A shorter history of England and greater Britain

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A SHORTER HISTORY OF ENGLAND AND GREATER BRITAIN

Preface

• i

The present work is a shortened form of the author's History of England and Greater Britain, brought up to the beginning of 19 19. Four chapters have been added, two of which aim to re-survey the relations between the Mother Country and the Self-governing Dominions beyond the seas and British foreign relations from 1870 to 1914, and two of which seek to describe the activities of Britain and Greater Britain in the World War, as well as the problems of government and administration which the War involved.

In treating of the causes which drew the British into the War it has been necessary, for the sake of completeness, to repeat much that has of late been frequently well described and is now oppressively familiar. Unfortunately the Kautsky documents and the latest Austrian Red Book which would have caused the writer to modify his statements concerning the Kaiser's alleged conference and the respective responsibility of the German and Austro-Hungarian Governments in the negotiations following Serajevo, were not at hand when his chapter went to press. However, the first part of the story has been admirably told, in the light of the new evidence, by Professor S. B. Fay in the American Historical Review for July, 1920, and the second part is promised in October.

In revising and condensing the earlier parts of the book the writer has confined his abbreviating largely to the political narrative, retaining the surveys of social, industrial, intellectual and religious conditions with comparatively little curtailment. He wishes to repeat his thanks to those who have so kindly assisted him in his first undertaking, and further to express his obligations to his colleagues Professors Campbell Bonner, A. E. R. Boak and W. R. Frayer for very helpful suggestions.

Arthur Lyon Cross.

University of Michigan, August, 1920.

Table Of Contents

CHAPTER

PAGE

I. The British Isles: Theer Physical Features and Resources i II. The Earliest Inhabitants of Britain 8

II William the Conqueror = Matilda of Flanders 1 066- 1 08 7

Robert, Duke

of Normandy,

William, d. 1 134

William Rufus, 1087-1100

William, d. 1120

Adela = Stephen of Blois

Matilda = (1) Emperor

Henry V (2) Geoffrey of Anjou

Stephen, H35-II54

Robert of Gloucester

Bishop of

Winchester

Illegitimate.

XV

XVI

III The Earlier Angevin Kings, 1154-127*

= Eleanor of Guienne, d. 1204, divorced wife of Louis VII

Henry, d. 1 183

Geoffrey = Constance d. 1 186 I of Brittany

John = Isabella Eleanor 1 199- of An- 12 16 goul&ne

Arthur, d. 1203

Henry III = Eleanor of

1216-1272

Provence

Joan,

m. Alexander II

of Scotland

Eleanor,

m. Simon de

Montfort

Edmund Crouchback, d. 1295 m. Alexander IH

of Scotland

Richard,

Kin ' of the

Romans,

d. X27I

IV

THE LATER ANGEVINS, OR THE PLANTAGENETS, 1272-1399 Henry III, 1216-1272

Edward I = (i) Eleanor of

1272-1307

Castile ; (2) Margaret of France m. Alexander III

of Scotland

Edmund (Crouchback) Earl of Lancaster

(1) Edward 11= Isabella of France

Edward III 1327-1377

Philippa of Hainault

(2) Edmund, Earl of Kent, executed 1330

Joan, m.

(1) Sir T.Holland;

(2) The Black Prince

Thomas,

Earl of

Lancaster,

Earl of

Lancaster,

Lancaster,

Blanche = John of Gaunt

Edward = Joan of Black Prince, d. 1376

Kent

Lionel, Duke of Clarence

John of = Blanche, Gaunt, heiress of d. 1399 Lancaster

Edmund,

York

Thomas,

Gloucester;

Philippa = Edmund Mortimer, d. 1380

Roger, Earl of March, declared heir of Richard II, in 1385 ; killed in Ireland, 1398

Second surviving son.

XVll

THE HOUSES OF YORK AND LANCASTER • Edward III, 1327-1377

I

Lionel, Duke of Clarence (2d son), d. 1368

Edmund,

Duke of York

Philippa = d. 1381

Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (great-grandson of Roger Mortimer, who was executed 1330)

Elizabeth, m. Henry Hotspur

Roger,

Earl of March,

killed 1398

I

John of Gaunt = Blanche of Lancaster

(3d son),

Thomas,

Clarence,

killed 142 1

I I !

Edmund, Anne= Richard,

Earl of March, I Earl of Cambridge,

d. 1424 executed 1415

Richard, Duke of York, killed at Wakefield, 1460

John, Humphrey,

Duke of Duke of

Bedford, Gloucester,

Edward,

Duke of York

(elder son),

killed at Agincourt, 1415

I

George, Duke of Clarence, executed 1478

Edward V, 1483

I Richard, Duke of York

Richard III, 1483-^485

Elizabeth = Henry VII

VI The House Of Tudor

Arthur, d. 1502

Henry VII, 1485-1509 ■ great-great-grandson of John of Gaunt, by his mother, Margaret Beaufort

Elizabeth, 155S-1603

Margaret, m. James IV of Scotland

Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV

Mary

(1) Louis XII of France, d. 1515 '

(2) Charles Brandon,

Duke of Suffolk

1 Believed to have been murdered in the Tower, 1483.

VII The Stuarts

James l' = Anne of Denmark, 1603-1625 I d. 1619

I

Henry, d. 1612

I

Elizabeth d. 1662

James (the old Pretender), b. 1688, d. 1765

I

Prince Rupert,

James II,

1685-1688,

I

Mary =• William

I

Anne,

1702-1714 of

Orange,

Frederick

of the Palatinate

Prince Maurice, d. 1652

VIII Sophia = Elector of Hanover d. 1714 I

George II

THE HOUSE OF HANOVER George I, 17 14-1727

Frederick

Prince of Wales,

Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

William, Duke

of Cumberland,

George 111 = Sophia Charlotte of 1760-1820 I Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Sophia = Frederick William I, King of Prussia, 1 7 13-1740

Frederick the Great, 1 740-1 786

Princess Charlotte, d. 1817

Frederick,

Duke of York,

Victoria = Albert of Saxe-Coburg, 1837-1901 I d. 1861

Edward,

Duke of Kent,

Victoria = Frederick,

German Emperor, March-June, 1888

William II,

German Emperor,

Albert Edward,

Edward VII,

1901-1910

Alfred, Duke of

Edinburgh, d. 1900

George V= 1910

= Princess Mary of Teck

Arthur,

Con naught

Leopold, Duke of Albany, d. 1884

Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David 1 See Table XIII.

GENEALOGICAL TABLES xix

RELATED FAMILIES AND CLAIMANTS

IX The Beauforts And The Tudors

John of Gaunt 1 = Katharine Swynford

I

John, Earl of Somerset, d. 1410 Henry, Cardinal Beaufort, d. 1447

Katherine of France = Owen Tudor John, Duke of

Somerset, d. 1444

Edmund Tudor = Margaret

Earl of Richmond

X

THE GREYS AND THE SEYMOURS

I

Henry VIII, Margaret = James IV Mary = (2) Charles Brandon

1 509-1 547 of Scotland

(1) Louis XII of France

Duke of Suffolk

Frances^ Henry Grey,

Marquis of Dorset

and Duke of

Suffolk

Jane Grey = Guilford Dudley Catherine Grey = Edward Seymour,

I Earl of

Hertford

I

Edward Seymour,

Lord Beauchamp,

I

1 1

Edward, William,

d. 1618 afterward

2d Duke of Somerset (1588-1660), m. Arabella Stuart 1 For first wife, see Table V

XX

XI The Howards

John Howard, created Duke of Norfolk, killed at Bosworth, 1485

I

Thomas, Earl of Surrey,

victor at Flodden, 1513, Duke of Norfolk, 1514, d. 1524

Thomas,

1 Edmund

1 William,

1 Elizabeth = Thomas created Lord

1 Boleyn

Norfolk,

Katherine.

Howard of m. Henry VIII,

Effingham

Anne Boleyn, m. Henry VIII, executed, 1542

Charles, executed, 1536

Henry, Earl commander of Surrey, against the

Queen Elizabeth, beheaded, 1547

Armada, 1588, created Earl

1558-1603

Thomas, Duke of Nottingham, of Norfolk, beheaded, 1572

XII Charles II

THE EXILED STUARTS

Charles I

I

James II

James Francis

Edward,

James III

the Old Pretender,

Charles Edward,

Charles III,

The Young Pretender,

Cardinal of

York,

Henrietta

Anne

Philip of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV

Victor Amadeus,

Duke of Savoy,

1st King of

Sardinia

Charles Emmanuel III, King of Sardinia, d. 1773

Victor Amadeus III, d. 1796

Victor Emmanuel IH, d. 1824

Mary = Francis IV, d. 1840 I Duke of Modena

Ferdinand = Archduchess Elizabeth of Austria

Mary Theresa 1 = Ludwig, King of Bavaria, i9f{$

Rupert

Luitpold 1 Mary IV, the present head of the House of Stuart.

XXI

XIII THE KINGS OF SCOTLAND, 1066-1603 Duncan I

Duncan I, 1093

Malcolm III = Margaret, 1058-1093 I d. 1093

I Donald Bane, 1094-1097

Alexander I. 1107-1124

Matilda, m. Henry I,

d. ii3S

Henry, Earl of Huntingdon, d. n 52

I

I William the Lion, 1165-1214

I Alexander II, 12 14-1249

I Alexander III, 1 249-1 286

1 — ! : —

Margaret = Eric, King of -I Norway

Margaret, Maid of Norway, 1 286-1 290

David, Earl of Huntingdon

I

I Devorguilla =■ John Balliol

John Comyn, murdered

John Balliol, 1 1292-1296

Edward Balliol

Isabella

I

Robert Bruce,

I Robert, d. 1305

J

I David Bruce, m. Joan, sister of Edward II, 1329-1370

Margaret = Walter the Steward I or Stuart, ancestor of the Stuart line

I

James I = Jane Beaufort 1406-1437I

I ,

( 1 ) James IV = Margaret Tudor = Earl of Angus 1488-1513 I

James V, Margaret = Earl of Lenox 1513-1542 I

Mary, Queen of Scots = Lord Darnley, 1 542-1 567 I murdered 1567

James VI of Scotland

and I of England,

1567-1625

Robert, Duke of Albany, d. 1420

Charles, Earl of Lenox

Arabella Stuart

Claimants in 1292.

XX11