The history of Switzerland

Chapter I. Introductory Description Of The Country, Its Natural

FEATURES AND BOUNDARIES. ORIGIN AND CHARACTER OF

ITS EARLIEST KNOWN INHABITANTS. SUBJECTION TO ROME.

CONDITION OF PROVINCIAL SERVITUDE. HISTORICAL OB- SCURITY, AND VARIETIES OF RACE AND LANGUAGE, RESULT- ING FROM THE INROADS OF BARBARIANS. B.C. 110 A. D.

Page

Aspect of the Country j Strabo's Description cf the

Alpine Regions - . - - 2

Earliest known Inhabitants a Race of Gallic Celts - 3 B. C. 111. Ally themselves with the Cimbri and Teutones ; and, under their youthful General Diviko, defeat a Roman Army led by the Consul Lucius Cassius - -4 60. Stimulated to Conquest by a Glimpse of Civilisation and

Luxury . - - - -4

57. Invade Gaul, having first burned their Habitations, and

even their Corn - - - -5

Repulsed by Julius Caesar; offer to treat with him;

totally defeated, and compelled to Submission - 6

Received as Allies of Rome, but curbed by Fortresses and Colonies - _ _ .7

15. Roman Conquest of Rhaetia - - 7-

A.D. 69, Helvetic Insurrection under Vitellius ; Conduct of the

Twenty-first Legion, surnamed Rapax - - 8

Aulus Csecina suppresses the Insurrection ; demands the Execution of the Helvetian Leader - - 9 mi

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

I

A. D, Page Julia Alpinula, her filial Piety, Fate and Epitaph - 9 Claudius Cossus saves his Fellow-countrymen from Extirpation - - - - 10

69 — 450. Helvetia subject to Rome ; all Nationality extinguished ;

Government of Nerva, Trajan, Adrian, and the two Antonines ; Oppressions of their Successors and subordinate Officers of the latter - - - 11 Diffusion of Christianity in Helvetia - - 12 432 — 500. Barbarian Inroads on the Empire; the Invaders received as Roman Allies, and their Hostility bought off by Grants of Land - - - - 13 Settlements of Burgundians, Alemanni, Franks, and Ostrogoths ; Obscurity thrown on History by their Ravages ; Division of the Land among the Conquerors ; Destruction of Roman Monuments and Improvements - - 14 450. Clovis conquers the Alemanni at Zulpich; embraces

Christianity with all his Franks - - - 14

Origin of the French and German Languages in Switzerland ; characteristic Features of the Eastern and Western Inhabitants - - - - 15

Chap. II. Mixed Population In The Central And Southern Parts

OF EUROPE. GRADUAL DEVELOPEMENT OF THE FEUDAL

SYSTEM. JUDICIAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL POLITY. DE- GRADATION AND EXTINCTION OF THE CLASS OF COMMON

FREEMEN. FOUNDATION OF TOWNS CREATES A THIRD

ESTATE IN THE GERMAN EMPIRE.

Early Institutions of the German Tribes ; Military Service; Public Assemblies; Allodial Possessions; Feudal Tenures - - - - - 17

Laws rude and imperfect; most Crimes had their

Money Price - - - - 18

Ignorance of the Rules of Evidence gives rise to Trial by Ordeal, Trial by Battle, and other Devices equally, or more, irrational - - - - 19

Helvetia under the Frank Kings of the Family of Me-

Union of the wholeFrankishDominions under ClothairIL 19 Improved Cultivation ; favourable Influence of religious Establishments ; Foundation of the Monasteries of St. Gall, Disentis, Zurich, Lucerne, and Romainmotiers - - - - 20

534—751.

613. 628.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. IX

Page

Decline of the Merovingian Race; its Fall; Pepin; Charlemagne - - - - -21

Visits Helvetia ; encourages Education and Agriculture 23

Partition of the Empire of Charlemagne ; Second or Little Burgundian Kingdom; simple Mode of administering Justice in Helvetia; Works of ancient Authors preserved and copied by the Monks of St Gall ; Utility of pious Foundations in the Infancy of national Culture - - - - 24

Incursions of the Magyars or Hungarians ; Mode of Defence adopted by Henry the Fowler ; Foundation and Fortification of Towns ; Creation of a Class of Burghers - - - - - 25

Jealousy of the new Municipalities in the Nobles and Clergy ; nearly entire Extinction of the Class of common Freemen ; rise of a new and independent Body of Men in the Towns - - - 25

Chap. III. Struggle Betwixt The Papal And Imperial Power For

SUPREMACY. CHARACTERS OP HENRY IV. AND OF HILDE-

ERAKDj AFTERWARDS POPE GREGORY VII. THE CRUSADES.

THE DYNASTY OF ZiERINGEN IN HELVETIA.

Power of the Church ; manifests its Growth in the eleventh Century - - - - - 28

1039. Henry IV. ; Pope Gregory VII. - - - 29

1090. Dynasty of Zasringen in Helvetia - - -34

1095—1291. The Crusades; their Effects; improved Condition of

the Country - - - 35

1152. Berchthold IV. augments the Number of fortified Towns, and encourages the Influx of Burghers by granting them Immunities, and Privileges - - - 37

1191. Berchthold V. lays the Foundation of Berne, which he erects into a free Town of the Empire ; refuses the imperial Crown for himself, and reigns in Helvetia, last of the Line of Zeeringen - - - 39

1114—1240. The Freemen of Schwytz afford the first Demonstration

of their Existence - - . . - 41

Chap. IV. Times Of Rudolph Of Hapsburg*

1218. Birth of Rudolph of Hapsburg ; his Character and early

Conduct - - - - - 42

A. D.

768. 987.

919—936.

X

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

A. D. Page 254 — 1273. Interregnum in the Empire - - -43

1250. First League of Uri, Schwytz, and Unterwalden with

Zurich - - - 44

1254 — 1273. Rudolph supports the Towns, and employs their Anns

against the Nobles - - - - - 45

Accepts the Vogtship of the Forest Lands and the military Command of Zurich ; and conciliates the Abbot of St. Gall in order to attack the Bishop of Basle - 46 1273. Rudolph elected Emperor ; apparent Change in his Cha-

1288. His Feud with Berne - - - - 48

1291. His Death; State of the Empire; Expenses and Revenues of the Nobles ; Acquisitions made by the Monasteries ; regular Trade of Robbery driven by some of the Nobility; Oppression of the Class of Bondsmen ; Advance of Civilisation in Towns ; Poetry of the Minnesingers - - - 48

Chap. V. Mrx Of Helvetic Emancipation

Albert of Hapsburg ; his hard and rapacious Character ; he resolves to succeed to all the Honours of Rudolph ; disappointed in his first Hope of Succession to the Empire ; shortly afterwards raised to the imperial Throne illegally - _ - - 52

Aims at erecting a Dukedom in Helvetia ; invites the Forest Cantons to accept the Protection of Austria ; their Answer; their Demand for imperial Commismissaries, or Land-vogts ; insidious Compliance of Albert - - - - 53

Tyranny of Gessler and Berenger - - - 54

Oath of Rutli - - 55

William Tell - - - - - 56

Death of Gessler - - - - 57

Capture of Rotzberg and Sarnen - - 57

League of the three Forest Cantons - - 58

Death of Albert of Hapsburg - . - 59

Cruel Revenge taken for his Murder by Agnes, Queen

of Hungary, his Daughter - - - - 6*0 Recognition of Swiss Freedom by the Emperor Henry

First Invasion of Switzerland by Leopold, Duke of

Austria - - - - 61

Battle of Morgarten » „ - 63

Perpetual Confederacy of the Forest Cantons ; its Character of noble Inoffensiveness - - - 64 Six Years' Truce with Austria - - - 65

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Xi

A. D. Page 1332. Admission of Lucerne to the Confederacy - - 67

1308—1334. State of Industry, Commerce, and Religion; practical

Proofs of Independence in Spiritual Matters - - 68

Chap. VI. From The Revolution Of Zurich To The League With Appenzell

Situation of Zurich ; Character of the Burghers ; Form of Government - - - - 69

1335. Rudolph Brun, a skilful popular Leader - - 71

Excites a revolutionary Movement; elected Burgomaster for Life - _ - 73

1350. Frustrates a Conspiracy of the Nobles - - 74

1351. Applies for Aid to the Forest Cantons against Duke Al-

bert of Austria - _ . 74.

The latter besieges Zurich; is compelled to raise the Siege - - - - 75

1353. League of the Eight original Towns and Lands of the

Confederacy - _ _ - 76

1356. Peace of Thorberg. . - .79

Character of Rudolph Brun ; his Aptitude for the Part of a Demagogue ; his treacherous Compact with Austria; his Government on the whole beneficial - 79

Town of Berne ; distinguished for an active and ambitious Spirit ; obnoxious to the bordering Nobility

Attacked by the combined Force of the Nobles and the

Emperor - - - -

Battle of Laupen ; Berne's Plans of Aggrandisement -

Great Plague, depicted by Boccaccio ; attributed to Divine Wrath ; Persecution of the Jews ; Formation of a Brotherhood of Flagellants ; Debauchery occasioned by the Pestilence - - - . -

Tragical Fate of Erlach

The Pfaffenbrief, a remarkable Decree for the Control of Ecclesiastical Pretensions ; Decline of the Nobility and Clergy

1365-1375.

Mode of conducting War by Condottieri ; Arnold of Cervola ; Ingelram De Coucy . -

Berne and Soleure defeat the Count of Kyburg

Battle of Sempach ; Arnold of Winkelried

The Bad Peace -

Unexpected Austrian Inroad ; Battle of Naefels ; singular

Celebration of its Anniversary

The Men of Appenzell revolt from the Abbot of St. Gall

Are reinforced by the Schwytzers -

Engage an Austrian Army at the Stoss and at the Wolfshald - - xii

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

A. D. Page 1408. Defeated at Bregenz - - - 102

1411. Received as Allies of the Confederacy - -103

1412. Renewal of the Twenty Years' Peace with Austria ; that

Power had at length ceased to assert Predominance in Switzerland - - 104

Chap. VII. From The Council Of Constance To The Battle Of Arbedo

State of the Confederation ; general Forgetfulness of the Principles on which it was founded - - 105

State of the Church, — Flagellants, Beghards, and Beguines ; great Schism of the West - - 106

1414—1418. Council of Constance - - - 107

1415. Flight of Pope John ; Outlawry of Frederick Duke of

Austria - 107

Conquests of the Confederates - - - 108

Erection of free Bailiwicks - - 109

Capture and Deposition of Pope John - - 110

1418. Sudden Dissolution of the Council of Constance, leaving unsettled all the important Questions which had formed the principal Motives for its Meeting - - 110

Cardinal Poggio ; amusing Description left by him of the Festivities attending the Council of Constance; Appearance of a Swarm of unknown Strangers, afterwards called Zingari, Zigeuner, or Gipsies - 111

The Mazze, a curious popular Ceremony, and Prelude to the Commencement of Hostilities - . 112

1422. Feud of Uri and Unterwalden with Philip Visconti, Duke of Milan ; March of the Swiss on Bellinzona ; Battle of Arbedo - - - - 114

Chap. VIII. War Of The Confederates With Zurich

1436. Inheritance of Frederick Count of Toggenburg -117

1437. Disputes of Schwytz and Glarus with Zurich - -118 1440. Feud of several Cantons with Zurich - -119

1442. League of Zurich with Austria - - 121

1443. All the Confederates against Zurich - - 122 The Rotten Peace ; Renewal of the War - - 122

1444. Dauphin of France attacks Basle at the head of a Body

of Armagnacs ; Battle of St. Jacob on the Birs - 123 Dauphin offers to mediate Peace between Zurich and the Confederates - 124

1400—1450. Intellectual Culture in the Fifteenth Century ; Schools ;

Decline of Poetry - - - 125

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

xiii

A. D. Page Felix Hammerlin, or Malleolus ; his Acquirements deemed supernatural j his Opinions on the Practice of Magic - - . 125

1460. Instances of popular Superstition - - - 126

Chap. IX

FROM THE FIRST ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE TO THE DEATH OF CHARLES THE BOLD OF BURGUNDY. — THE SWISS COME FORWARD CONSPICUOUSLY ON THE THEATRE OF EUROPE.

1453. First Alliance of Switzerland with France - . 130

1467. Louis XI. ; main Object of his Policy ; Rivalship with

Charles, Duke of Burgundy - - - 131

1474. Character of the latter; he takes Possession of Alsace,

on Pretext of a Mortgage from Sigismund Duke of

Austria - - - - 133

Appoints Peter von Hagenbach to be Governor of the

mortgaged Lands - 134

Conduct of Hagenbach complained of by the Swiss;

Charles treats their Envoys with Discourtesy . 135

Offensive and defensive Alliance of Switzerland with

France and Austria - 137

Fate of Hagenbach - - - - 140

Berne declares War against Burgundy * - 141

The Confederates are shamefully deserted by their royal

1476. Charles conquers Lorraine, and invades Switzerland;

Description of his Camp by Philip de Comines - 143

Siege of Granson ; cold-blooded wholesale Slaughter of

the Garrison - - 144

Battle of Granson ; Spoil of the Duke's Camp; Revenge

for the recent Massacre of Granson - -145

Exultation of Louis XL ; Swiss justly indignant at his Conduct; he lavishes Assurances and Presents on them ; at the same Time, sends a Message of Condolence to the Duke of Burgundy - - - 148

Charles re-appears in the Field - - 148

Attacks Morat by Storm - - - - 149

Battle of Morat - - - - 150

1477. Last Effort of Burgundy ; Charles applies in vain for As-

sistance to his Subjects in the Netherlands and in Burgundy - - 151 Battle of Nancy; Death of Charles; itsConsequences; Louis attempts to appropriate the rich Succession of Burgundy ; demands for the Dauphin the Hand of Charles's Daughter, who is married to the Archduke Maximilian; takes Possession of Upper Burgundy, which he

XIV

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

A. D. Page is afterwards compelled to cede ; cajoles the Helvetic Body ; retains Numbers of Swiss in his Service, and gluts with Gold the newly awakened Avarice of the Confederates - - - 151

Chap. X

iERA OF THE COVENANT OF STANTZ. OBJECTS AND PRO- VISIONS OF THAT INSTRUMENT. GENERAL VIEW OF THE

STATE OF THE CONFEDERACY IN WAR AND PEACE. FREE

AND FAMILIAR INTERCOURSE OF ALL RANKS. AMUSE- MENTS IN THE INTERVALS OF WARFARE.

1477. Effects of the Burguiidian War in Switzerland ; Swiss

Valour becomes a marketable Commodity ; the sudden Diffusion of Wealth engenders Crime and Immorality ; enormous Number of capital Executions - 153

1478. Feud of Uri with Milan ; Battle of Giornico - 155

1480. Claims of Soleure and Freyburg to be admitted into the

League; Resistance to the Measure on the Part of the Rural Cantons - - - 156

1417 — 1487. Nicolas of the Flue ; his devout Character and Influence - - - 156

1481. Covenant of Stantz the first Occasion on which the Swiss 157

fixed and defined their Federal Constitution - - 158 Survey of the State of the Helvetic Body up to this

Period; original Idea of the Confederation -159 Simple Procedure in all judicial Matters ; Use of Torture; cruel Modes of Punishment - - 159 Frequent Collision of military and civil Powers - 161

Occupations, and free and familiar Intercourse of all

Festive Scenes at Baden in Aargau - - 164

Terror inspired by the Ravages of the Plague - - 164

CHAP. XL'

LEAGUE OF ST. GEORGE ESTABLISHED IN THE EMPIRE, OSTEN- SIBLY TO CHECK ABUSE OF THE RIGHT OF SELF-DEFENCE.

ITS UNAVOWED AND SECRET OBJECTS. ADHESION TO IT

DECLINED BY THE CONFEDERATES. THE SWABIAN WAR

RESULTS FROM THEIR REFUSAL.

1489. Administration, Arrest, and Death of Hans Waldmann at Zurich ; Compromise between the Burghers and Peasantry in that Canton - - 166

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

XV

A. D. Page 1495. Petticoat League - - - 167

Diet at Worms - - - - 168

French Intrigues and Influence on the Helvetic Body - 168 Carelessness of the latter with regard to Papal Bulls, and the Person of the Emperor - - 169

1499. Altercations with the Imperialists; opprobrious Nicknames showered on the Swiss - - 170 Commencement of the Swabian War ; Successes of the

Swiss and Grisons - - - 171

Emperor Maximilian enters the Engadines ; retreats

into the Tyrol * - - 171

Treaty of Peace - - - - 172

1501. Reception of Basle and SchafFhausen into Alliance with

the Confederacy - - ~ -172

Chap. XII

COMPETITION OF THE GREAT EUROPEAN TOWERS FOR THE ALLIANCE OF THE CONFEDERATES, AND THE ASSISTANCE OF THEIR TROOPS. SYSTEM OF FOREIGN ENLISTMENTS INTRO- DUCED, AND PLAUSIBLY JUSTIFIED. ITALIAN EXPEDITIONS.

PERPETUAL PEACE WITH FRANCE.

Corruption of the Helvetic Body - - 174

1499. Louis XII. ; Ludovico Sforza - - -174 French Occupation of Milan - . 177 Claims of the Confederates on the Milanese and Bellin-

1500. Enlistments of Sforza in Switzerland; of Louis -178 Sforza betrayed by the Swiss, and imprisoned by the

French for Life - - . 179

1505. Treaty of the Emperor with the Confederacy ; broken

off by French Intrigues - . 181

1508. League of Cambray - . ,182

1509. Battle of Agnadello ; Character of Schinner, bishop of

Alliance against the Pope between the French King and the Emperor - . ig5

1512. Holy League against France - - - 186 Gaston de Foix - - . 186 French expelled from Italy by the Pope, Swiss, and Venetians . . 187

1513. Duchy of Milan reconquered by the French, who are

defeated by the Swiss at Novara - . - 190

Swiss Expedition to Dijon; Peace with France; of brief Duration - v 192

1515. Francis L invades Piedmont ; Battle of Marignano ;

perpetual Peace betwixt France and Switzerland - 194

XVi CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

Chap. XIII

FALL OF THE SWISS FROM MILITARY PRE-EMINENCE ASCRIB- ABLE TO THE CHANGES IN THE ART OF MODERN WARFARE.

PREDISPOSING CAUSES, AND FIRST MOVEMENTS OF THE

REFORMATION.

Page

General Results of the Italian Expeditions - - 197

Corruptions of the Catholic Church ; Case of Jetzer - 200 Leo X. extends the Sale of Indulgences, and sends an

Apostolical Commissioner into Switzerland - 204

Ulrich Zwingli opposes himself to the Traffic in Indulgences ; appointed public Preacher at Zurich - 205 Resolution against Courtisans - - 206

First Disputation of Baden ; Council of Zurich ; its Reforms opposed by the other Cantons - - -207 Anabaptists and various other Sectaries - - 209

Levies of Troops in Switzerland by Francis L - - 211 Siege of Pavia ; Battle of Pavia ; the Capture of the

French King excites Consternation in Switzerland - 212 Cause of Reform espoused by Berne - - 213

Thomas Murner ; Anabaptist Excesses - - 213

Embitterment of religious Parties ; Christian League ; Attack on Cappel ; Death of Zwingli - - 214

Chap. XIV

STRUGGLES AND VICISSITUDES OF GOVERNMENT IN GENEVA. ITS

ALLIANCES WITH THE CANTONS, A1SD EXTORTED INDEPEND- ENCE OF SAVOY. MORAL AND SOCIAL CHANGES PRODUCED

BY THE INFLUENCE OF CALVIN.

Town of Geneva ; its early History ; Counts of Gene-

vois, and Bishops - 216

Oppressed by the Dukes of Savoy j Mamelukes ; Cruelties exercised on the Burghers - - 217 1519. The latter court the Alliance of Freyburg - - 217 Duke Charles of Savoy enters the Town - - 217 Execution of Berthelier - - 217 1526. Alliance of Berne and Freyburg with Geneva ; impotent Resentment of the Duke - - 2J9 1526. Spoon League - - - - 220 Treaty of St. Julian - - - 220 1536. Zeal of Farel and others ; Abolition of Catholicism - 221 Equivocal Deportment of Duke Charles - - 221 Conquest of the Vaud by Berne ; Co-burghership betwixt Berne and Geneva ~ - 222

A. D.

1506. 1509.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Xvii

A. D. Page 1509 — 1561. Character, Works, and Influence of Calvin; general

Effect of the Reformation in Switzerland - -223

1579. Council of Trent - - - - 229

Borromean League - - - - 230

1582. Calendar Controversy - - - 231

Chap. XV

FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR TO THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA.

Description of the Grisons ; early History ; Forms of Go.

vernment ; Influence of particular Families - - 234 Spanish and French Parties - 238

Popular Tumults, fomented by the Clergy ; Massacre of

Protestants in the Valteline - . 239

Fruitless Negotiations with Spain and Austria ; Subjugation of the Grisons by the latter Power - - 241 Recovery of their Freedom and Independence - - 242 State of Religious Parties in Switzerland - - 243

Thirty Years' War ; Disunion in the Helvetic Body ; Inroads of foreign Armies ; Intrigues of foreign Am- ' bassadors - - 243

Peace of Westphalia j tardy Recognition of Swiss Independence - - - 245 Foreign Relations - . 246 Fragmentary State of Knowledge in Switzerland - 247

Chap. XVI. Insurrection Of The Peasantry In Berne, Lucerne, Soleure, And Basle

1653. Causes of Discontent ; Oppression of the Free Bailiwicks ; Disputes about the Currency, &c. - - 244

Popular Nickname of Soft and Hard Ones - - 247

Employment of armed Force against the Insurgents - 249

1654. Suppression of the Insurrection - - 251

Foreign Policy of the two religious Parties; extraordinary Hoi ours paid by the English Government uwder Cromwell to the Envoys of the Protestant Cantons ; their successful Intercession for the persecuted Waldenses - - . - 252

CHAP, XVIL

RELIGIOUS WAR, AND WAR OF TOGGENBURG.

1656. Religious War; its Origin; mutual Distrust of Protestants and Catholics . - 253

1525. 1620.

1629—1648.

xviii

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

A. D. Page Battle of Villmergen - - -259

1667. Usurpations of the Abbot of St. Gall over the People of

Toggenburg - - 261

1703. Long Altercations of Schwytz, Glarus, and Berne - 262 1712. War of Toggenburg j Flight of Abbot Leodegar - 265

Toggenburgers aim at Independence, which is refused

Surprisal of the Bernese Troops by Ackermann of Un-

terwalden - - - - 266

Second Action at Villmergen - - 266

Peace of Aarau - - 267

1718. Hostile Interference of the Pope and his Nuncio; Reprisals of the Helvetic Body - - 267

Chap. XVIII. Course Of Events During The Eighteenth Century

1702. Foreign Relations and Policy of the Helvetic Body at the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century ; Conduct of Du Luc, the French Ambassador - - 268

1710—1714. Case of Thomas Massner of Coire - 270

1702 — 1705. Jesuit Missions in Switzerland - - 271

1745. Conspiracy of Henzi at Berne ... 273

1781. Insurrection at Freyburg under Chenaux - - 276

1777. New Alliance with France - - 278

Chap. XIX. Disturbances At Geneva And In Neufchatel

1707 — 1714. Arrogance of " Patricians" at Geneva; popular 1734. Ebullitions against them ; defensive Measures of the

Council baffled by the Populace - 279

1762. Burning of Rousseau's " Emile " and " Contrat Social;"

Disputes of Representative and Negative Parties - 282 1768. Armed Intervention of France, Zurich, and Berne - 283

1781. Intrigues of the French and Negatives; Revolt of the

Representatives, who erect a new democratic Constitution - - - - 284

1782. Fresh Interference of France, Berne, and Savoy ; Entrance

and Occupation of Geneva by their Troops ; Reglementofl782; its Consequences - - 285

1748. Discontents in Neufchatel . - - 286

1768. Death of Gaudot; magnanimous Conduct of Frederick II. of Prussia - - - 288

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

xix

Chap. XX

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE OF SWITZERLAND SHORTLY BEFORE THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.

A. D. Page

Democratical Cantons - - - 283

Aristocratical Cantons; Berne; State of the Pays de

Valid ; Neglect of Education at Berne ; exterior or

Shadow State - - 284

Lucerne ; Helvetic Society - - 286

Aristo-democratical Governments - - 287

Free Bailiwicks - - - - 289

Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce - - 289

Arts and Sciences . - 290

Military Department - - 291

CHAP. XXL

FROM THE FIRST YEARS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION TO THE PEACE OF AMIENS.

1789. 1794.

1796. 1797.

1801. 1802.

304 305

First Effects of the French Revolution in Switzerland - 298 Imitation of its Horrors at Geneva - - 301

Policy of the French Directory ... 302

Cisalpine Republic - - 503

Insurrection of the Peasantry in Basle ; Diffusion of the

Spirit of Revolt - -

Insolence of Commissary Men gaud French Troops under Menard enter the Vaud, which

declares itself independent - - Degrading Application to Men gaud on the Part of the

Bernese Government Insolent Ultimatum of Brune; unwonted Vigour of

Inconsistency of the Bernese Government ; Commencement of Hostilities; partial Successes of the Swiss; Capitulation of Berne ; Murder of General Erlach by his own Troops - -

The French proclaim a Constitution Unitaire, levy large Contributions on the Towns, and appropriate the Treasures amassed at Berne and in other Places Struggle and Subjection of the Forest Cantons; Fall of

the old Helvetic League ; Anarchy and Tyranny -512 Renewal of War between France and Austria; Seat of War transferred to Switzerland ; desolating Inroads of the French, Austrians, and Russians - - 315

Mystical and Fanatical Notions propagated at this Crisis 517 Peace of Amiens ; Withdrawal of French Troops from Switzerland ; renewed Scene of Confusion ; Interference of Napoleon ; Acquiescence in his offered - Mediation - - - - 318

XX

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.