The principles of therapeutics

Front matter

Class.

Book.

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT

Preface

This book has been written with the one viewpoint constantly in mind, namely, to present the data necessary for the advanced student to well understand the objects of scientific treatment, the rational use of active drugs, and the physical methods used in the treatment of disease. It is also aimed to present even under-graduate subjects tersely and concisely, so that the practitioner may well find the book of value as a review of up-to-date practical therapy.

A brief section on prescription writing is offered, a commentary on the valuable drugs and preparations of the United States Pharmacopoeia is presented, a therapeutic classification of drugs, and a description of their action and uses are given in some detail. Foods and organotherapy are carefully discussed. The various physical methods of treatment, electricity, massage, exercise, climate, and medicinal springs are described. Special treatments for acute and chronic poisoning by drugs, and the treatment for most emergencies are. outlined. Rational treatments for simple external disturbances are suggested, practical advice concerning equipment and preparedness is given the young practitioner, the National drug laws are described, reportable contagious diseases are listed, and, finally, a chapter on Medical Ethics completes the book.

The author wishes to record his sincere appreciation for the help and advice given him by Professor Lafayette B. Mendel in the preparation of the section on foods and especially of the chapter on vitamines.

The index has been carefully prepared, and it is hoped that both for study and for reference the book will be found of value.

Oliver T. Osborne.

New Haven, Conn., April, 192 1.

PART I THE ART OF WRITING PRESCRIPTIONS Page

Introduction 17

Official Drugs and Preparations 21

United States Pharmacopceia 22

Preparations of the United States Pharmacopoeia 22

Latin in Prescription Writing 25

Weights and Measures 26

The Decimal System 27

The Old System 28

Table of Equivalents . 29

Method of Writing Prescriptions 29

Abbreviations 32

Prescriptions 33

Incompatibility . 36

Dosage 37

Conditions Modifying the Action of a Drug 40

Cumulative Effects of Drugs 42

Drugs That Cause Eruptions 43

Drugs that Change the Color of the Urine and Feces 44

Methods of Administering Drugs 44

Part II The Valuable Drugs And Preparations Of The

UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA WITH

COMMENTS

United States Pharmacopceial Drugs and Preparations ..... 46 Synonyms 101

Part III A Therapeutic Classification Of Useful Drugs

AND A DESCRIPTION OF THEIR ACTION, USES

AND ADMINISTRATION

Page

Drugs Used to Destroy Microorganisms IIO

Disinfection no

Antiseptics 116

Sterilization 119

Parasiticides 125

Drugs Used Externally for Action on the Skin 125

Dusting Powders 126

Emollients 128

Escharotics 138

Drugs Used For Action on Mucous Membranes 140

Demulcents 141

Drugs Used for Local Action in the Stomach 148

Drugs Used to Increase the Appetite 148

Digestants 150

Antacids 152

Drugs Used to Relieve Irritation in the Stomach 153

Emetics 156

Drugs Used for Local Action in the Intestinal Canal 157

Carminatives 157

Cathartics 158

Laxatives 161

Purgatives 166

Saline Purgatives 168

Irritant Purgatives 171

Drugs Used to Diminish Intestinal Putrefaction 1 73

Drugs Administered Internally for Their Action on the Skin . . . . 183

Drugs Used to Stimulate the Activity of the Skin 183

Diaphoretics 183

Drugs Used to Decrease Perspiration 186

Drugs Used For Their Action on the Genitourinary System 187

Drugs Used to Increase the Amount of Urine 188

Drugs Used to Render the Urine Alkaline 190

Drugs Used to Render the Urine Acid 192

Drugs Used to Prevent the Growth of Bacteria in Kidneys and Bladder . 193

Drugs Used to Stimulate the Mucous Membranes 195

Emmenagogues 195

Oxytocics 196

Drugs Used for Action on the Respiratory Tract 198

Drugs Used to Increase the Secretion of the Mucous Membranes. . . 201

Expectorants 201

Page Drugs Used to Decrease the Secretion of the Mucous Membranes . . . 205 Drugs Used to Relax Spasm 206

Drugs Used for Action on the Circulation 207

Drugs Used to Accelerate the Heart 211

Drugs Used to Depress the Heart 212

Drugs Used to Strengthen the Heart 214

Drugs Used to Contract the Blood-vessels: Vasoconstrictors 231

Drugs Used to Dilate the Blood-vessels: Vasodilators 235

Drugs Used for Action on the Central Nervous System 247

Drugs Used to Stimulate the Brain and Spinal Cord 248

Drugs Used to Depress the Brain and Spinal Cord 257

Drugs Used to Stop Pain 259

Drugs Used to Cause Sleep: Hypnotics 270

Drugs Used to Cause General Anesthesia: Anesthetics 284

Drugs Used to Cause Local Anesthesia 316

Drugs Used to Lower the Temperature of the Body 325

Drugs and Preparations that are Specific 338

Prevention and Treatment of Syphilis 343

The Specific Treatment of Tetany 352

The Specific Treatment of Malarial Fevers 362

Serums as Specifics in Hemorrhage ■ . . 369

Drugs Used as Specifics 371

Colchicum in the Treatment of Gout 371

Salicylic Acid in the Treatment of Rheumatism 375

Drugs Used to Modify Metabolism 382

To Stimulate Metabolism 388

Iron 394

Treatment of Anemia 397

To Increase Uric Acid Excretion 398

Phenylcinchoninic Acid 398

Part IV The Endocrine Glands And Organotherapy

General Conslderations 399

Insanity 403

Vasomotor Disturbances 405

Endocrine Glands That Have Positive Therapeutic Value .... 406

Hypersecretion 420

Treatment of Graves' Disease 426

Hyposecretion 430

Parathyroid Glands 440

Page

Hypersecretion. 450

Hyposecretion . 452

Hyperadrenalism 461

Hypoadrenalism 463

Corpus Luteum 473

Placenta 485

Mammary Glands 485

Testicles 489

Prostate Gland '. 492

Pineal Gland 500

Pancreas 504

Secretin 506

Liver 507

Kidneys 508

Parotid Glands 508

Brain 509

Nuclein. . . 510

Lymph Glands 511

Bone Marrow 511

Meat Extracts 511

PART V PRACTICAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES Inhalation 513

Atomization 517

Insufflation 518

Nasal Douching 519

Gargling 520

Gavage 524

Gastric Lavage. 524

Enemata 526

Urethral Injections 529

Bladder Irrigations 531

Vaginal Irrigations 532

Intra-uterine Irrigation 533

Hypodermic Medication 533

Aspiration 535

Wet Copping 537

Leeching 537

CONTENTS II

Page

Venesection 538

Intravenous Injection of Saline Solutions 540

Hypodermoclysis 542

Transfusion of Blood 543

Part VI Vaccines And Serums

Immunity ■ 547

Allergy 550

Protein Poisoning — Anaphylaxis 553

Vaccines . . 555

Protective and Curative Vaccines 557

Prevention of Small-Pox 557

Prevention of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers 559

Prevention and Treatment of Whooping-cough 560

Prevention and Treatment of Hay Fever 561

Test and Treatment of Tuberculosis 561

Treatment of Gonorrhea 563

Treatment of Boils and Carbuncles 563

Prevention of Rabies 564

Protective and Curative Serums 564

Antitoxins 564

Prevention and Treatment of Diphtheria 566

Schick Test 566

Prevention and Treatment of Tetanus 568

Treatment of Pneumonia 568

Treatment of Bacillary Dysentery 569

Lumbar Puncture 569

Treatment of Cerebrospinal Meningitis 573

Treatment of Anterior Poliomyelitis 574

Treatment of Chorea 574

Part VII Foods And Diets

General Discussion 576

Proteins 578

Vitamines 582

PURINS 586

Milk 587

Cheese 590

Page

Eggs 590

Nuts 591

Carbohydrates 591

Sug.ar 593

Fats 59 6

Salts 599

Fruits 602

Coffee and Tea 603

Nutrient Enemata 605

General Diet Considerations 607

Indigestion 612

Constipation 613

Gastric Hyperacidity 615

Intestinal Bacteria 616

Diet in Fever 619

Diet in Anemia 621

Diet in Heart Disease 622

Salt-Free Diet 622

Diet in Hypertension 623

Diet in Pregnancy 623

Diet in Tuberculosis 624

Diet in Diabetes Mellitus 624

Diet in Obesity 627

Relation of Scurvy to Diet 629

Relation of Rickets to Diet 630

Relation of Beriberi to Diet 630

Relation of Pellagra to Diet 631

Relation of Xerophthalmia to Diet 631

PART XI TREATMENT OF EMERGENCIES Sudden Death 743

Coma 743

Illuminating Gas (Carbon Monoxide) Poisoning 745

War Gas Poisoning 748

Page

Caisson Disease 750

Drowning 751

Burns 753

Treatment of Acute Poisoning by Drugs 757

Corrosive Sublimate (Mercuric Chloride) Poisoning 761

Wood Alcohol (Methyl Alcohol) Poisoning 764

Botulism 766

Toadstool (Muscarine) Poisoning 768

Convulsions of Young Children 768

Sunstroke — Insolation 771

Heat Prostration — Heat Stroke 773

Freezing • • 773

Seasickness 774

Part XII Treatment Of Simple Disturbances Of The Surface Of The Body

The Relation of the Skin to the Systemic Condition 776

Itching — Pruritus 777

Pruritus Vulv,e 779

Urticaria 780

Mosquito Bites . . * 780

Ivy Poisoning 781

Primrose Poisoning. 782

Eczema 782

Chapped Hands 783

Chilblains 784

Acne 785

Impetigo Contagiosa 786

Sty — Hordeolum 786

Boils 787

Carbuncles 788

Psoriasis 789

Ringworm — Tinea Trichophytina 790

Tinea Cruris 791

Itch — Scabies. . . 791

Head Lice — Pediculosis 793

Hygiene of the Hair 794

Warts 795

Sweating of the Feet and Axilla — Localized Hyperldrosis 796

Ingrowing Toe-nail 797

Inflammation of the Middle Ear — Otitis Media 797

Leucorrhea 799

CONTENTS IS

PART XIII PRACTICAL ADVICE TO YOUNG PHYSICIANS Page

Some Truths About Drugs / 800

Drug Aphorisms 803

Drug Fallacies 805

Thermometry Equivalents 806

Clinical Histories 807

Therapeutic Chart 809

The Hypodermic Case 810

The Pocket Medicine Case 810

The Always-ready Handbag 810

Drugs for Office Dispensing 812

Life Extension 812