The Baptist system examined, the church vindicated, the church vindicated, and sectarianism rebuked

Front matter

5 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.

t [SMITHSONIAN IBEFOSIT,]

I UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 'f

Contents

OHAPTEE. PAGE.

I. Subject of the Review described, and

the Baptist system stated .... 9

Chapter I

Richard Fuller--^liis assault upon the great body of the church — his system*

Richard Fuller, we believe, is a gentle* man of fortune, an ex-lawyer, a doctor of divinity, a minister in a congregation of Baptists in the city of Baltimore, and a man of distinction among the people who delight to honor him as their champion. He professes to write in a catholic and fraternal spirit ; and bating a few of his fundamental posi-

' * " Baptism, and the Terms of Communion : An Argument, by Eichard Fuller. Second edition, Charleston: Southern Baptist Publication Society." pp. 251»

tions, we are glad to see him thus improving upon the temper of the Carsons, Broadduses and others, whose oft exploded ratiocinations on this controversy he has so diligently collected and reproduced. He avows himself ^^a Baptist on principle, and not in sectarian'- ism nor bigotry ;^^ that is, he claims to be an exception to Baptists generally, who, if we are to take the implications of his own avowal, are both sectarian and bigoted. How far he is entitled to this special exemption, may be fairly ascertained from the zeal with which he insists, that all who are not immersed are outside of the church which Christ instituted, unworthy of being admitted to the Lord's Supper, neglecting a positive command of the Son of God, and in alarming danger of eternal death. To which of the twelve tribes of Baptists in our country Mn Fuller belongs, he does not tell us ; but rather insinuates, that he does not exactly coincide with either class of this multifarious progeny. This is, at least, one way of excusing himself from responsibility for some of the more disagreeable features of the system which he advocates ; and whatever exceptions we may take to his doctrines or his logic, we readily accord to him the tact and shrewdness of an accomplished dialectician. His "argument," to those unacquainted with the subject, bears an air of plausibility about it very well calculated to make an impression. His dexterous evasions of the real matters in dispute, his subtle management to pass off for granted the very thins^s to be proven, his array of learned authorities upon points which nobody denies, and the whining affectation in which he commends the Baptists, or rather himself, to popular sympathy, to say nothing of his misrepresentations and unreliable quotations, give to his book a certain factitious force, to which his cause is by no means entitled, and which, by Divine help, we propose to reduce to its real nothingness.

We have for Dr. Fuller, personally, none but the kindest feelings. We trust he is conscientious and sincere. His carrying of the mere lawyer into theology, and his resort to very questionable means to sway the unsuspecting and uninformed, are doubtless to be mainly attributed to the force of habit and education, and to the mistakes, to say nothing worse, of those whom he has chosen as his guides. Neither do we love controversy. It pains us as much to be driven into these contentions about sacred things, as it pains Dr. Fuller and his friends to exclude us from ^ the table of the Lord. To him, however, belongs the distinction of being the aggressor — the prosecutor in this cause. Having ventured solemnly and emphatically to charge one hundred and ninety out of every two hundred of the great household of Christ with the downright violation of one of the plainest and most positive commands of the Saviour — with entire alienation from the visible church — and with the occupancy of a position of risk and jeopardy enough to alarm any serious mind, — there is no alternative left us, but to surrender to him the liberty which we have in Christ Jesus, or to take up one of the swords which he has crossed before us. We have no fault to find with him or his friends for choosing to perform their baptisms by immersion. This is a liberty of which we have no wish to deprive him. But to the arrogant assumptions with which he seeks to unchurch us, and to put us in danger of losing heaven, we will not give place by subjection, no not for an hour, that the truth of the gospel may not be wrested from us. If he is disposed to complain that his teachings should be controverted, let him not forget the daring assault that he has made upon the faith and hope of millions of God's children ; and if he should feel himself incommoded by the resistance that he shall meet, let him remember that he made the first breach of the peace.

To those familiar with the Baptist controversy, it is hardly necessary to slate the nature of the system which Dr. Fuller's '^argument" is designed to sustain. It is that maintained by Christ-ians,Campbelliles,Tunkers, Millerites, and all other Baptists. We do not attribute to Dr. Fuller all the vagaries and heresies of the parties named ; but simply that the system he supports is that supported in common by all Baptists. But 2* as he disclaims being a Baptist in the departnients of " sectarianism and bigotry," and is very solicitous that his reviewers should quote him fairly, it may be as well once for all to show what his position is.

1. Dr. Fuller maintains, that the command of Christ to baptize is a command to immerse. ** The question before us then is this, What does bapiizo mean ? I answer, it means ivimerse; this I affirm positively." '' The assertion that baptizo has different meanings " he pronounces *' puerility " and " folly ;" p. 14, 15. "Baptizo always denotes a total immersion;" p. 19. "I have ascertained the meaning of baptizo. It signifies to immerse, and has no other meaning;^^ pi 25. " In commanding his disciples to be baptized, Jesus knew what act he enjoined, and he could have been at no loss for a word clearly to express his meaning. If Jesus meant immerse, and nothing else, the word was baptizo. This is the word he has used, and which the Holy Spirit always employs when the rite of baptism is mentioned ;'' p. 31. "The word baptizo has but one meaning, and always signifies immerse f^ p. 45. " I propose the following questions to my reader's conscience : Is it possible to doubt what Christ intends when he uses the word haptizo ? Is sprinkling, or pouring, baptism? Is it not a fearful thing to alter an ordinance instituted by the Lord Jesus?" p. 49. *'As to baptism, iJie very thing, the only act he commands, is immersion;^' p. 50. *' Jesus commands his disciples to be immersed ;" p. 70.

2. Dr. Fuller maintains, that all such as have not been immersed are unbaptized, and delinquent with respect to a positive command of Christ.

He evinces a singular cautiousness and reserve as to the plain and categorical avowal of this inevitable consequence of his first position. But the evidence that this is his doctrine is so clear, as well upon the face as in the very marrow of his argument, that he will not dare to disclaim it. " No one can partake of the Supper," says he, " who is not a member in a visible church." *' Baptism is a pre-requisite to admission into a visible church properly organized ;" p. 229. And when he comes to consider why all but Baptists are excluded from his communions in the Supper, the grand difficulty which he assigns is, '* we cannot admit to the Supper tho^e whom we regard as unhaptized, however much, &c. . . To do this" (that is, to permit common Christians to unite in the supper with Baptists,) " would be to declare such jpersons qualified 'for membership in our churches; which would he to admit memhers without baptism; which would be to abolish baptism altogether !" p. 237.

3. Dr. Fuller maintains that to refuse to be immersed is a disobedience to a positive command, involving a degree of criminality making the prospect of final salvation to those who are not immersed exceedingly problematical.

This is another position in which he is very unsteady. Now he half affirms it, and then half denies it. Here he recognizes us as his dear brethren in Christ, and there he points with horror to our dreadful danger by reason of our disobedience ; at the same time repeating in a solemn undertone those fearful words, " The Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with his mighty angels in flaming fire, taking vengeance upon them that know not God and that ohey not the gospel ;" p. 105. Why all this trepidation and hesitation to "face the music?" Why not out boldly and fairly with the whole thing ? We are either Christians entitled to heaven, or we are not. If we are Christians, then all this ado about baptizo and immersion is sheer nonsense; and the unimmersed, if obedient in other respects, are as good and as safe as the immersed, whether they have gone un.der once or thrice, backwards or forwards. If Dr. Fuller is willing to admit this, he surrenders his cause and the controversy is at an end ; if he does not admit it, then he maintains that the salvation of the unimmersed is exceedingly problematical and can have no good hope of meeting any of them in heaven. Is this his doctrine ? Hear him : " My dear reader, . . the matter before you is not an abstraction ; it is a plain duty, which meets you at the very thresliold of the Christian course, and which you may not evade without insult to the Saviour and peril to your soul;" p. 105. <*Do not say we lay too much stress on baptism. . Upon this point I adjure you not to upbraid us, but to ohey Christ;^^ p. 101. "I regard baptism just as I do any other command ; and / dare not trench upon God's prerogative and decide what is to he the consequence in eternity of disobedience to any command;^' p. 104. ^^ Is it not a fearful thing to alter an ordinance instituted by the Lord Jesus?'' p. 49.

We do not suppose that Dr. Fuller will pronounce these quotations unfair. If these points do not set forth the'^ssence of his system, he has none, and his *^ argument" is a mere beating of the air. We do not therefore misrepresent him when we say, that according to his teaching, Christ has commanded men to be immersed, and all those who are not immersed are outside of the pale of the visible church, and in great danger of losing their souls; that not to be immersed is disobedience to Christ, involving unfitness for participation in the Holy Sup* per, and laying the foundation of a reasonable apprehension of excluvsion from heaven.

All this we most emphatically deny. Here then we join issues, and lei the world de*- cide between us.

Chapter II

Prima facia considerations against Dr. FuU ler'^s System— Gospel Liberty — The testis mony of the great body of the church for many ages---^ The true signification of Baptism.

Before proceeding to analyze Dr. Fuller's argument, we desire to advert to a few a priori and prima facia considerations, which weigh so strongly against his arrogant assumptions as to require the most solid and inflexible proof to set them aside.

1. The whole gospel system is a system of liberty. It was so predicted: Is. 42 : 1; 6L 1. It was so proclaimed by its first preachers: Rom* 7 : 6 ; 8 : 2 ; Gal. 5:1. It is specially presented as a s}'stem of freedom from the bondage of burdensome ceremonies: Gal 4: 3-7. Paul says expressly, ^' If ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments of the world, why, as though living in the world, are ye subject to ordinances ?" Col. 2 : 20. " Why is my liberty judged of another man's conscience ?'' 1 Cor. 10 : 29. '' Stand fast there* fore in the liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free, and be not entangled again with the yoke of bondage." Gal. 5:1. And how dissonant with this "perfect law of liberty" — how subversive of the free spirit of the gospel — how like the old bondage to grievous ceremonies— and how unlikely to be a part of the glorious economy of grace—- to have all its sublime blessings bound up in, and made dependent on, the miserable little external accident of being far enough in the waters of baptism to have them close for an instant over our heads ! How utterly foreign to the whole strain and spirit of " the better covenant," that even the least of its precious promises should be thus linked with such a mere puncto of outward ceremony ! Surely the thing is so grossly incongruous with all that relates to the nature of a system preeminently spiritual and gracious, that it cannot be entertained for a moment, except upon the clearest and most unexceptionable proofs. 2. The vast body of christian people for many ages, including multitudes whose 3 names the church wears upon her heart,-<- men as conscientious, holy, studious, learn-* ed, and gifted by the Spirit as any that ever sunk beneath the waters-^men who fought the battles of the Lord, and won to themselves renown as wide as Christendom and lasting as the world, — have maintained, that there is no law requiring Christians to be immersed, and were themselves never im* mersed.

Are we to believe that they were all unbaptized — ^all unqualified to commune in the holy Supper — all unfit for membership in our churches— all fundamentally wrong in their views, and that it is doubtful whether any of them have reached heaven? How can we thus asperse their fame, and insult their memories and their graves? How dare we thus sunder the ( ords of sympathy that bind us to our fathers, and extinguish the glowing hope of meeting them in glory. Well does Dr. Fuller speak of this as ^* a matter which is pawfui;^^ and the very painfulness of it is a presumption against the truth of his system- — a presumption which is not to be set aside except by the resistless power of demonstration itself. To talk of *Modged and incurable prejudices," does not mend the matter, but only adds a deeper tinge of sadness to our contemplations of the honored dead. If our illustrious ancestors were in error — if tbe world's great lights were so far from the truth as the Baptist theory teaches — let us not be taunted by the mockery of consolation that theirs was a willful blindness. We are sorry to find Dr. Fuller in such " hot haste" to pass from this point the very moment he touches it. It is a great and interesting inquiry — one which, next to that of our own personal salvation, is the most important and absorbing involved in this debate. To declare it •' impertinent" is not to prove it so ; and if Dr. Fuller is an exception among Baptists, he hereby shows that he is not so far an exception among men as to grasp a hot iron with a steady firmness. The very thought seems to appal him, and he hastes to bury it out of his own and his reader's sight. We here thrust it upon him again, not as an absolute proof of the error of his system, but as presumptive evidence against him, which must be taken as decisive, unless confronted by the most unmistakable testimony.

3. Another very strong probability against Dr. Fuller's system, arises from the scope and spiritual significance of baptism itself. It is the sacrament of regeneration and remission of sins. The command of Peter on the day of Pentecost was, " Be baptized, ev^ ery one of you, for the remission of sins;*' Acts 2 : 38. Ananias said to Paul, ^^ Arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins ;" Acts 22: 16. Jesus says, *^ Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God ;" John 3:8; a passage concerning which Wall justly says, " There is not any one Christian writer, of any antiquity, in any language, but who understands it of baptism ; and if it be not so understood, it is difficult to give an account how a person is born of water any more than born of wood.'^ Paul speaks of Christians as "saved by the washing of regeneration and renewing of the Holy Ghost,'^ as having "put off the body of the sins of the flesh ly the circumcision of Christ;^^ Tit. 3 : 5, 6 ; Col. 2:11, 13. Peter says, " Baptism doth also now save us;'*' a sacrament which he describes to be, '^ not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God ;" 1 Peter 8: 21. Christ gave himself for the church, *^that he might sanctify and cleanse it v/ith the washing of watei by the Word ;" Eph, 5: 25, 26. Irenseus styles baptism "our regeneration unto God ;" Lib. 1, cap. 18. TertuUian calls it ''the happy sacrament of water, whereby we are washed from the sins of our former blindness and recovered to eternal life;" Mason's Selections, p. 111. Origen says, "The baptism of the church is criven for the remission of sins." Auj^ustine exclaims, *' Behold ! persons are baptized, then all their sins are forgiven ;" Sermon on Rom. 8 : 30. Upon the question, *^ What are the benefits of baptism ?" Luther answers, " It works the forgiveness of sins ;" Small Cat., part 4. Calvin says, " Remission of sins is so dependent on baptism that it cannot by any means be separated from 3* it;" Inst. torn. 4, cap. 15, sec. 4. The Confession of Helvetia says, ^' To be baptized in the name of Christ is to be enrolled, entered - and received into covenant and family, and so into the inheritance of the sons of God. . Baptism, according to the institution of the Lord, is the fount of regeneration." The Bohemian Confession calls it " the sacrament of the new birth ; that is, of regeneration or washing with water in the Word of life." The Confession of France says that in it " we are ingrafted into Christ's body ; that, being washed in his blood, we may also be renewed to holiness of life." Knapp, whom Dr. Fuller quotes with so much approbation, says, ''Baptism represents purification from sins, and is designed to promote this end in the one who is baptized," Theol., vol. 2, p. 510. Flaccius says, '' Baptism, and to be baptized, means an internal washing, remission of sins and an evercontinuing renewal ;" Clavis Scrip. Sac, Art. Bapt., p. 66.

But to multiply authorities upon this point is needless. All sound theologians admit and contend that baptism, in its true acceptation, is not a mere external ordinance, but a sacrament of deep spiritual import, in which the soul is absolved from guilt and savingly incorporated with Jesus Christ.

Let us not be misunderstood. We do not maintain the doctrine ordinarily called " Baptismal Regeneration f^ i. e., we do not believe that the mere application of water to a human subject, in any mode or quantity, can wash away sins or work any subjective change in the heart. What we affirm, and what we understand to be affirmed in these quotations, is, that baptism is a thing for the soul as well as for the body ; that it fails to become true baptism unless attended or followed with spiritual experience, conformity to the baptismal vow, and that purity of heart which the water typifies; that this high spiritual conception of this sacrament is the only true conception of it, and that in this respect it carries with it the virtue and efficacy which is here ascribed to it. It is a thins: which looks wholly to the inner man, and to the relations and experiences of the spirit. It is '•not the putting away of the fi!th of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God/"

Whaty we would then ask, has quantity of water to do with these internal and spiritual things, with giving a man a good conscience or inspiring him with a new life ? The whole office of the mere wafer of baptism is to represent and typify an inward purification, a renovation of the soul, without which baptism fails to be baptism, and becomes a mere profitless, dead work. And surely no man in his senses will pretend to deny that a few handfuls of water from the crystal spring can as well symbolize purity as tons of the contents of the filthy pools or stagnant cisterns to which Baptists ordinarily invite their converts. To those who can dispute so plain a proposition we have no reply to make. And the very fact that baptism looks to a purification of the spirit and the washing away of sins, renders it almost impossible to believe for a moment that the validity and force of so spiritual a sacrament should be nfiade to depend upon tlie depth of the water used in its outward administration.

These considerations, then, weigh so much against Dr. Fuller^s system, that they must be conclusive of the case, unless the highest and most inflexible proofs can be produced to the contrary.

What sort of proofs Dr. Fuller offers will be our next object of inquiry..

Chapter III

Baptists rest every thing upon the interpretation of a single word — The force of zo in Greek — Pretended testimony of Dr. Porson.

In proceeding to examine the nature of the proofs upon which Dr. Fuller rests the claims of his proscriptive system, we are at once struck with the extraordinary fact, that his whole argument comprises nothing but a mere philological disquisition upon the meaning of one little Greek word. The entire eleven chapters devoted to this part of the subject are occupied with the one single point, what does haptizo mean ? " The matter before us," says he, " is a calm philological inquiry as to the meaning of a Greek word." "The simple inquiry is, as to the meaning of the Greek word haptizo;^^ p. 12. His interpretation of this simple word is the alpha and omega — the beginning, middle and end — the body, soul and spirit of all he has to present to prove that ninety-five hundredths of Christ's people are in a state of downright disobedience to their Lord, unfit for membership in "our churches," or to approach the Lord's Supper, and without any sure or reliable hope of final salvation. This certainly is very remarkable, that the great law of the gospel, and a point involving the eternal well-being and affecting the hopes of millions of Christian people, should be made to turn upon one little word. Is it not an astounding doctrine, that in a divine revelation, forming a library in itself, a merciful and condescending God should have suspended the issues of his sublime scheme of grace upon the doubtful import of one single Greek word ! According to the ancient prophets the way of salvation is an open " highway." in which " wayfaring men, though fools, shall not err;" Is, 35: 8— so ** plain that he may run that readeth it ;" Hab. 2 : 2— and laid down in divers forms, " precept upon precept, precept upon precept, line upon line, line upon line, here a little and there a little;" Isaiah 28: 10. But it seems, aftfer all, that we must take Dr. Fuller's say so, or go to the study of Greeks before we can learn it ; that the whole question lies in the interpretation of a Greek word ; and that we must go back to the old heathen writers to ascertain whether we are Christians, and consult the pages of Orpheus, Heraclides Ponticus, Polybius, the Greek scholiasts on Euripides and Aratus, Alcibiades, Anacreon, ^sop and Diodorus Siculus, to find out whether or not we have a good hope for heaven ! Let the reader but look at it, and consider the real nature of the question and the real character of the testimony adduced to decide it, and he will find that Dr. Fuller's argument bears an absurdity upon its face of which we would suppose no sane man with a fair mind could possibly be guilty. But as all this contains nothing very favorable to the Baptist theory, it is of course ^^ impertinent,^' diud we leave it to take a glance at those philological processes by which Dr. Fuller has ^' ascertained " that '^hapiizo signifies to immerse, and has no. other meaning."

All agree that iapiizo is a derivation of la'pto; and until Dr. Fuller told us differently, we had always supposed that the true method of reaching the meaning of a sec ondary word, was to find out the signification of its root. But it appears now, that in "a calm philological inquiry as to the meaning of a Greek word," upon which Dr. Fuller suspends such vast interests, ''we have nothing to do with hapto;'^ p. 12. Well, to Richard Fuller belongs the honor of having discovered this new canon of interpretation. How far it serves to show his claim to reliability as an expounder of the meaning of baptizo, we leave the reader to determine. We pass it without additional comment, inasmuch as he himself departs from his own canon in the very next paragraph, and attempts to make capital for his cause by assuring us, that "in the Greek language the addition of zo rather enforces than diminishes the primitive verh;^^ thus, '^sophos, wise ; sopMzo, to make wise ; la'pto, to dip ; lap^ tizo, to make one dip, that is, to immerse." Hellenic sages, hear; sophos a veri / and sophizo a word enforcing the primitive verb 4 ly the addition of zo ! What an interpreter, to show the meaning of a Greek word which, if we are to believe Dr. Fuller, concerns the Christian character and eternal hopes of almost all Christendom itself! Of his other examples to prove his theory concerning the force of zo^ we shall speak presently. For the reader unacquainted with Greek, it may be proper to state that sophos is an adjective, and that hapto and baptizo are both verbs; so that to have a complete analogy of the relation between bapto and baptizo, verbs alone can be taken into account. But whether we take radical verbs and their derivatives, or take nouns, adjectives, or any other parts of speech, and the verbs ending in zo derived from them, we shall find no earthly foundation for the force which Dr. Fuller is pleased to assign to the affix of zo; concerning which he modestly tells us that great " authors only betray their innocence of the Greek language."

So far as our humble attainments in Greek extend, and according to all the lexicographers we have been able to consult, the addition of ^0 is a mere variation of the original word without a variation of the meaning,-— as pnigo, pn?'gizOy to strangle or choke ; eu^ oreo, euortazOy to be careless or unconcerned ; biaOy hiazOy to force or compel,^ — or else it signifies a process or condition, of approximation to the action or thing signified in the original word. Take the following illustrations from nouns, adjectives and verbs. First, nouns ^^phos, light ; phofizo, to enlighten, or put in process of becoming light ; eUnouchos, a eunuch ; eunouchho, to make a eunuch, or to put in process of becoming a eunuch ; guna, genitive gunaikos, a woman ; gunaiki.zo, to i^ender womanish, or put in process of becom*. ing like a woman ; doxa, glory ; doxazo, to glorify, or put in process of becoming glorious 5 paraskeua, a state of preparation ^ paraskeuazo, to make preparation, or put in process of becoming prepared. Second, adjectives — katharosj clean ; katharizo, to cleanse, or put in process of becoming clean ; phoinios, red as blood ; phoinizo, to redden, or put in process of becoming red. Third, verbs — and here the instances are perfectly analogous to la'pto, hapiizo; plouteo, to be rich ; ploutizoj to enrich, or put in process of becoming rich ; melaneo, to be black ; melan^ izo, to be blackish, or in a condition verging towards black ; phluo^ to overflow as boiling water escaping from the kettle ; phluzo, to bubble up so as to tend towards an overflow. From these examples it would then seem, that the addition of zo in Greek corresponds exactly to the English terminations ize and isJi, which most likely have taken their origin from it ; e. g., scandal, scandalize ; blue, hluish ; italic, italicise ; wolf, wolfish, &c. Hence, if iapto means to dye, color or tinge, (as Dr. Fuller agrees,) the meaning of lap^ iizo would be about the same, or to put in process of becoming dyed, colored or tinged ; if it means to wasJi, as Pickering, Grove, Dunbar, Donegan, Schrevelius, and Parkhurst say it does mean, the signification of haptizo would be, to put in process or condition of being washed ; and if it means to dip or submerge, then haptizo would mean to put in process or condition verging towards a dipping or submersion — the signification of the word with zo almost universally falling shorv of the meaning of the original word.