The life of Martin Luther, and the reformation in Germany

CHAPTER II. Luther discovers the Latin Bible in the University Library at

Erfurt 28

Luther's Friend Alexis is killed by Lightning — Luther overtaken BY A TERRIBLE THUNDERSTORM 29

Luther enters the Monastery of the Augustines 30

Luther is solemnly ordained a Priest 31

CHAPTER III. Luther's bodily and mental Self-torments 32

Luther fainting in his cell ; is revived by means of Music 33

(iii)

iv

CONTENTS.

Page

Luther, mentally and corporeally exhausted, is strengthened by

the consoling exhortations of an old monk 34

Luther, as Bachelor of Arts, Lectures on Philosophy and Divi-

NITY 36

Luther preaches in the Monastery before Staupitz and the other Brethren, preparatory to Preaching in the Palace and Town Churches 37

CHAPTER IV. Luther's Journey to Home 38

Luther is with great solemnities created and consecrated Doctor

of Divinity and Teacher of the holy Scriptures 40

Luther occupied with the Duties of Vicar-General of the Augus-

tines, which had been intrusted to him by Staupitz 41

Luther affixes his Ninety-five Propositions to the Church-door 43

Luther before Cajetan , 44

Luther's Disputation with Dr. Eck at Leipzic 45

CHAPTER V. Luther burns the Papal Bull 46

Luther's Reception at "Worms 47

Luther prepares himself by prayer for his appearance before the

Emperor and Empire 48

CHAPTER VI. Luther before the Emperor and the Empire 50

Luther carried off by his Friends on his Return 51

Luther begins his Translation of the Bible at Wartburg 52

Luther's Departure on horseback from the Wartburg 53

Luther and the Swiss Students in the Inn called the Black Bear 53 Luther in the circle of his Wittenberg Friends is recognised by

the Swiss Students 54

Luther checks the Destruction of the Images of Saints 55

CONTENTS. T

CHAPTER VII. Page

Luther coxtixues his Traxslatiox of the Bible with the assistance or Melaxchthox 56

Luther preaches at Seeburg agaixst the Peasants' "War 57

Luther's Coxtroversy with Zwixgle ox the Sacramext 61

CHAPTER VIII. ' Luther presexts the Augsburg Coxfessiox 63

Luther's Traxslatiox of the Bible 65

Luther ixtroduces the Catechism ixto the Schools 66

Luther Preachixg 68

Luther ox the Sacramext 69

Luther reads the Bible to the Elector Johx the Coxstaxt 70

Luther ox a Sick-bed, is visited axd comforted by the Elector

Johx-Frederick 72

CHAPTER IX. Luther at the Sick-bed of Melaxchthox 73

Luther's Sixgixg at Home. Ixtroductiox of the Germax Church

Hymxs axd Chaxts 75

Luther's Joys of Summer ix the bosom of his Family, axd his ordinary Dinxer-guests 76

Luther's Wixter Pleasures 78

Luther beside the Coffix of his Daughter Magdalex 79

CHAPTER X. Luther axd Haxs Kohlhase 81

Luther durixg the Plague 82

Luther's Last Journey ; his imposing Receptiox at Maxsfield ... 84

Luther's Obsequies ." 86 vi

CONTENTS.

PART SECOND. Page

The Preparation for War 104

The Reformation before Luther 105

The Reformation in Luther 144

The Struggle with Rome 181

The Rupture 210

Sprit %>Mt\.

The Reformation and Revolution 232

The Reformer and his Work 286

Luther the Founder of a New Church 288

Luther's Hymn and Translation 313

Luther's Domestic Life and Friendships 333

Retrospect and Conclusion 350

LIST

OP

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Luther affixes his Ninety -five Propositions to the

Church-door, Frontispiece.

Luther sings as a Chorister at the door of Mistress Ursula Cotta

at Eisenach Page 27

Luther enters the Monastery of the Augustines, 1505 30

Luther is with great solemnities created and consecrated Doctor

of Divinity and Teacher of the Holy Scriptures 40

Luther's Marriage 59

Luther reads the Bible to the Elector John the Constant 70

Luther's Joys of Summer in the bosom of his Family 76

(Tii)

viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page

Luther's Winter Pleasures , 78

Luther's Obsequies 86

Luther's Introduction of the Catechism into the Schools 89

Luther discovers the Latin Bible in the University Library at

Erfurt 148

Luther before Cajetan , 188

Luther burns the Papal Bull 210

Luther before the Emperor and the Empire, 1521 225

Luther continues his Translation of the Bible tfith the assistance of Melanchthon, 1523-4 286

Luther Singing at Home — Introduction of the German Church

Hymns and Chants 313

Introduction

No man, since Apostolic times, has filled a larger sphere of human thought, than Martix Luther; and few, if any, benefactors have stronger claims on the gratitude of mankind.

As a great man and Reformer, it is not strange that both he and his work should be the subject of misapprehension, and sometimes of invidious detraction. It is no easy thing to take the measurement of great men. The pyramid may be measured by geometric rule, and its colossal form transferred, with the nicest precision, to the canvass; "nay, Mont-Blanc is embossed in coloured stucco, and we have his very type and miniature fac-simile in our museums. But, for great men — how pale, thin, ineffectual, do the great figures we would summon from History, rise before us ! Scarcely as palpable men, does our utmost effort body them forth : oftenest only, like Ossian's ghosts, in hazy twilight, with stars dim twinkling through their forms. Our Socrates, our Luther, after all that we have talked and argued of them, are to most of us quite invisible : the Sage of Athens, the Monk of Eisleben — not Persons, but Titles. Yet such men,' far more than any Alps or Coliseums, are the true world-wonders which it concerns us to behold clearly, and imprint for ever on our remembrance. Great men are the fire-pillars in this dark pilgrimage of man- 1 (1)

INTRODUCTION.

kind : they stand as heavenly signs — ever-living witnesses of what has been, prophetic tokens of what may still be. . . How many weighty reasons, how many innocent allurements, attract our curiosity to such men ! We would know them, see them visibly, even as we know and see our like : no hint, no notice, that concerns them, is superfluous or too small for us." *

Hence, we welcome every well-executed effort to give us a more distinct and vivid conception of a great man. The work before us is of this description. It is the Life of Dr. Martin Luther, the German Reformer, in pictorial representations and historical sketches. It is the grateful tribute of genius, scholarship, and art, to the memory of the greatest man and work of modern Christianity. And we are free to affirm the conviction, that there is no similar work in the English language, which gives a more life-like and impressive view of the great Reformer, or a more philosophical and comprehensive idea of the Reformation as first evolved in the inner experience and spiritual struggles of Luther, and subsequently developed into the permanent form of a New Church.

The appearance of such a work, in its present attractive form, must be matter of heartfelt satisfaction to every Christian and Protestant. " For a well-written life is almost as rare as a well-spent one ; and there are certainly many more men whose history deserves to be recorded, than persons willing and able to furnish the record. No sooner does a great man depart, and leave his character as public property, than a crowd of little men rushes towards it. There they are gathered together, blinking up to it with such vision as they

* Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, by Thomas Carlyle. Philadelphia, 1845, p. 226.

INTRODUCTION.

have, scanning it from afar, hovering round it this way and that, each cunningly endeavouring, by all arts, to catch some reflex of it, in the little mirror of himself; though, many times, this mirror is so twisted with convexities and concavities, and, indeed, so extremely small in size, that to expect any true image, or any image whatever, from it, is out of the question."* Luther, like other great men, has been thus blinked at by little men, whose souls were too diminutive to catch the reflection of the whole man. What a distinguished critic says of Polonius, in relation to Hamlet, might be said substantially of some of the critics and biographers of Luther. It takes a whole man to know such a being as Hamlet, and Polonius is but the attic story of a man ! Of course, he cannot find a heart or a soul in Hamlet, because he has none himself to find them with. Now, some of these attic-story men, writing about Luther, manifest as much incompetency to understand the Reformer, as the gross and material Polonius to conceive of the etherial Hamlet. That there have been such biographers of Luther, no one will deny. It is reported, that Dr. Johnson, when he heard of Boswell's intention to write a life of him, said, if he were certified Boswell really meant to write his life, he would prevent it by taking BoswelVs I We dare not presume that Luther would have thought of such an expedient against bad biographers, but he would certainly have blushed to see the reflection of himself from some of these little mirrors, "so twisted with convexities and concavities."

Some distinguished doctor undertook to assert, at a religious anniversary some years ago, that the Reformation was only an outward work, and intimated, that Luther himself was not the

* Carlyle's Miscellaneous Writings. Phil., 1845, p. 7.

INTRODUCTION.

subject of a spiritual regeneration. I explain the moral phenomenon of such sentiments by a reference to the Shaksperian critic just referred to. The said doctor could not understand Luther, for pretty much the same reason that Polonius could not conceive of such a spiritual being as Hamlet.

To pretend a vindication of Luther from the cant prejudices of the ignorant, or the stolid criticisms of inflated sciolists, would be a bootless task ; for against stupidity, as has often been said, the gods themselves are powerless.

But there are passages in some of Hallam's works which speak disparagingly of the genius and intellectual greatness of Luther, and which, from the peculiar position and reputation of the author, demand a passing notice. No modern writer has done such marked injustice to the genius of Luther as Hallam. He says, Luther's amazing influence on the revolutions of his own age, and on the opinions of mankind, seems to have produced, as is not unnatural, an exaggerated notion of his intellectual greatness.* From this, and similar expressions of opinion in other places, we infer, that Luther, in the estimate of Hallam, was rather a diminutive man, of little genius, and no literature, save theological. If Hallam had

been a mere critic, such shallowness might be overlooked ; but *

in a professed philosophical historian, such a conception of the great Reformer is unpardonable. It is obvious, he did not understand Luther. He confessedly bases his judgment of Luther on his writings, and yet, from his own admission, was unable to read him in his native German. " This alone," says Prof. Stowe, " renders him incapable of judging intelligently respecting his merits as a writer ; and knowing nothing, it

* Introduction to the Literature of Europe, vol. i. p. 513.

INTRODUCTION.

would have been honourable in him to say nothing, at least, nothing disparagingly. And, by the way, it seems to us that writing a history of European Literature, without a knowledge of German, is much like writing a history of metals, without knowing any thing of iron and steel."*

Rogers f has, no doubt, given the true solution of this singular judgment of Hallam. It arose from contemplating Luther's character too exclusively in the point of view suggested by the literary nature of the work on which the critic was at the time engaged. "It is true that the Reformer's mind did not belong exclusively, or even prevailingly, to either of the two principal types with which we more usually associate genius, and which almost divide the page of literary history between them. The one is, the prevailingly philosophical temperament, with numberless specific differences; the other, the prevailingly poetic, with differences equally numerous : the passion of the one class of minds is speculative and scientific truth ; that of the other, ideal beauty. Yet there is another, and not less imposing form of human genius, though it does not figure much on the page of literary history, which has made men as illustrious as man was ever made, either by depth or subtlety of speculation — by opulence or brilliancy of fancy. This class of minds unite some of the rarest endowments of the philosophical and poetical temperaments ; and, though the reason in such men is not such as would have made an Aristotle, nor the imagination such as would have made a Homer, these elements are mingled in such proportions and combinations as render the product — the tertium quid — not less wonderful

* See Bib. Repos., April, 1844.

f Reason and Faith, and other Miscellanies, p. 94.

INTRODUCTION.

than the greatest expansion of either element alone. To these are superadded some qualities which neither bard nor philosopher ever possessed, and the whole is subjected to the action of an energetic will and powerful passions. Such are the minds which are destined to change the face of the world, to originate or control great revolutions, to govern the actions of men by a sagacious calculation of motives, or to govern their thoughts by

the magical power of their eloquence It is precisely to

such an order of genius — whatever his merits or defects as a writer — that the intellect of Luther is, in our judgment, to be referred ; and, considered in this point of view, we doubt whether it is very possible to exaggerate its greatness. In a sagacious and comprehensive survey of the peculiarities of his position, in all the rapid changes of his most eventful history ; in penetrating the characters and detecting the motives of those with whom he had to deal ; in fertility of expedients ; in promptitude of judgment and of action : in nicely calculating the effect of bold measures, especially in great emergencies — as when he burnt the papal bull, and appeared at the Diet of Worms ; in selecting the arguments likely to prevail with the mass of men, and in that contagious enthusiasm of character which imbues and inspires them with a spirit like its own, and fills them with boundless confidence in its leadership ; — in all these respects, Luther does not appear to us far behind any of those who have played illustrious parts in this world's affairs, or obtained an empire over the minds of their species. And surely this is sufficient for one man. No one ever denies the intellect of Pericles or Alexander, Cromwell or Napoleon, to be of the highest order, merely because none of them have left ingenious treatises of philosophy, or exquisite strains of poetry, or exhibited any of the traces either of a calm or beautiful

INTRODUCTION.

intellect; and, in like manner, it is enough for Luther to be known as the author of the Reformation."

This we regard as a satisfactory explanation of Hallam's singular disparagement of Luther, and gives us at the same time the true stand-point from which to estimate his greatness. It has been said that there are but two things worth living for : to do what is worthy of being written, or to write what is worthy of being read. It is true ; and we maintain that the greater of the two is the doing. Sir Walter Scott, somewhere, says that action is greater than writing. To be is greater than to describe. According to this principle, Luther performed a work greater, sublimer, than any work of genius. He was greater than, as mere artist or author, was Homer or Shakspeare, Phidius or Raphael : he was the original of what they were but copyists. He performed noble deeds, which are but noble thoughts actualized. Upon this principle, Coleridge says, " He was a Poet, indeed, as great a poet as ever lived in any age or country ; but his poetic images were so vivid, that they mastered the Poet's own mind. He was possessed with them, as with substances distinct from himself : Luther did not write, he acted Poems." Carlyle, in his article on "Luther's Psalm," says, "With words he had not learned to make pure music: it was by deeds of Love, or heroic valor, that he spoke freely. . . Nevertheless, though in imperfect articulation, the same voice, if we listen well, is to be heard in his Poems. The following,* for example, jars upon our ears ; yet is there something in it like the sound of Alpine avalanches, or the first murmur of earthquakes — in the very vastness of which dissonance a higher unison is revealed to us."|

But, apart from his work, even in a purely literary point of

INTRODUCTION.

view, Hallam has done Luther great injustice. A mere glance at his voluminous writings — the rapidity of their production — most of them composed, pro re natd, under the pressure of overwhelming engagements, — would make any man, with less temerity than Hallam, falter, in giving utterance to such sentiments of disparagement as are found in his works.

The dullest mind cannot but He struck with the versatility and comprehensiveness of Luther's genius, as displayed in his writings, embracing all subjects — theology, history, politics, education, literature, poetry, and music ; whilst in every department he seems almost equally at home, and his views are expressed at times with peculiar eloquence and power ; and, indeed, on every topic, 'his thoughts are original, and sketched with a masterly hand. Prof. Stowe gives a sketch of his productions, in chronological order, which makes one stare with a look of incredulity. " From 1517 to 1526, the first ten years of the Reformation, the number of his publications was 300 ; from 1527 to 1536, the second decade, the number was 232 ; and from 1537 to 1546, the year of his death, the number was 183. His first book was published in November, 1517, and he died in February, 1546, an interval of twenty -nine years and four months. In this time, he published 715 volumes, an average of more than twenty-five a year, or one a fortnight for every fortnight of his public life. . . . He continued his ^labours to the very last. The six weeks, immediately preceding his death, he issued thirty-one publications from the press, an average of more than five a week. The complete catalogue of all his works, Latin and German, comprises twenty-four large folio pages, closely printed, in double columns, in the Appendix to Seckendorf."

It seems almost unnecessary to attempt any further refuta-

INTRODUCTION.

tion of Hallam's estimate of the great Reformer. But as "braggart Papists and puling Puseyites," and pseudo Protestants, have re-echoed this disparagement, it may not be wholly irrelevant to adduce testimonials from distinguished Romanists, as well as Protestants, expressive of their high estimation of Luther as a man of genius and learning. And first, let us hear what Romanists have said of Luther.

The French Jesuit Maimbourg, of the seventeenth century, a violent enemy of Protestantism, says, " He (Luther) possessed a quick and penetrating genius. He acquired great knowledge of the languages and the fathers,"* &c.

Varillas, the ecclesiastical historian, says, " Nobody exceeded him in philosophy and scholastic theology — nobody equalled him in the art of speaking. He was a most perfect master of eloquence.

Audin, a Jesuit historian, says, "Luther holds a glorious place in German literature. . . . Luther was the great preacher of the Reformation. He possessed almost all the qualities of an orator : an exhaustless store of thought, an imagination as ready to receive as to convey its impressions, and an inconceivable fluency and suppleness of style. . . . He was at once Rabelais and Fontaine — with the droll humour of the one and the polished elegance of the other, "f

Frederick Schlegel, confessedly one of the greatest men of his age, and a strict Romanist, says, "As to the intellectual power and greatness of Luther, abstracted from all considerations of the uses to which he applied them, I think there are few, even of his own disciples, who appreciate him highly enough." Concerning Luther as an orator, he says, "Luther displays a most original eloquence, surpassed by few names

* His. du Lutheranisme, Paris, 1080. f Audin's Life of Luther.

INTRODUCTION.

that occur in the whole history of literature. He had, indeed, all those properties which render a man fit to be a revolutionary orator." Upon this passage of Schlegel, concerning Luther as an orator, Rogers* remarks, " If this be so, the intellect of Luther must be regarded as one of the rarest phenomena, which appear in the world of mind. Such, at least, has been hitherto the uniform judgment of criticism. To possess a genius for consummate eloquence is always considered to imply

intellectual excellence of the highest order So peculiar

are the required modifications and combinations of intellect, imagination, and passion, that it may be pretty safely averred, we shall as soon see the reproduction of an Aristotle as of a Demosthenes."

From the eulogistic tone and enthusiasm of these sentiments, we might take them for the outgushing admiration of grateful Protestants ; but a reference to the authors will show, that, with the exception, perhaps, of Schlegel, they were Luther's bitterest enemies. They were the reluctant testimonials of Romanists to the genius and greatness of Luther — testimonials that were the natural and inevitable expressions of their deep and honest conviction.

We must be allowed a few isolated extracts from Protestants, expressing the same sentiments concerning Luther.

Prof. Stowe, of Andover, says, " There was, probably, never created a more powerful human being, a more gigantic, fullproportioned Man, in the highest sense of the term, than Martin Luther. In him, all that belongs to human nature, all that goes to constitute a Man, had a strongly marked and characteristic development. He was a model-man, one that might be shown to other beings, in other parts of the universe,

* Reason and Faith, and other Miscellanies.

INTRODUCTION.

aw a specimen of collective manhood in its maturest growth."* Similar, in sentiment and expression, is the quaint representation of the Reformer by Carlyle — " 1 will call this Luther a true great Man ; great in intellect, in courage, affection, and integrity ; one of our most loveable and precious men. Great, not as a hewn obelisk, but as an Alpine mountain — so simple, honest, spontaneous, not setting up to be great at all; there for quite another purpose than being great ! Ah yes, unsubduable granite, piercing far and wide into the heavens ; yet, in the clefts of it, fountains, green beautiful valleys, with flowers ! A right spiritual Hero and Prophet : once more a true son of Nature and Fact, for whom these centuries, and many to come yet, will be thankful to Heaven. "f

Coleridge, whose judgment, on what constitutes the elements of true greatness and the heroical attributes of Human Nature, few will be disposed to question, says — " He is, of all men, the one whom I especially love and admire. ... It is singular, how all men have agreed in assigning to Luther the heroic character, and indeed it is certainly most just."

We regard it as useless to enlarge further upon this point. We are satisfied to leave the almost isolated detraction of Luther's genius by Hallam beside the noble counter-testimonials just furnished. They might be amplified to almost any extent, from the most distinguished writers since the Reformation, but it would seem a work of supererogation, as the sentiments already adduced express the almost universal conviction of mankind concerning

" The solitary Monk, that shook the world."

That Luther had faults, no one pretends to deny, not even his most enthusiastic admirers. And his faults may seem

* Bib. Rep, April, 1844.

f Heroes and Here Worship.

INTRODUCTION".

greater than other men's for the very reason that greater than other men : as the towering mountain wider shadow than the little hillock.

casts a he was

" Luther had faults ! but, oh ! ye little minds, Less in your faith, and lesser still in deeds

Which make the hero,

While the outer life

Ye ponder, have ye pierced the core within? A fool can censure where a prophet weeps, When life is only by its faults and falls Review'd ; — but underneath, what noble tears, What pangs remorseful, penitence, and prayer, What struggles mute, what passionate regrets I Deep in the bosom — there begins the fight ! And there the battle-scene 'tween Flesh and Faith Unfolds its grandeur. All without appears The moral echo of that inward din, — The mere reflection of internal strife, In fitful shadows, thrown on human eyes."*

Lessing seems to have rejoiced in discovering defects in Luther — "for," says he, "I have, in fact, been in imminent danger of making him an object of idolatrous veneration. The proofs, that in some things he was like other men, are to me as precious as the most dazzling of his virtues."

To those mean and carping spirits that are ever croaking over Luther's imperfections, whilst they overlook his abounding excellencies. I would simply apply the remarks of Coleridge concerning those who complained of the incidental evils of the Reformation. " It argues a narrow and corrupt nature to lose the general and lasting consequences of rare and virtuous energy in the brief accidents which accompanied its first movements — to set lightly by the emancipation of the human reason from a legion of devils, in our complaints and lamentations over the loss of a herd of swine.

* Luther ; or, Rome and the Reformation, by Rob. Montgomery.

INTRODUCTION.

Our object, however, is not to discuss Luther and the Reformation, but to introduce the reader to this new work, in which both are presented in a novel and attractive form.

The present work is a translation from the German work entitled — " Dr. Martin Luther, der Deutsche Reform ator. In bildlichen Darstellungen, von Gustav Konig. In geschichtlichen Umrissen, von Heinrich Gelzer. Hamburg, 1851."

It is a beautiful conception, happily actualized in this work, of interweaving the life of Luther with the Reformation, and thus fusing the one into the other — giving a historical and moral unity and identity to the man and his work. Nor is it a mere ideal of the fancy, but a real picture. " The progress of the Reformation in Luther's own mind ; a very curious subject. Such were the great talents and qualities of Luther, and such the situation of Europe at the time, that the Reformation, in fact, passed from the mind of the one into the mind of the other."' 1 ' And, as Montgomery justly says, "Luther the Reformer is, after all, but an outward and visible index to the inward and invisible characteristics of Luther the Man ; and if, in the open light of history, we are struck with the almost miraculous consequences a lonely monk, from the depths of an Augustinian convent, put in motion — not less are we affected to perceive how wonderfully and wisely the trials and experiences of his inner nature were providentially overruled, and wrought into experimental connexion with those religious achievements which have rendered the name of Martin Luther immortal, "f

An abstract. from the Preface of the original work will substantially indicate the nature and object of the same work in its

* Prof. Smyth's Lectures on Modern History.

f Luther ; or, Rome and the Reformation, Biog. Preface to first ed.

INTRODUCTION.

present American form. " The elegant drawings, from -which the artistic engravings of the original work were made, created a great sensation, at Munich, a few years ago : they found so many and such ardent admirers, that it was resolved to publish them, together with a biography of Luther. Gelzer undertook the latter portion of the work. His object was, he says, to present to his countrymen a book which should renew, in fresh outlines, the image of their great intellectual hero — a book which a father might read to his domestic circle — which mio;ht accompany the young student to his high-school — and which might furnish a subject for reflection to the clergyman, whether in the quiet of his native land, or in a new home, in distant colonies, on the other side of the ocean, reminding him, in the latter case, of the land of his fathers, the historical home of his spiritual life and of his faith."*

The second part of the work, giving an outline of the Reformation, is thus defined by Gelzer — " It is not our intention to arid one more to the many biographies of our great man, and to repeat all that has been already related so many times, so thoroughly and minutely. Our principal endeavor is, rather to work out the rich abundance of historical facts, and to arrange them in large, easily comprehended groups, so that the true essential importance of the Reformer and of his ivork, for his times and for our own, may be depicted in them to the life." "j"

In the first part, we have the Life of Luther in pictorial and des-criptive representations. The minor details, that are common to every human life, are omitted : assuming that the boy Martin went through the usual process of crying and fretting and pouting, " of being fondled and flattered and flogged ; and that the sun and stars and silent sky shed in their soft, sweet

* Preface to London edition.

INTRODUCTION. 15

influences upon his childhood, for similar things we know happen to most of us, though not indeed with similar results."*

He is sent to school, but no marvellous freaks and eccentricities are related of the boy, which were found long afterwards, to foreshadow the greatness of the man. We read neither of his climbing trees, like Schiller, to see where the lightning came from — nor of his running away from school, like Barrow, to escape from study. He tells us, indeed, of his being whipped fifteen times in one morning, and leaves us now, if we choose, to see in that something prophetic of his future greatness, as a man whose words were battles. Meanwhile, as some one says of Shakspeare, the boy grew both inwardly and outwardly ; how much he grew outwardly was apparent to those about him ; how much he must have grown inwardly is, or at least ought to be, apparent to us.