap. VIII. — History of the Text itself.

History of the unprinted Text. — False Headings. — Their Causes.— Condition of the Text before and at the close of the Canon. — Samaritans and Samaritan Pentateuch. — Text lying at the Basis of the Septuagint.— State of the Text at the Time of Christ. — As seen from the Mishna and Gemara. — The Masorah. — Subsequent History of the unprinted Text. — Old and celebrated Exemplars - - 31 — 43

Chap. IX. — History of the Printed Text.

The chief Editions of the Hebrew Bible. — Controversy respecting the Integrity of the Hebrew Text.— Collations of Kennicott and De Rossi - - 43 — 46

Chap. X. — Sources of Criticism.

Ancient Versions, MSS., Parallels, Quotations, critical Conjecture

Chap. XL — The Septuagint Translation

Chap. XII. — Other ancient Greek Versions.

Aquila. — Theodotion. — Symmachus. — Anonymous Translations. — Origen's Labours

in connection with the LXX. — The Hexapla and Tetrapla Specimen Tables. —

Different Texts of the LXX. — Leading Editions - 55 — 63

Chap. XIII. — Versions from the Septuagint.

Versio Vetus. — Syriac Versions. — Ethiopic. — Egyptian Versions Armenian.—

Georgian. — Slavonic. — Gothic. — Arabic Versions - 63 — 68

Chap. XIV. — Venetian- Greek Version . - - - 69

Chap. XV. — Targums.

Onkelos. — Jonathan Ben Uzziel. — Jerusalem Targum on Pentateuch. — Targums on the Hagiographa - - - - - - - 69—75

Chap; XVI. — Old Syriac Version - 75—77

Arabic Versions from it- - - - - - -77, 78

Chap. XVII. — Arabic Translations - - - - 78

Arabic Version of the Samaritan Pentateuch - - - - - 79

Chap. XVIII. — Samaritan Version of the Pentateuch.

Persian Version - - - - - - 79, 80

THE SECOND VOLUME. XI

Chap. XIX. — Vulgate Version - - *- - Pages 80 — 85

Chap. XX. — Versions made from the Vulgate.

Anglo-Saxon Version. — Arabic Versions. — Persian - 85,86

Chap. XXI. — Rules for using Versions.

Examples of the improper and proper Use of Versions - - 86 — 88

Chap. XXII. — Hebrew Manuscripts.

Synagogue Polls. — Private MSS. in the square Character. — Arrangement of the Books in MSS. — Tarn and Velshe Writing. — Age of MSS. how determined. — Their Country. — Kules respecting Country. — Observations on the Criteria of Age and Country. — Classifications of MSS. — Private MSS. in the Eabbinical Character. — Copies of the Jews in China. — Synagogue Roll brought by Buchanan from the East -..-.-.. 88—97

Chap. XXIII. — A few of the oldest MSS. described.

MSS. in Kennicott and De Rossi's Collections. — MSS. examined by Pinner at Odessa. — MSS. of the Samaritaa Pentateuch. — General observations on Codices. — Examples of improper Emendation by a MS. or MSS. - 98 — 103

Chap. XXIV. — Parallel Passages.

Examples of improper and proper Use of this Source - 104, 105

Chap. XXV. — Quotations.

In the New Testament. — In Josephus. — In the Talmud and Rabbins. — In the Masorah. — The Use of the Masorah illustrated by Examples - 105—108

Chap. XXVI. — Critical Conjecture.

Examples of its Abuse and of its legitimate Application - - 108 — 111

Chap. XXVII. — Application of the Sources of Criticism.

Rules on the Subject - - - - - - - HZ

Chap. XXVIII. — Tables of the Quotations from the Old Testament in the New.

Three parallel Columns containing the Septuagint, Greek of New Testament, and Hebrew, with an English Version annexed to each. — Notes on the more important and difficult Quotations below - 113—174

Chap. XXIX. — Sources xohence Quotations were taken - 175, 176

Chap. XXX. — Introductory Formulas of Quotations - 176 — 180

Xll CONTENTS OF

Cha.p. XXXI. — On the external Form of Quotations.

Passages in which the Hehrew has been supposed to be corrupt. — Circumstances on which the degree of accuracy with which Quotations adhere to their Originals depends. — The usage of Matthew, John, Paul, and Luke. — Randolph's Classification of Quotations ------ Pages 180—186

Chap. XXXII. — On the internal Form of Quotations.

The Use made of the Old Testament by Jesus Christ and the Apostles. — The spiritual or pneumatic View of the Quotations. — Examples of it — Quotations made by the Evangelists. — Prophecies and typical Parallels. — The Quotations of Paul. — Supposed Examples of Eabbinical Interpretation in Paul. — Mode of Quotation in the Epistle to the Hebrews. — Palfrey's Classification of Quotations, according

to their internal Eorm Another proposed, with Examples under each Head. —

List of Passages belonging to the fourth Head ... 186 — 201

Chap. III. — Study of the Text itself

The Original. — Examples of misunderstanding it. — Means by which the Usus loquendi of a dead Language is ascertained. — Examples. — Idioms. — Hendiadys.

— Anacolutha. — Ellipsis. — Paronomasia Hyperbole. — Emphasis. — General

Directions to the Interpreter, with Examples. — Oxymoron — Irony. — Interro - gation ......... 213—221

Chap. IV. ■ — Study of the Context

Immediate Context. — Particulars included in it, viz., an Explanation by the Writer himself; the Light thrown upon one another by Subject and Predicate, Antithesis, .

THE SECOND VOLUME. xiil

Contrast, Opposition or Parallelism, Adjuncts: Examples appended. — Eemote Context. — Copious Illustrations of each. — Method of knowing the Commencement of a new Section or Subject, with Examples - - Pages 221 — 231

Chap. V. — Study of Parallels

Gerard's Division. — Verbal and real Parallels. — Mode of proceeding in the Study of parallel Words and Phrases, with Examples. — Eeal Parallels divided. — Indistinctness in the Separation made between verbal and real Parallels Examples. — Improper Examples of Parallels - 231 — 239

Chap. VI. — External Sources of Grammatical Interpretation

Illustrations of their Necessity. — The Septuagint Version. — The Vulgate. — Old Syriac. — Targums. — Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion. — Saadias. — Modern Versions. — The best Latin ones. — German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Polish, Hungarian, Bohemian, and English Versions. — The Usus hquendi retained in the earlier Commentaries and Lexicons. — Scholiasts on the New Testament. — Different Kinds of Scholia. — General Remarks on them. — Glossaries, with Examples of their Use. — Analogy of Languages, Arabic, Syriac, Chaldee, Samaritan, &c. — The Uses of cognate Languages, with Examples. — Analogy of Languages in the case of the New Testament, with Examples. — Eiclihstadt's Admonitions respecting the Analogy of Languages. — Use of Josephus and Philo in illustrating the Usus hquendi of the Greek Testament. — Examples. — The ol koivo'l Greek Writers, then- Use and Abuse A

Specimen of Beck's Cautions in applying the Productions of Greek and Latin Writers to discover the Usus hquendi. — The Septuagint, with Examples. — Rules for ascertaining the Signification of a Word - 239—267

Chap. VII. — Biblical Exegesis

Things to be observed before the direct Interpretation of Sentences and Paragraphs. — Settlement of the right Construction of a Sentence. — Punctuation, Ellipsis, Interrogations, with illustrative Examples. — The Subject and Predicate, with Examples -------- 267—274

Chap. VTTT. — Examination of the Passage itself Illustrative Examples - - - -

Chap. IX. — Examination of Context

General Observations. — Use of Particles, with Examples. — Parentheses, Digressions. — Sentiments attributed to different Speakers. — Scope, general and special — Rules respecting Scope. — General Remarks on the Point. — Hlustrative Examples. — Numerous Passages explained to show the Use of Context in Interpretation -------- 275—296

Chap. X Parallels, or Parallel Passages

Parallels classified. — Table of Parallels. — Illustrative Examples. — Utility of them. Rules or Admonitions in their Application, with Examples under each rule 296 — 31 1

vol. ii. a

XIV CONTENTS OP

Chap. XL — Analogy of Faith.

Defined and explained. — Different Kinds of Analogy. — Elements lying at the Basis of it. Its Uses. — Consequences or Principles resulting from this Analogy.

Chap. XII. — ■ Ancient Versions

Examples of their Use in explaining Sentences, Passages, and Sections - 320, 321

Chap. XIII. — On Historical Circumstances

An Examination of them under the technical Words quis, quid, ubi, quibus auxiliis, cur, quomodo, quando, with Examples .... 321 — 339

Chap. XIV. — External Circumstances

Difference of these from the historical. — History, profane and ecclesiastical, with Examples of its Application. — Chronology, divided into Periods — Differences between the Hebrew, Septuagint, Samaritan, and Josephian Computations. — Reasons in favour of the Hebrew or shorter Chronology. — Reasons for the longer Computation, with Replies to them. — Peculiarities connected with the Scripture Reckoning. — Geography, with Examples of its Use in Interpretation. — Manners and Customs. • — Natural History. — A Knowledge of current religious Opinions, with Examples. — Ancient Learning and Philosophy, exemplified. — Coins, Inscriptions, and Medals, with illustrative Passages -.-_-- 340—359

Chap. XV. — On Jewish Writings as Aids in Interpretation

The Apocryphal Books of the Old Testament. — Talmud, with Examples — Rabboth. — Megilloth. — Siphra, Siphri, and Mechilta. — Sohar. — Commentators who have applied this Source. — Admonitions. — Use of Philo exemplified. — Josephus _--._... 359—366

Chap. XVI. — Assistance derivable from the Greek Fathers in the Inter- 1 pretation of Scripture.

General Observations on the Fathers. — Examples ... 366—370

Chap. XVII. — Limitations and Cautions in the Exegesis of the Bible

The Objects of Natural Science described popularly, not with Accuracy. — Examples. — Bible Diction borrowed from the erroneous Conceptions of the People. — Examples — Did Inspiration extend to infallibility beyond religious and moral Truth ? — Observations tending to show that it did not. — Quotations from Pye Smith, Miall, Powell, Coleridge ; and the View of Arnold - - -371—376

Chap. XVIII. — Commentaries

Scholia. — Commentaries. — "Versions. — Paraphrases. — Homilies. — Various Works characterised. — Hints on Commentaries - 377 — 385

THE SECOND VOLUME. XV

Chap. I. — Interpretation of the Figurative Language of Scripture

General Observations on Figures and Tropes. — Mode of distinguishing the tropical from the proper, with Examples. — A Word determined to be figurative by its Adjuncts, by the general Context, by Parallels. — Sentences, Sections, and Paragraphs determined by the same Means, with Examples. — Explanation of tropical Diction. — General Eemarks ----__ Pages 385— 395

Chap. V. — Allegory

The Word vaguely used. — Difference of Opinion respecting the Distinction between Metaphor and Allegory. — Three Forms of Allegory enumerated by Louth. — ■ Marsh's Kemarks on Allegory. — True Difference between Metaphor and Allegory. — Division of Allegory into pure and impure. — Examples. — Observations to assist in the Explanation of Allegory, with Examples under each Head - 405 — 411

Chap. VI. — On the Interpretation of Scripture Parables

Derivation of the Word Parable. — Senses attached to the Word in Greek and Hebrew. — Parables distinguished from historical Allegories, Fables, and Proverbs. — Use and Advantage of the Par-able.— The first Excellence of a Parable, according to Lowth. — Illustrative Examples from the Old and New Testaments. — Second Excellence of a Parable, with Instances. — Lowth's third Excellence of a Parable. — Three Things in a Parable requiring Attention ; viz., the primary Eepresentation, the Thing illustrated, and the tertium Comparationis. — Necessity of seizing the central Truth or prominent Idea. — For this End examine the Context preceding or following, including the Occasion of its Introduction, certain Phrases at the Commencement, a Knowledge of the Party to whom it was addressed, Explanation subjoined, a Phrase or Declaration appended. — Examples of each. — A Parable

may be illustrated by another of parallel import Rule, that the Subject-matter

a2

CONTENTS OF

should be studied. — Particular Examination of certain Parables. — The tertium Comparationis explained. — No definite Precept to enable the Expositor to separate Things significant from Things ornamental. — Observations of Tholuck on the point. — Olshausen's Affirmation. — Two Extremes in explaining the Parables, with Writers who have fallen into them. — Example of Excess from Gill. — Quotation from Olshausen. — Outline of an Interpretation for the Parable in Luke xvi. 1— 8. Canons or Eules for expounding Parables, with Examples. — Utility of Parables. — Observations on the Old Testament Parables. — Classifications of the New Testament Parables by Gray, Greswell, Lisco, with Eemarks on each Pages 411 — 423

Chap. VII. — On the Interpretation of Scripture Proverbs

Chief Excellences of Proverbs. — Examples. — Proverbs in the New Testament. — Writers on Scripture Proverbs - 423, 424

Chap. VIII. — The Interpretation of the Poetical Parts of Scripture

Parallelism. — Various Views respecting the rhythmical Form of Hebrew Poetry. — Synonymous, antithetic, and synthetic Parallelism. — Jebb's introverted Parallelism. — Eemarks on it. — De Wette's Classification, with Examples. — General Observations. — Koester's Arrangement of Job and Ecclesiastes. — Ewald's Introduction to Hebrew Poetry. — Alphabetical Poems. — Parallelism in the New Testament as discovered by Jebb. — Eemarks on the analogous Attempts of Boys and Forbes. — Four Kinds of Hebrew Poetry described: lyrical, gnomic, dramatic, and epic. — General Observations on the Poetry of the Bible - - - 425—434

Chap. IX. — On the Interpretation of Types

Allegorical Interpretation. — Typical Interpretation. — Explanation of a Type. — Proof that typical Interpretation has a historical and scriptural Basis. — Philosophy of Types. — Things included in a proper Type. — All Types are not formally recognised as such in the New Testament. — Eefutation of the Eule that nothing is a Type except what is specified as such in the New Testament. — Imaginary Besemblances constituting the Excess of typical Interpretation, exemplified. — Eemarks on Fairbairn's Views. — Division of Types. — Chevallier's Classification. — Eules or Cautions to be observed in the Interpretation of Types. — Keach's Excess. — Typical Actions - - - - - 434 — 447

Chap. X. — On the Interpretation of Prophecy

Proper function of Prophecy. — The Eelation of the divine and human in the Prophets. — Different Views. — Phenomena implying that the Minds of the Prophets were not wholly passive. — Hengstenberg's View, and the Arguments supporting it. — Eefutation of it. — Five Eules for the Interpretation of Prophecy, with Examples. — The sixth relating to the twofold Eeference of Prophecy discussed and vindicated — Allusions to the Opinions of Wolfe and Arnold. — Examples of two- . fold Sense. — Eefutation of Fairbairn's Objections. — Eighteen other Eules of Interpretation --.-..._ 447 — 47!

Chap. XL — On the Doctrinal Interpretation of Scripture.

General Observations.— Three Principles accounting for the Diversities in the teach

THE SECOND VOLUME. xvli

ings of Christ and the Apostles. — Doctrinal Interpretation explained. — General Remarks or Rules respecting the Interpretation of Doctrines, with Examples.

Chap. XII. — On the Moral Interpretation of Scripture

General Remarks. — Observations on the Interpretation of the Ethics of Scripture, with appropriate Examples. — Moral Examples. — Canons relating to them __-._-.- 487—499

Chap. XIII. — On the Interpretation of the Promises and Threatenings of Scripture. General Remarks or Rules, with Examples - 499 — 503

Chap. XIV. — On the Interpretation and Means of Harmonising Passages of Scripture which appear to be contradictory.

Plain Principles necessary to be observed, with Examples. — Discrepancies between the Old Testament Writers. — Discrepancies between the New. — Discrepancies between the Old and New Testament "Writers. — The Genealogy of Christ as given by Matthew and Luke, explained. — Contradictions between Scripture and the Testimony of Heathen Authors. — Examples - - - 503 — 556

Chap. XV. — On the inferential Reading of Scripture

Inferences drawn from the Words of Scripture, from Words in their immediate Connection, from Words in a wider Context, from the Scope of a Passage, from the general Scope of a Book or Epistle, from parallel Passages. — Examples of each. — Inferences deduced with Consideration of the Circumstances implied in, who, where, when? — Examples. — Cautions to be observed in drawing Inferences. — Examples of improper Inferences ----- 556 — 565

Chap. XVI. — On the practical Reading of Scripture. Counsels on the Subject under different Heads

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE OLD TESTAMENT AND APOCRYPHA.

Chap. I. — General Observatio?is on the Pentateuch. Genesis

Titles and Divisions. — Analysis of Contents. — Interpretation of the first three Chapters. — The Question of mythical Elements in the Rook. — Quotation from nii contents or

Havernick. — Prophecies relating to Christ. — When composed, if Moses was the Writer - - - - - - - Pages 573—578

Exodus.

Title and Divisions. — Contents. — Passages relating to Christ. — When written, if by Moses. — Predictions in it. — The Plagues in Egypt. — Under what Egyptian Dynasty the Exodus and Sojourn generally of the Israelites happened. — Length of Stay in Egypt. — Supposed mythic Elements in Exodus.

578—581

Leviticus.

Title and Divisions Analysis of Contents. — Remarkable Prophecy in the Book.

— Kites prescribed to the Israelites Part supposed to have a Mythical Character ._-.---- 581 — 583

Numbers.

Title and Divisions. — Contents. — If written by Moses, when. — Explanation of

the History of Balaam. — Authenticity of the Oracle. — Two different Number ings

of the Israelites in the Book. — Table of the Stations of the Israelites in the

Wilderness. — Remarks on it • - - - - 583—587

Deuteronomy.

Title and Divisions. — Contents. — When written by Moses. — Various Hypotheses

respecting the Thirty-fourth Chapter. — Prophecy relating to Messiah Mosaic

Legislation divided into Three Parts, the Moral, the Ritual, and the Civil Code. — Observations on each. — Table arranging the several Parts of the Pentateuch under one or other of the three ..-.-. 587 — 593.

Chap. II. — Authorship and Date of the Pentateuch

The Supplement-Hypothesis explained. — The Elohim and Jehovah Documents.

Phenomena adduced in support of their Existence. — Phenomena made use

of in discriminating the two Documents. — Discrepancies, and different Accounts of the same Occurrences, as exemplified in various Passages, with Modes of accounting for them, satisfactory or otherwise. — Different Traditions respecting one and the same Occurrence, as evidenced in many Passages, with the Attempts to explain them on other Grounds. — Diversity in the Usus loquendi — .Comparison of the different Books in this respect. — Views of the Conservative Critics. — General Observations on the Question. — Historical Stand-point of the Deuteronomy Laws. — De Wette's Arguments. — Views of the Unity of the Pentateuch entertained by Hengstenberg and his Followers, in Contents and Language. — Observations on them. — Proof that Moses was concerned in

the Composition of the Pentateuch. — Passages bearing on the Point Deut.

xxxi. as an Evidence. — Refutation of Hengstenberg and Havernick. — Book of the Law, what meant by it — Parts really written by Moses. — Evidence of the New Testament respecting the Authorship of the Pentateuch. — Testimony to its Authorship in Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings. Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, the Prophetic Books. — Summary. — Internal Evidence that Moses did not write all the Pentateuch as now existing. — Different Styles of the Elohist and Jehovist. — Hupfeld's Views. — Time or Times when the two Documentists wrote. — Different Opinions about it. — Hypothesis of Delitzsch. — Supposed Allusions to the Mosaic Legislation in

THE SECOND VOLUME. XIX

Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and in Old Testament Prophecy, as in Obadiah, Joel, Isaiah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Amos, Hosea. — Allusions in the Poetical Literature of

the Age of David and Solomon, in Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Solomon's Son°\

Observations on this Line of Evidence. — Mode of determining the Dates of the Elohistic and Jehovistic Documents. — Ewald's Hypothesis. — Concluding Observations --,---- Pages 593—633

Chap. III. — Book of Joshua

Comprises the History of thirty Years. — Divisions and Subdivisions Object of it.

— Jehovistic and Elohistic Elements in it. — Proofs that it was compiled from various Documents. — Refutation of Keil. — Kind of Unity in the Book. — Chief Passages showing its Disunion. — Arguments in favour of the Joshua-authorship.

— Arguments against. — Language as bearing on the Question of Date. — When compiled, with the Grounds of such Date. — Critics who date it after the Exile, with their Eeasons. — Refutation of them. — Did the Writer derive any Part of his Information from the Pentateuch ? — Question answered in the negative. — The second Part not necessarily written after Book of Judges. — Different Opinions

respecting Authorship Historical Character and Credibility. — Had the Israelites

a just Right to take Possession of Canaan ? — Samaritan Books called by Joshua's Name ------._ 633—646

Chap. IV. — Judges

Who the Judges were. — Their Number. — Contents of the Book. — Object of the Writer. — Introduction to the first Division. — Remarks on the Unity of the Book. — Writer of Chapters xvii. — xxi. different from the Author of i — xvi. — Various Opinions respecting the Writer of Ch. i — xvi. — Passages bearing on the Age of the Book. — Time when it was composed. — Composition of the first Sixteen Chapters. — The Appendix- Writer. — Interval between the Authors of i — xvi. and xvii — xxi. — Remarks on the Chronology of the Work. — Remarks on its general Character. — External Evidence for the Genuineness of the Work 646—652

Chap. V. — Ritth

Position of the Book. — Its Contents. — The Genealogy in Ch. iv — Date of the History. — Authorship and Age ------ 652 — 655

Chap. VI. — The Two Books of Samuel

Division into two. — Why called after Samuel. — Analysis of Contents. — Scope of the Work. — Derived from different Sources. — Alleged disunited, contradictory, and duplicate Character of the History here and there, with a Glance at the Reply of Keil. — General Remarks on the Unity. — Author and Age. —Different Nature of the History in Samuel and Kings. — Attempt to ascertain the Authorship particularly. — Time of the Compiler. — Historical Character of the Books.— Quoted or referred to in the New Testament ----- 655 — 664

Chap. VII.— The Two Books of Kings

Originally one— Their Titles. —Analysis of Contents. — Scope of the Work,— Dc Wette's View of it.— Character of the History.— Evidences of the Writer's Carca 4

CONTENTS OF

fulness in reckoning Time, Uniformity of Style, &c. &c. — De Wette's View of the Unity of the Work combated. — Thenius's extreme. — Discordant Statements, Repetitions, unsuitable Intercalations, supposed to point to original Diversity of Authorship. — Evidences of the Compiler, not the independent Writer. — Time and Authorship. — Place where the Writer resided. — Enumeration of the Sources employed. — How the Sources were used. — Connection of the Books with those of Samuel. — Historical Character and Credibility - - Pages 665— 673

Chap. VIII. — The Books of Chronicles

Title in Hebrew and Greek. — Summary of Contents. — Relation between the Chronicles and other historical Books. — Comparison of Chapters i — ix. with other Parts. — Parallelism of ix. 1 — 34. and Nehemiah xi. 3 — 36. — Both taken from a common Source. — Table of the parallel Sections in Chronicles, Samuel, and Kings. — Discussion of the Questions arising out of them. — Scope of the Work. — Enumeration of the Sources employed by the Writer. — Discussion of their different Characters. — Age and Author, —Why Ezra could not have been the Writer. — Rationalist Charges against him. — All that is true in these assigned to the right Causes, viz. to the Nature of the Sources, Tradition, Corruption of the Text, with illustrative Examples. — Existence of real Contradictions. — The Chronicles inferior to Samuel and Kings. — Accusations against the historical Character of the Sections peculiar to the Work. — Not destitute of all Truth. — Chronicles and Ezra originally one Work. — Identity of the Close of the Chronicles and Commencement of Ezra explained .----_. 673 — 688

Chap. IX. — Book of Ezra

Originally comprehended Nehemiah. — Analysis of Contents. — Keil's View of the Unity and Independence of the Book. — Attempt to analyse the Contents particularly. — Proofs that the same Person compiled Chronicles and Ezra. — Zunz's Attempt to impugn the Credibility. — Space of Time occupied by the Events narrated. — Why the Work has no marked Conclusion. — Passage in Justin Martyr thought by some to belong to Ezra vi. 21. - - - - 688 — 691

Chap. X. — Book of Nehemiah

Title. — Analysis of Contents. — Particular Examination of eight Sections in the Book, with Attempt to discover the Authorship of each. — Work not written by Nehemiah. — Originally incorporated with Ezra. — Views of Keil and De Wette. — Naegelsbach's recent Attempt to show that Nehemiah and Chronicles were at first separate Books written by different Persons. — Observations upon it with the View of showing that both were at first united and compiled by one and the same Person. — Time when Ezra and Nehemiah were separated, according to Ewald. — ■ Testimonies in favour of their Unity. — Space of Time occupied by Nehemiah's Administration at Jerusalem - 692 — 697

Chap. XL— The Book of Esther.

Title. — Summary of Contents. — Scope of the Story. — Transactions recorded relate to Reign of Xerxes. — Time and Author. — Attempts to account for the Omission of the Name of God in the Book. — Historical Character and Credibility.— Difficulties

THE SECOND VOLUME. XXI

in the Narrative. — Canonicity of the "Work. — In the Canon before Christ. — Statements of Luther respecting it. — Remarks on Hare's View of a Passage in Luther.

Chap. XII. — The Book of Job

Summary of Contents. — Substance and Form of the Poem. — Not pure Fiction. — Reasons alleged for considering it true and real History. — Refutation of them. — Correct View explained and vindicated. — Structure. — Not epic. — Partly dramatic. — How far lyric. — Not a Poem according to some. — Doubts thrown upon the Prologue and Epilogue, xxvii. 7 — xxviii. 28., and xl. 15 — xli. 26. — The Book is a whole, as it existed at first. — The Problem discussed by the Writer.

— The Solution offered. — Particular Development of the Theme as presented in the different Speeches. — Misapprehension of the Character and Speech of Elihu. — Hypothesis of Hirzel, Froude, and others, respecting the Scope of the Work, refuted. — Hypothesis of Stuhlmann, Bertholdt, Knobel, &c, refuted. — Hypothesis of Warburton and others, noticed. — Hypothesis of Baumgarten-Crusius. — Hypothesis of Ewald, stated and refuted. — Unity and Integrity of the Work. — Prologue and Epilogue genuine. — Objectors to Chapters xxvii. xxviii.

— Reasons alleged for the Spuriousness of xl — xli. 26. — Futility of them. — Arguments against Authenticity of xxxii — xxxvii., with Answers. — Difficulties in the way of the Spuriousness of this Portion. — Search after the Age of Job, by Magee, Hales, and Kennicott. — Futility of it. — Age and Author of the Book. — View of such as put it in the pre-Mosaic Time, untenable. — View which makes it Mosaic. — Refutation. — View which places it in or after the Babylonian Exile.

— Reasons for rejecting it. — Arguments of such as refer it to the flourishing Period of Hebrew Poetry or the Age of Solomon. — Beginning of Seventh Century most likely Date. — Country in which it was written. — Different Opinions. — Quotation from Herder. — Examination of xix. 25 — 29. — Arguments against its Reference to Christ and the Resurrection — Objections to this View invalid.

704—736

Chap. XIII. — The Book of Psalms

General Titles in Hebrew and Greek. — Division of the whole into five Books with concluding Doxologies — Value of this Division — De Wette's Classification. — Tholuck's. — Another Division proposed. — Diversity of Arrangement between the Hebrew, and the Greek and Vulgate Versions. — Differences in Hebrew MSS. — Titles of the Psalms — Particular Explanations of each. — Explanation of Selah. — Views respecting it of Gesenius, Hengstenberg, Sommer, and Keil.

— Genuineness of the Titles. — Arguments for, with Replies Considerations

against their Originality. — Authors named in the Titles, with the Psalms ascribed to each. — Anonymous Psalms. — None of the Prophets named in the Titles. — The Question of Maccabean Psalms discussed. — Collection and Arrangement of the Psalms. — View of Hengstenberg and Keil. — Objections to it. — Attempt to show the Method of Arrangement. — When the entire Collection was completed. — Aim of the Collectors. — No pervading Principle of Arrangement. — Usage of the Names Jehovah and Elohim. — Different Opinions. — The Psalms lyric. — Earlier lyric Specimens. — Lyric Poetry not exclusively devoted to the Service of Religion. — Germs of other Species in the Lyric. — Dramatic Psalms. — Horsley's Opinion. — Dialogue Psalms. — The Age and Language of particular Psalms. — Messianic Character. — Two Extremes. — Examples of Messianic Psalms. — Canon to determine them. — Noyes's Opinion. — Horsley's View of the Psalms composed by

CONTENTS OF

David, being prophetic. — Refutation. — Universal Adaptation of the Psalter. —

Quotation from Luther. — Ethics of the Book Imprecatory Psalms. — Different

Views stated and refuted. — Hengstenberg's Opinion specially examined. — The true View. — The Spirit of Love not identical in the Old and New Testaments. — Riggenbach's Essay on the Love of Neighbours in the Old and New Testaments. — Quotation from Durell. — List of Passages cited from the Psalms in the New Testament. — The one hundred and fifty-first Psalm given - Pages 736 — 769