General and dental pathology with special reference to etiology and pathologic anatomy ; a treatise for students and practitioners

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Preface

It has been the aim of the authors to treat the subject from the standpoint of gross and microscopic pathology, realizing that the needs of the dental student call for just that character of information. It is, of course, assumed that the object in undertaking the study of pathology is to the effect that the information necessary to treat diseases upon a rational basis may be a Available ; therefore the clinical aspects of the maladies discussed throughout the text have been worked out on the basis of the structural changes induced in the tissues by various forms of irritation. The clinic and the laboratory have been made use of extensively in the collection of the data and in their arrangement in sequential order, and an effort has been made to include only tangible information, excluding all statements of more or less speculative character. The book, it is hoped, will be a help to dental students by imparting a foundational knowledge of the subject and by rendering less complicated the interpretation of pathologic phenomena in the held of dental diagnosis. The comprehension of dental pathology rests upon a clear conception of those abnormal phenomena which, because they may develop in any organ or tissue of the body, are grouped under the heading of general pathology. Practically all the illustrations in the section on Dental Pathology are original, and this feature of the book, we trust, will greatly assist the student in his analysis of the pathologic anatomy of the diseases with which he concerns himself.

AVe are greatly indebted to Dr. Lewis E. Ford for placing at our disposal the laboratories and clinical material of the College of Dentistry of the University of Southern California and for his friendly encouragement and help. To Dr. A. C. LaTouche we are indebted for many courtesies extended to us during the preparation of the manuscript and illustrations and for the use of the microscopical sections from which Figs. 292, 293, and 405 were made, and for the original photograph of Fig. 401.

To Dr. Carroll W. Jones, who greatly aided us in the preparation of the manuscript for the press and in the revision of the proofs, we gratefully acknowledge our appreciation. To Dr. James D.

PREFACE

McCoy the authors' thanks are due for repeated courtesies and suggestions and for his cooperation in gathering the data for the chapter on systemic infections ; all the radiographs in that chapter were supplied by Dr. McCoy, without whose assistance its preparation would have been greatly handicapped. To Dr. E. F. Tholen we express our thanks for the originals of Figs. 346, 347, 348, and 349, and to Dr. C. F. Oakman for the use of Fig. 342. Our thanks are also due to Professor Wm. J. Gies, of Columbia University, for having placed at our disposal the literature covering his valuable investigation in the domain of dental science ; from this we have quoted freely, especially in the chapter on dental caries. We are also indebted to Dr. H. P. Pickerill for the use of Figs. 93, 94, and 95 from his excellent work ' ' The Prevention of Dental Caries and Oral Sepsis. ' ' Our thanks for the loan of cuts are due to the publishers of the following works: Stengel and Fox's "Pathology," Bailey's "Textbook of Normal Histology," Delafield and Prudden's "Textbook of Pathology," McFarland's "Pathology," McConnell's "Pathology and Bacteriology for Dentists," Black's "Operative Dentistry," Ziegler's "Textbook of General Pathology," Blair's ' ' Surgery and Diseases of the Mouth and Jaws, " " American Textbook of Dentistry, ' ' The Dental Cosmos, The Dental Summary, and others. The courtesy extended by Dr. F. "W. Frahm in offering suggestions which are incorporated in the chapter on macroscopic deformities is also acknowledged. The authors desire to thank Dr. W. A. Danielson of the Chicago College of Dental Surgery, for valuable suggestions in the text.

To Dr. Gordon B. New of the Mayo Clinic, for contributing the chapter on Cystic Odontomas, and to Dr. J. Walter Reeves, for contributing the chapter on Malformations, the authors acknowledge their obligation.

The authors wish to extend their thanks to the publishers for their hearty cooperation.

Los Angeles, Cal.

Chapter I Page

Pathology, 21; Disease, 21; The Cell, 23; Anatomy of the Cell, 24; The Chemistry of the Cell, 26; The Physics of the Cell, 29; Staining Reactions of the Cell, 30; The Physiology of the Cell, 32; Origin of the Blastodermic Layers, "4.

CHAPTER II The Etiology of Diseases 37

Etiology of Disease, 37; Age, 28; Sex, 28; Race, 29; Idiosyncrasy, 39; Traumatisms, 39; Injurious Occupations, 39; Unsanitary Surroundings, 40; Habits, 40; Heredity, 4; Specific or Determining Causes, 41; Traumatism, 41; Heat, 41; Cold, 42; Atmospheric Pressure, 43; Electricity, 43; Light, 4;'.; X-rays, 44; Chemical Agents, 44; Living Organisms, 44; Autointoxication, 44.

Chapter III

Retrograde Processes, 45; Atrophy, 45; Degenerations (or Metamorphoses), 47; Cloudy Swelling, Parenchymatous or Granular Degeneration, 48 ; Patty Degeneration, 48 ; Mucoid Degeneration, 50 ; Colloid Degeneration, 52; Hyaline Degeneration, 54; Amyloid Degeneration (Waxy, Bacony, or Lardaceous Degeneration), 56; Infiltrations, 59; Fatty Infiltration, 59; Pigmentary Infiltration, 61; Calcareous Infiltration, 67 ; Concretions of Concrements, 69 ; Hydropic, Dropsical, or Serous Infiltration, 70; Glycogenic or Glycogenous Infiltration, 71 ; Necrosis, 72 ; Coagulation Neorosis, 73 ; Liquefaction Necrosis, 75; Cheesy Necrosis, or Caseation, 76; Fat Necrosis, 77; Focal Necrosis, 78; Gangrene, 79.

CHAPTER IV The Circulatory Changes 82

Ischemia, or Local Anemia, 82; Hyperemia, 83; Active Hyperemia,

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PAGE 83; Passive Hyperemia, 84; Hypostatic Congestion, 85; Hemorrhage, 85; Hemophilia, 87; Thrombosis, 87; Embolism, 90; Infarcts, 92; Edema, Dropsy or Anasarca, 95.

Chapter V

Etiology, 98; Gross Pathology of Acute Inflammation, 98; Edematous or Serous, 100; Fibrinous, 100; Diphtheritic or Croupous, 100; Suppurative, 101; Abscess Formation, 102; Phlegmonous Inflammation, 103; Catarrhal Inflammation, 104; Parenchymatous Inflammation, 105; Interstitial Inflammation, 106; Hemorrhagic Inflammation, 106; Necrotic or Gangrenous Inflammation, 106; Productive Inflammation, 106; Regeneration, 108; Pathologic Anatomy, 108; Pathologic Regeneration, 108; Metaplasia, 110; Heteroplasia, 110.

CHAPTER VI Progressive Tissue Changes Ill

Hypertrophy, 111; Etiology, 111; Gross Pathology, 112; Microscopic Pathology, 112; Pathologic Physiology, 112; Results, 112.

Chapter VII

Theories of Origin and Causation, 113; Fibromata, 117; Myxomata, 119; Chondromata, 120; Chordomata, 121; Osteomata, 121; Odontomata, 122; Lipomata, 122; Sarcomata, 123; Round-celled Sarcomata, 124; Spindle-celled Sarcomata, 127; Melanotic Sarcoma, or Melanomata, 127 ; Giant-celled Sarcomata, 128 ; Rhabdomyomata, 130 ; Leiomyomata, 130 ; Glioma, 132 ; Glioma Ganglionare, or Ganglionic Glioma, or Neuroma, 133; Angiomata, 133; Papillomata, 135; Adenomata, 138; Carcinomata, 139; Epithelioma, 141; Adenocarcinomata, 143 ; Scirrhous Carcinoma, 143 ; Medullary Carcinoma, 145 ; Endotheliomata, 146; Teratomata, 148; Dermoid Cysts. 148; Hypernephroma, 148; Cysts, 149.

CHAPTER VIII The Pathology of Infectious Diseases 152

The Pathology of Infectious Diseases, 152; Suppurative Diseases, 154; Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis, 156; Gonorrhea, 157; Soft Chancre, or Chancroid, 158 ; Pneumonia, or Pneumonitis, 159 ; Bronchof>neumonia or Lobular Pneumonia, 161; Tuberculosis, 164; Leprosy, 167; Syphilis, or Lues (or "Gieat Pox"), 168; Glanders, or Equinia, 171; The Toxemic Diseases, 172; Tetanus or Lock Jaw,

COXTENTS 5

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172; Diphtheria, 173; Asiatic Cholera, 173; Typhoid Fever, 171; Bacillary Dysentery, 175; Malta Fever or Mediterranean Fever, 176; Anthrax, 176; Malignant Edema, 177; Gaseous Edema, 177; Bubonic Plague, 176; Influenza, 178; Epidemic Conjunctivitis, 179; Whooping Cough or Pertussis, 179; Vincent's Angina, 179; Relapsing Fever, 179; The Higher Bacteria, 180; (Trichomycetes, Chalamydobacteriacese) , 180; Leptothrix Infections (Leptotrichoses), 180; Cladothrix and Xocardia Infections or Mycoses, 180 ; Actinomycosis, 181 ; Mycetoma, or Madura Foot of India, 182 ; Blastomycosis or Saccharomycosis, 182 ; Oidiomycosis, 183 ; Mycoses due to Molds, or Hyphomycetes, 183; The Protozoan Infections, 185; Amebic Dysentery, 185; Trypanosomiasis, 186; Leishmaniases, 187; Malaria, 187; Coccidiosis, 190; Infectious Diseases Caused by Undetermined Microorganisms, 190; Measles, 190; German Measles, 191; Chicken Pox or Varicella, 191; Scarlet Fever or Scarlatine, 191; Mumps, or Acute Epidemic Parotitis, 191 ; Acute Poliomyelitis, or Infantile Paralysis, 192 ; Acute Articular Rheumatism, 192 ; Dengue, 193 ; Yellow Fever, or Typhus Icteroides, 193; Typhus Fever, 191; Smallpox, or Variola, 191; Foot-and-mouth Disease, 191; Rocky Mountain Fever, 195; Metazoa, 195; The Cestodes, or Tapeworms, 198.