Dogs of China & Japan in nature and art

Front matter

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Chapter I. Eastern Dogs In Early Times

Geological history of the dog in Europe. Its domestication. Ancient records of tribute dogs. Dog- worship by ancient Egyptians and Aryans. Attitude of Confucius toward dogs. Use of dogs by Chinese and Japanese Emperors for sporting purposes, also as pets. Pp. 1-19

Chapter II

Use of dogs for culinary purposes in China, Corea, Indonesia, America and Europe. Dog-sacrifices. Former reverence for dogs in Japan. The God Erh Lang protector of dogs. His temple in Peking. The Heavenly Barking Dog which eats the sun and moon in eclipses. Dogs in Buddhism, Lamaism, Taoism and Fengshui. Pp. 20-43

Chapter III. Dog-breeding

Its poUtical importance in China and in Europe in mediaeval times. The dogs of Kublai Khan. Cats of the Ming period. Lap-dogs and pigeons of Tao Kuang period. Imperial dog-books. Dogs of the late Empress Dowager. Commercial breeding of dogs in Manchuria and Mongolia. Pp. 44-55

Chapter IV. Sporting And Guard Dogs

Ancient Chinese sporting dogs. The mastiil in ancient China and mediasval Europe. Falconry. Its origin and practice in Europe, China and Japan. Development of scent in dogs. Use of the fowhng-piece. The chow dog. Chinese sledge-dogs. The greyhound in China and in Europe. The small greyhound of Shensi and Kansu. The Chinese wolf-hound. The Tibetan mastiff. Tomb-dogs. British presents of mastiffs to the East. Records of Tibetan Mastiffs. Hydrophobia. Pp. 56-89

xi

CONTENTS

Chapter V. The Chinese Lion

The lion not indigenous. Its popularity due to the introduction of Buddhism from India. The lion in captivity in China. Origin of lion-worship. The lion in Indian Buddhism. The lion in Foism. The lion in Lamaism. Description of the Lamaist lion. The spirit-lion and the lion-dog. Buddhist lion-stories. Chinese artistic idea of the lion. The lion in heraldry. Pp. 90-11 1

Chapter VI. Symbolism Of The Buddhist And Lamaist Lion

The Uon symbolic of Buddhism's power of subjection over animal passions. Lion-masques in China and Japan. The Buddhist lion a spirit-beast. Its connection with Egyptian mythology. Curious superstitions in connection with it. Its possession of certain characteristics of Buddha. Pp. 1 12-122

Chapter VII. Historical References To Dogs Of Pekingese Type

Ancient Chinese small dogs. Early Chinese trade with Europe. Importation of pet dogs during the T'ang Dynasty. The Lo-Chiang or Pug dog. References to pet dogs during the Sung, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Relations with Europe during the latter Dynasties. Pp. 123-142

Chapter VIII. Evolution Of The Pekingese Type

The first imperial pet-dogs not lion-dogs. First mention of lion-dog in the Sung Dynasty. Maltese dogs. Reason for popularity of " lion-dogs " at the Manchu Court. Increase of popularity up to the Tao Kuang period. First recorded importation to Europe. Dogs of the late Empress Dowager.

Chapter IX

Importance of head-characteristics. Two types of head in China. Head colours. Nose. Eyes. Tongue. Size of dogs. Mouth and cheeks. Bodydevelopment. Legs. Specialisation of Pekingese breeds during Tao Kuang period. Coat. Colour. Albinos. The spot. Spectacles. Special markings. Docking of tails. ^P- ^S5'^(>S

xii

CONTENTS

Chapter X. The Chinese Pug

Probable early introduction into Europe. Popularity of pugs in Europe. Possible origin in Szechuan. The Lo-Chiang dog. Its elasticity of skin. Forehead wrinkles. " Button " ears. Tail. Pp. 166-17 1

Chapter XI. The "japanese" Dogs

Introduction into Japan from China. European intercourse with Japan. Early Portuguese, Dutch and British trade. Possible Eastern origin of the King Charles spaniel. First recorded importation of Japanese dogs. Pp. 172-180

Chapter XII. The Chinese Lion Dog

Tibet. Historical notes. The name applied by the Chinese to any long-coated dog. Presentation of lion-dog by the Tibetans to the Manchu Emperors. The European lion-dog. Two varieties of lion-dog in China. Their characteristics. Pp. 1 8 1- 1 87

Chapter XIII. Toy Dogs In Chinese Art

Paintings on porcelain. Pictures mostly modern. Shen Chen-hn. Typepictures. Paintings mostly conventional. Pictures always full of symbolism and usually designed to convey wishes of good fortune. Examples of the wishes conveyed. Pp. 188-195 xm

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

IN COLOUR

To face tou

Modern Pekingese Dog, Shen Chen-lin. {Frontispiece)

Hunting Scene, Ch'ien Lung Period 46

Hunting Scene, Ch'ien Lung Period 60

Hunting Scene, Ch'ien Lung Period 78 Painting from a Scroll of a Hundred Pekingese Dogs, Tao Kuang

Period, after Tsou Yi-Kwei, K'ang Hsi Period 80 & 81

Pekingese Dog, from an Imperial Dog Book. Painter unknown 146

White Pekingese, from an Imperial Dog Book. Painter unknown 146 Pekingese Dog, By Tsou Yi-Kwei, Vice-Minister of Board of Rites,

from an Imperial Dog Book 156 Chinese Pug, from an Imperial Dog Book.^Tsou Yi-Kwei, K'ang Hsi

Period , 156

IN BLACK AND WHITE

To face tane

Altar of Erh Lang, Peking 32

Chinese Dog Breeder, Lung Fu Ssu Market, Peking 48

Relief Band on Vase, Hsiao T'ang Shan 56

Relief Band on Vase, Han Period 58

Kansu Greyhounds 74

Mastiff Tomb-Dog in Terra-Cotta, T'ang Period 74

Kansu Greyhound 74

Chinese Royal-coated Greyhound 74

Pottery Mastiff, in side and front view, Han Period 76 Lamaist Lion (Male), Bronze, Yung Ho Kung (Lama Temple, Peking),

Ch'ien Lung Period 90

Stone Lamaist Lion, Tien an Men 90 The Animal World Reverencing a Sacred Tree, Relief from East Gate,

Sanchi (India), about 140 b.c. 90

Ming Seal 90

Bronze Lion, Sung Period 90

Ming Seal 90

Bronze Lion, Ming Period 90

Bronze Lion, Ming Period 90

Ivory Seal, Ming Period 90 Iron Lions before the Temple of Chiao Chun, God of Cookery, Peking,

1665, K'ang Hsi Period 94

Lamaist Bronze Lions (Modern) 94

Porcelain Lions Ming Period 98

XV

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Te face jiat'

Terra-Cotta Incense Burners, Ming Period 98

Lions in Lacquered Wood, Shop Front, Peking 100

Lions in Blackwood, Peking 100

Wooden Lion, Peking 104 Lion Figures Guarding a Corner of Pavilion-Roof, Summer Palace,

Peking 104 Stone Pedestal of Pailou, Built by the Emperor Yung Lou, Ming Tombs, near Peking. Ethereal Lions with the Embroidered Ball

and Tape-like Cords 104

Iron Lions, Yao Wang Temple, Peking 104

Lioness, Lama Temple, Peking 104

Lion, Lama Temple, Peking 104

Tibetan Lion (Female), K'ang Hsi Period. Italian Legation, Peking 112

Tibetan Lion (Male), K'ang Hsi Period. Italian Legation, Peking 112

Buddhist Lion- Masque, Peking, 1914 116

Buddhist Lion-Masque, Peking, 1914 116

Japanese Lion- Masque Players in Porcelain 116

Buddhist Lion-Masque, Peking, 1914 118

Bronze Incense Burner, Sung Period 120

Silver Snuff Bottle 120

Pair of Ivory Opium Boxes 120 Miniature Bronze Lion and a Corean " Purify Heart Pill " (Lion's

Milk Pill) 120

Wen Shu (Manjusri) Buddha Riding on a Lion (Huang Ssu, near Peking) 122 An Imperial Dog Scroll, Painted By Miao Su-Chiun, Instructress in

Painting to the Late Empress Dowager, dated September, 1890 126

Painting, K'ang Period, Signed " Respectfully Presented." Leng Mei 128

Short-Coated " Pekingese," Modern 132 Back of Chinese Hand Mirror, Tao Kuang Period (about 1850), Painted

ON Silk 132

Porcelain Dogs from Peking, Tao Kuang Period 140

Chinese Pug Dog, from an Imperial Dog Book 140

Shen Chuan, by High Official of K'ang Hsi (early) Period 140

Porcelain Dogs from Peking, Tao Kuang Period 140 Painting by the Imperial Brush of Tzu Hsi, Empress Dowager, in the

Ninth Year of T'ung Chih (1870) 142

Nine Buddhist Lions 148

Porcelain Bowls with Eight Dogs, Tao Kuang Period (Pa-erh Kou) 148

Porcelain Snuff Bottles, Peking 148

" Ho YuN, 1820 Chiu Ching." Chin Shih, Toong Chu 158

Chinese Picture (recent) used in Breeding 158

Cloth Lantern Cover. Shen Chen-lin 160 Silk Fan Signed " Shen Lin," 1901, after the style of the Yuan Dynasty

Chinese Fan 160

Chiu Shih Toong Chu Fan, Tao Kuang Period 160 Lacquer Picture of Pekingese Dogs, Pah-erh Kou, K'ang Hsi Period,

1662-1723 164 Panel Marked " Three Divided Flowers " Dog, Tao Kuang Period, AFTER Lu Pao Shun, Painter of the Ming Period. Hsing Ke T'u

(Hsing and the Pigeons) 164

xvi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

To fai,e iJii^c

Lo-szE Dog, " Shen Chen-lin.' i68

Chinese Lo-sze or Pug Dog, Peking, 1914 168

Chinese Lion Dog, Peking 182

Chinese Lion Dog 182

Lion Dog, from an Imperial Dog Book 182 Lion Dog, from the Portrait of Dorothy Brereton, Second Wife of

Sir Peter Leigh of Lyme, 161 5 182

The Lion Dog 182

Chiu Shih Toong Chu, Probably Tao Kuang Period 188

Fan (Hsing Ke T'u) 188

Porcelain Snuff Bottle 188

Amber Snuff Bottles with Interior Painting 188

Porcelain Snuff Bottle, Tao Kuang Period 188

Chinese Bowl, Peking 190

Chinese Teacup and Cover, Tao Kuang Period 190

Porcelain Face-Powder Box from Peking 190 Porcelain Snuff Bottle from Peking, Shih-Tzu Kun Hsiu Chiu. Lion

Rolls Embroidered Ball 194

Chinese Snuff Bottle (Tai Shih, Shao Shih), Tao Kuang Period 194

Chinese Snuff Bottle (Tai Shih, Shao Shih), Tao Kuang Period 194

Chinese Snuff Bottles (Recent) San Yu T'u (Three Friends Pictures) 194

XVll

TABLE OF DATES

f Chou Dynasty.

, , I Date of Assur-bani-pal (Assyrian) reliefs at Nineveh.

557. Birth of Buddhae

551. Birth of Confucius.

326. Alexander the Great invaded India after conquering Persia. Greek Art introduced into North India.

•^ I Asoka, great patron of Buddhism, reigned in India .

200. Chinese capital was Hsianfu.

150. Approximate date of Hsiao T'ang Shan (Han period) reliefs. >

A.D.

100. Jalandha Council. Buddhism divided into Northern and Southern.

300. Chinese capital was Lohyang.

420. Chinese capital was Hanking.

500. Buddhism preached by Chinese emperors.

552. Advent of Buddhism in Japan. 600. Chinese capital was Hsianfu. 618. Beginning of the T'ang Dynasty.

632. Buddhism first actively propagated in Tibet.

632-"! During this period Syrian, Christian, Nestorian and Assyrian Myths were

747./ probably incorporated with Buddhism to make up Lamaism.

Tenth Century. There were Five Monarchies having capitals at Kaifengfu, Loh-yang, Ta Ming (Chi-li), Tai Yuen, Si-Ngan, and Peking at various periods. 1 153. Chinese capital was moved to Peking. 1206-)

1253. Kublai Khan went to Tibet and brought back Lamaism

llzs'} ^'"S Dynasty. .

1644. Capture of Peking by the Manchus.

1662. Chinese Emperor K'ang Hsi came to the throne.

1723. Chinese Emperor Yung Ching came to the throne.

1736. Chinese Emperor Ch'ien Lung came to the throne.

1793. Lord Macartney's Embassy to Peking.

1796. Chinese Emperor Chia Ch'ing came to the throne.

1821. Chinese Emperor Tao Kuang came to the throne.

1851. Chinese Emperor Hien Feng came to the throne.

1862 Chinese Emperor Kuang Su came to the throne.

xix t Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty.

Chapter I Eastern Dogs In Early Times

THE dog is believed, on evidence furnished by cave deposits, to have been introduced into Europe by neolithic peoples,* and to have been about the size of an ordinary shepherd's dog.f

Geological research being in its infancy in China, it is too much to hope that similar information as to introduction of the dog into China will become available for some time. It is known, from literary sources, that the Chinese has been an agricultural race from its earliest days. It has always considered agriculture to be the root of its existence. It must, however, have been to some extent pastoral, though the valley of the Yellow River, in which the Chinese first settled, was probably well wooded at the time of arrival. Dogs were, no doubt, used for the defence of the home, for the herding of sheep and cattle, and for the chase.

In Japan geological research has been assisted by scientific examination of numerous dolmen and lake deposits similar to those found in England. The well-known writer, Brinkley, states that the early Japanese were derived from two swarms of colonists, both coming from Siberia, their arrival being separated by a long interval, the first cave-dwellers and the second the Ainu, who used stone implements and practised cannibalism. Among the amusements confined to men,

* Professor Boyd Dawkins, " Cave Hunting," pp. 256-7.

f Professor Rolleston, " Scientific Papers and Addresses," p. 522.

A I cock-fighting and hunting were most practised. Large tracts of the country were still unreclaimed, deer and wild-boar abounded. These were driven by beaters into open spaces, there to be pursued by men on horseback with bows and arrows. In the fourth century the pastime of hawking was introduced. It came from Korea, a king of that country having sent a present of falcons to the Emperor of Japan.*

One theory as to the evolution of domestic dogs is that they were tamed at approximately the same period by several branches of the human race from the local wolf or jackal, and that to this must be traced the fact that in certain areas the native dog resembles the local wolf. Modern geological research, however, indicates that certain races of early man had no domestic dogs. According to Professor Geikie,f the dog was not part of the indigenous fauna of Europe in Palasolithic times, and was introduced in Neolithic times by tribes who migrated, probably from Central Asia, into the European continent. Similarly the domestic cat arrived in England only at a period which was very late, in Saxon times. In early Neolithic or late Palseolithic times certain tribes which were in contact with the jackal-like C. mikii of the period, in an environment which favoured co-operation in the chase, captured the young of that animal, and because of the human ability to throw stones, to tie knots, and to use sticks, established such an ascendancy as to take full advantage of canine possibilities as watchers, as destructors of refuse, as food in time of need, and as assistants in the scenting out and pursuit of game. The tribes which first domesticated the dog were probably the first to domesticate the sheep and the ox. Geologists place the first known human remains as dating from at least 400,000 years B.C. Consequently,

* " Japan and China,'' vol. i, Captain F. Brinkley. t " Text-book of Geology," vol. ii. p. 1356.

there was plenty of time for the race which first made progress in the domestication of the dog to take advantage of its discovery, which in those days was of a relative value far more important than all the discoveries of modern science, and possibly constituted a determining factor in early successful migrations, perhaps even in the migration of the Neolithics into Europe. C.palustris of the lake dwellings of the Neolithic period seems, according to Elliott, to be a slightly

% Wi

ENGRAVING OF A DOG ENGRAVING OF A WOLF

(from MAO SHIH) (from MAO SHIH)

From "Chinese Pottery of the Han Dynasty." By Berthold Laufer.

modified form of C. mikii. These partially domestic dogs of the neolithics would, no doubt, occasionally cross with the local wild dogs and wolves. " Prince Poutiatini discovered near Lake Bologoia in Russia a deposit of early Post-Glacial age which included a very dog-like wolf, which has been called after him C. poutiatini. The interesting point about it is the great elevation and width of the skull as compared with modern or extinct wolves. It is closely allied to the dingo of Australia and to the half-wild dog of Java (C tengerratius). Others suppose that an Indian wild-dog was the chief dog ancestor. Dogs of an Abyssinian species, of Egypt and of Majorca, are very like it. A curious point with regard to the further history of C. poutiatini under domestication is that his brain seems to have increased in size, undergoing much the same experience as that of man himself,"*

The position as regards domestication of the dog in China is well summed up by Bertold Laufer : f " We do not possess any historical records of any literature regarding the early domestication of animals, and therefore we should not expect to find such in China. The ' six domesticated animals ' of the Chinese — horse, ox, pig, sheep, dog, and fowl — existed in and with the nation when it appeared on the stage of history. They were there, and later historians could not explain their origin. They took them as one of the facts which cannot be accounted for, and as altogether too plain and natural to require discussion. In short, what has become a problem to our modern science was not a problem at all to them. Huang Ti is credited with the taming of bears, leopards, panthers, lynxes, and tigers, which he employed in battle against his adversaries ; but the simple question of training dogs remained untouched even by legend. The dog has doubtless been a constituent of Chinese culture since most ancient times, which is all that we are able to state with safety. The question as to who were the domesticators of the dog in Eastern Asia must naturally remain unanswered, at least from the standpoint of history."

Laufer describes and figures J a bronze " tazza " of the Chou dynasty, upon which are engraved animals to the number of one hundred, including dogs. This is believed to be the oldest representation extant of dogs in China. Unfortunately the " tazza " is small in dimensions, and the drawings, though of artistic value, are imaginative and probably defective as accurate representations of the dogs of the period. The dogs figured appear to be of two or, perhaps,

* " Prehistoric Man and his Story," C. F. Scott Elliot, p. 197.

f " Chinese Pottery of the Han Dynasty," Laufer, p. 251.

J P. 150. From an engraving in the " Hsi ch'ing ku chien," Book 29, p. 26.

three kinds : one, diminutive, short-tailed, with erect ears ; another, long-bodied and long-tailed, long-legged, also with erect ears ; and a third of sturdier build, also long- tailed, and with erect ears.

It has been remarked by zoologists that the semidomestic dogs of the early inhabitants of many regions of the earth closely resemble the wolf races of the same regions, with these differences, that the domesticated dog is able to bark, while the wolf is able only to howl, and that in the wolf the position or form of the eye is oblique, while the dog has a circular pupil. The wolf is found throughout China. Very few specimens, however, have been secured, and the Chinese races have never been studied by scientists. Similar remarks hold good for the wild dog, or " tsai-kou " of the Chinese. Two varieties of the wild-dog (C. alpinus) occur in China, one from the Tibet-Kansu borderland, the other from the Manchurian forests. They are closely related to

BHONZE TAZZA (FROM HSI CH'ING KU CHIEN)

From " Chiaese Pottery oJ the Han Dynasty.". By Berthold Laufer.

the red dog of the Deccan,* The race is found in many parts of China. In size and build it is smaller than the common Chinese grey wolf. Its coloration is almost as varied as that of the domestic dog. In Yunnan Province as many as two or three individuals differing in colour have been seen near one village at one time in winter. It is not known to form packs, and is rarely seen in summer. Its cry resembles the howl of the domestic dog.

Among the Aryans the shepherd's dog, the house-dog, and the vagrant dog, comparable to the homeless begging friar, were specially protected by religious ordinances. The keeping back of their food or the giving of bad food to them was a crime punishable with many stripes. " For it is the dog, of all the creatures of the good spirit, that most quickly decays into age, while not eating near eating people, and watching goods none of which it receives. Bring ye unto him milk and fat with meat ; this is the right food for the dog." t

" Whenever one eats bread one must put aside three mouthfuls and give them to the dogs ... for among all the poor than is none poorer than the dog." J

A further remark by Berthold Laufer deals with the possible wolf-origin of certain breeds of Chinese dogs :

" Most interesting in this connexion is a passage in the ' Tso chuan,' § ' To the Jung and Ti, the wolf is not an object of dislike,' by which is meant, apparently, that the wolf was not dreaded by these presumably Turkish tribes, and was accustomed to live in the neighbourhood of human dwellings.

* Soweihy, Journ. N.C.B.R.A.Soc, vol. xlvii.

t Zend Avesta, " Sacred Books of the East," vol. iv., p. 158.

J Saddar, 31 ; Hyde, 35.

§ Given in the " Mao shih ming wu t'u shuo " (Book II, p. 3), under the description of the wolf, where again it is quoted after the book of Hsing Ping (932-1010) : Giles, " Biographical Dictionary," p. 296.

This reminds us of Jaschke's remark, that the Tibetan wolves, where more numerous — as, for instance, in Spiti — commit ravages among sheep, but are otherwise not much dreaded by man, and, like the wolf in general, they are easily tamed. If we compare in the above-mentioned book, ' Mao shih,' etc., the picture of the wolf with that of the dog (mang*), a striking resemblance between the two is noticeable as regards shape of head, mouth, and body, legs, claws, tail, and hairiness. The mang is mentioned as early as the ' Shih king,' and must therefore have been known to the Chinese at an early date. It now seems questionable whether the Tibetans are to be looked upon as the trainers of the mastiff ; if not, rather ancient Turkish tribes tamed the wolf — an animal with which they were always quite familiar, and which played an eminent role in their tribal traditions and creation myths f — at a much earlier period. Of the fact that the dog in general was known in the South-Siberian bronze age, we possess wellauthenticated archaeological evidence in a bronze plaque representing a hunter accompanied by two dogs. In this connexion it is worthy of note that a fierce kind of dog, called p'i ngan (usually translated ' bull-dog '), whose picture is painted on the doors of jails because of his ability as a watchdog, is said to originate from the land of the Turks.

* The " Shuo wen " (a.d. ioo) gives the following names of dogs, and their definitions :

Hsien (or lien) is a black dog with yellow chin.

Mang is a dog with plenty of hair.

Hsien (character sUghtly different from above) is a dog that barks incessantly.

Ao is a dog that knows man's heart, and can accordingly be utilized. (See Laufer,

The " Erh Ya " states that a dog with long snout is called hsien or lien ; one with a short snout, hsieh hsiao. According to the ' Shih King,' both are hunting dogs (Couvreur's edition, p. 134). The " Erh Ya " also states that the chao is a dog of great strength.

" Other evidence pointing to the same fact is found in the peculiar ' dog of the kind which is found with the barbarians Ti,' mentioned by Ssu-ma Ch'ien. And if the country of Lii, which sent the hound ao, was a branch of the Western Jung, everything is indeed apt to show that these large extraordinary dogs, including the mastiffs — if the term mang may be identified with the latter — came from Turkish regions. It is noteworthy, too, that, according to the dictionary ' Shuo wen ' (a.d. I go), the land of the Hsiung nu (Huns) possessed a special kind of dog, called chiao, with large mouth and black body, which characteristics are essential to the mastiff. For the rest, the definition of the chiao appears as a fabulous animal in the ' Shan hai king ' : ' On the nephrite hills there is an animal of a shape like a dog, striped like a panther, and with horns like an ox ; it is called chiao ; its voice is like that of a barking dog ; in the country where it appears dogs will be abundant.' In a book, ' Jui ying t'u,' occurs now the interesting passage that the Hsiung nu offered panther-dogs with pointed mouth, red body, and four feet. Whether these latter animals were mastiffs or not — red colour occurs with them, in fact — it is evident that the Hsiung nu possessed extraordinary dogs, which arrived also in China."

The chase was of prime interest to the ancient Chinese, and there are numerous references to sporting dogs in their earlier literature. The first Emperors known to history organized hunting expeditions, with levies from every district, four times a year, chiefly with a view to training their men for war. There are, unfortunately, few descriptions of the breeds of hunting dogs used, yet it is known that the Emperors set great value on them. The " Tribute Decrees for the four Quarters " * records that a Grand Councillor of the Emperor T'ang, who lived about 1760 B.C., counselled his master to

* " Yuan Chuan Lei Han," vol. cdxxxvi, " Dogs," second part.

take from the Due South (of Honan) country " square " dogs as tribute. The Chinese monarchs of the period, perhaps, shared the zoological tastes of the potentates of Assyria, such as Tiglath-Pileser, who collected all kinds of beasts for his menageries at a period about 1200 B.C. Dogs, both large and of small size, are known, from the Egyptian bas-reliefs, to have existed in even earlier days.*f They also existed in South America. J There is nothing to indicate whether the Chinese " square " dogs were large or small.

The Books of Shang mention the sending as tribute of a hound or hounds, perhaps, according to Chinese commentators quoted by Legge, bloodhounds, called " ao " (pronounced as ough in bough), " knowing the mind of man and capable of being employed " by the wild tribe of Leu in the West " by way of instruction " to the young king. King Woo, probably about 1 120 B.C. Commenting on this fact the Chinese classics laid the foundation upon which Chinese foreign policy was destined, for thirty centuries and more, to be based : " A prince should not do what is unprofitable to the injury of that which is profitable, and then his merit may be completed. He should not value strange things to the contemning of things that are useful, and then his people will be able to supply all his needs. Even dogs and horses which are not native to his country he will not keep ; fine birds and strange animals he will not nourish in his kingdom. When he does not look

* " Helps to Study of the Bible," plate Ixx.

f Dr. S. Birch behaved the spaniel to be identified on the early Egyptian monuments. M. B. Wynne, " History of the Mastiff," 1886, p. 37.

I " Dogs were used for hunting, and it is noteworthy that remains of three kinds of dog, all differing from that of Europe, have been found on the coast. The largest of these was an animal of medium size with slender head and legs, and was probably used for watching the house (and, in the interior, the herds), and for hunting. The second was a short-legged dog, somewhat resembling a dachshund, which, to judge from a vase-painting, was also used in the chase. The third was a kind of pug, probably kept as a lap-dog." " South American Archaeology," Joyce [Peru], Macmillan, 1912.

on foreign things as precious, foreigners will come to him ; when that which is precious to him is worth, his own people near at hand will enjoy repose." *

Nothing is known of the situation of the Leu country, and the dogs are not described by any reliable Chinese authority. Other Chinese commentators state that these dogs were " Four feet (ancient feet, that is) high," but the authority of such commentators, who wrote in some cases hundreds of years after destruction of the original text, is doubtful. Laufer considers that the Leu were one of the numerous branches of the Turkish tribes.

German writers f have gone so far as to base upon this record a totally unjustified statement that the dogs of Leu were Thibetan mastiffs, and on this slender testimony have built up an elaborate theory to the effect that the Chinese dog is of Thibetan origin, and that the canine race in China is derived from Western countries. These German writers have omitted to take into consideration the fact that up to the seventh century a.d. there was no such country as Thibet, and the people who occupied the region at present called by that name consisted of unknown nomad tribes, having no recorded history, for the foundation of civilized monarchy in Thibet was laid only in a.d. 652. They were steeped in barbarism, and devoid of any written language.

Chavannes, quoting from the " Annals of Ssu-ma Ch'ien," states that the Emperor Chou Hsin (1154-1123 B.C.) of the Yin dynasty, in ill repute on account of his extravagance and debauchery, maintained a great number of dogs, horses, and rare objects, and filled his palaces with them. J

* Legge's " Chinese Classics," vol. iii, Part V, Book V.

t Chavannes, " Les memoires historiques de Se-ma Ts'ien," vol. i, p. 200.

An ofRcial record * of the Chow Dynasty (about looo B.C.) remarks, " From the Southern (of Shansi) States the yearly tribute included amber, pearls, ivory, rhinoceros' horns, kingfishers' feathers, cranes, and short dogs." The nature of the other products clearly indicates that these dogs came from South China, though it is just possible that some of them may have originated from more distant countries, travelling by the sea route.

Under primitive conditions the dog was, no doubt, more than the friend of man. He was his ally, useful for protection, necessary alike for the guarding of his herds and the taking of his prey. It was only when man, by agriculture and his other arts, had improved his position sufficiently to become independent, that he began to give the dog a bad name, certain religions, such as the Jewish and Mohammedan, banning the race as abominable and unclean. In the whole of Jewish history there is not a single allusion to hunting with dogs, Jewish prejudice was, no doubt, largely due to the exaggerated idolatry practised to the race from time immemorial by the Egyptians, hereditary enemies of the Jews.

The beneficent dog-headed divinity Anubis, originally a jackal-type, and later represented by the dog as his emblem, was among the Egyptians, servant, messenger, and custodian of the gods, lord of the cemetery and of the underworld. Temples were consecrated to him throughout the land, and his image was borne in all religious ceremonies. This dog-worship was not confined to Egypt, for the Greeks adopted it, and a Roman emperor carried the god Anubis in the feasts of Isis. Herodotus, speaking of the sanctity in which some animals were held by the Egyptians, to whom the appearance of the watchful dog-star Sirius, " Latrator Anubis," above the horizon was the signal that their flocks had to be removed