Scott's official history of the American Negro in the World War. A complete and authentic narration, from official sources, of the participation of American soldiers of the Negro race in the World War for democracy ... a full acount of the war work organizations of colored men and women and other civilian activities, including the Red Cross, the Y.M.C.A., the Y.W.C.A. and the War camp community service, with official summary of treaty of peace and League of Nations covenant

Front matter

iN aO,

OF

THE AMERICAN NEGRO IN THE WORLD WAR

Contents

PAGE

Loyalty and Democracy of the Negro, by Secretary Baker 15

Tribute to the Negro Soldier, by General Pershing 16

CHAPTER I. — How the Great War Came to America 23

The Underlying Causes of the War — Racial Hatreds and National Enmities — Germany's Ambition to Rule the World — The Gathering of the War Clouds — Germany's Attempt to Stir Up Trouble Between the United States and Mexico — Events that Led to America's Participation In the War.

CHAPTER II.— The Call to the Colors 32

Negro Troops that Were Ready When War Was Declared — The Famous 9th and 10th Cavalry, U. S. Army— The 24th and 25th Infantry— National Guard Units of Colored Troops — The 8th Illinois — The 15th New York — National Guard Units of Ohio, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, and Tennessee — First Separate Battalion of the District of Columbia — How All of These Responded to the Call.

CHAPTER III. — Official Recognition of the Negro's Interest. 40

Appointment of Emmett J. Scott as Special Assistant to the Secretary of War — DifBculties Encountered in Establishing the Negro's Status — Opportunities Afforded for Effective Work on Behalf of Negro Soldiers — Better Opportunities for Negro OflScers, Soldiers, Nurses, Surgeons, and Others Obtained Through This Official Connection.

CHAPTER IV. — The Work of the Special Assistant 51

Guarding the Interests of Negro Soldiers and Civilians — Promoting a Healthy Morale — Cases of Alleged Discrimination Against Negro Draftees — The Edward Merchant Case — The John D. Wray Case — How Justice Was Secured — A War Department Inquiry — Training of Colored Officers.

CHAPTER V. — The Negro in the National Army 66

Selective Service Law the Most Complete Recognition of the Citizenship of the Negro, North and South — All the Duties and Responsibilities of Patriots Imposed Upon the Negro by the Draft Act — Tribute by the Provost Marshal General to the Colored Soldier — Assignment of Negro Draftees to Cantonments.

CONTENTS (CONTINUED) 5

CHAPTER VI. — A Critical Situation in the Camps 75

Race Problems that Had to be Solved— Fear of the Southern Whites that Trouble Would Follow the Training of Negro Troops in the South- Situation Complicated by the Houston Riot— Protest of the Governor of South Carolina — Dr. Scott Called to Spartanburg, S. C, to Allay Trouble There — How the Negro Soldier Finally Won the Respect and Confidence of the South.

CHAPTER VII.— Colored Officers and How They Were Trained 82

First Officers' Training Camp for Colored Men at Fort Des Moines, Iowa- Major J. E. Spingarn's Fight for the Establishment of This Camp — Methods of Training Reserve Officers — Negro Educational Institutions Furnish Personnel — Seven Hundred Colored Officers Commissioned at Fort Des Moines.

CHAPTER VIII. — Treatment of Negro Soldiers in Camp 92

Men from the South Sent to Northern Camps to Face a Hard Winter — Attempts at Discrimination Against Negro Soldiers and Officers — Firm Stand of the Secretary of War Against Race Discrimination — General Ballou's "Bulletin No. 35" — Members of Draft Boards Dismissed for Discrimination Against the Race.

CHAPTER IX. — Efforts to Improve Conditions 105

Secretary Baker and the Trying Situation at Camp Lee, Virginia — Reports on Investigations at Numerous Camps — Improved Conditions Brought About Gradually — The Case of Lieutenant Tribbett and Similar Cases of Race Prejudice,

CHAPTER X. — Negro Soldiers of France and England 117

French Colored Colonials the First Black Soldiers to Take Part In the War — The Story of These Senegalese Fighters — Their Important Part from the Beginning of the War — The Fight for the African Colonies — German Employment of Negro Troops in the Early Part of the War.

CHAPTER XL— The Negro Combat DmsiON 130

Full Detailed Account of the Organization and Fighting Campaigns of the Famous Ninety-Second, as Recorded by the Division's Official Historian — Complete Official Reports of Every Battle In Which the Ninety- Second Took Part — Commendation by Commanding Officers.

CHAPTER XII.— Citations and Awards, 92nd Division 173

Officers and Men of the Famous Negro Division Whose Heroic Conduct Gained for Them the Distinguished Service Cross — Details of Their Deeds of Heroism in Action — Special Mention of Officers and Men by Various Commanding Officers.

CHAPTER XIII.— The Story op *'The Buffaloes" 190

Glorious Record of the 367th Infantry Regiment — Colonel James A. Moss — Presentation of Colors by the Union League Club — "The Buffaloes" in France — How They "Saw It Through" at Metz — Their Heroic Conduct Under Fire — Regimental Colors Decorated by Order of the French High Command — A Tribute from France to "These Sunburned Americans."

6 CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

CHAPTER XIV.— Record of "The Old Fifteenth" 197

The Glorious Story of the 369th United States Infantry, Formerly of the New York National Guard— The Regiment That Never Lost a Man Captured, a Trench, or a Foot of Ground— First Negro Troops to Go into Action in France.

CHAPTER XV.—' ' The Eighth Illinois" 214

story of the 370th U. S. Infantry— Another Negro National Guard Regiment that Won Distinction on the Battlefield— Chicago's Colored Fighters- Called "Black Devils" by the Germans and "Partridges" by the French Because of Their Proud Bearing— First American Troops to March into the Fortified City of Laon— Their Stubborn Resistance at the Oise-Aisne Canal.

CHAPTER XVI.-— The 371st Infantry in France 231

How This Colored Regiment of the "Red Hand" Division Helped to Win the War — Service in the Trenches under General Goybet — In the Great Champagne Offensive — Fierce Fighting and Heavy Losses — The Regiment Decorated by the French — Individual Citations and Awards.

CHAPTER XVII.— The Record of the 372nd 239

A Regiment Made Up of National Guard Troops and Drafted Men — ^Attached to the Famous French "Red Hand" Division — Its Splendid Record in France — At Hill 304 — Heroic Exploits of Individuals — The Regiment Decorated with the Croix de Guerre — Citations and Awards.

CHAPTER XVIII.— Negro Heroes of the War 256

The Exploit of Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts — How One American Soldier in No-Man's Land Killed Four Germans and Wounded Twenty- Eight Others Single-Handed — First American Soldiers to Receive the French Croix de Guerre — Other Instances of Individual Heroism by Negro Soldiers.

CHAPTER XIX.— The Negro Soldier as a Fighter 274

Unanimous Praise by Military Observers — Value of Negroes as Shock Troops — Discipline and Morale Under Fire — What the War Correspondents Said About Them — Comments by Foreign Military Observers — Estimates by American and French Officers.

CHAPTER XX.— With Our Soldiers in France 284

f-

Official Reports of the Only Accredited Negro War Correspondent — Ralph W. Tyler, Representative with the A. E. F. of the U. S. Committee on Public Information— The Story of the Life and Fighting of American Negro Soldiers in France as Seen by This Trained Observer.

CHAPTER XXI.— Negro Music That Stirred France 300

Recognition of the Value of Music by the U. S. War Department— The Patriotic Music of Colored Americans— Lieutenant James Europe and His Famous "Jazz" Band — Other Leaders and Aggregations of Musicians — Enthusiasm of the French People and Officers for American Music as Interpreted by These Colored Artists and Their Bandsmen.

CONTENTS (CONTINUED) 7

CHAPTER XXII.— The Negro in the Service of Supply 315

A Vast Army of Colored Stevedores In France — Their Important and Efficient Work — Essential to the Combatant Army in the Trenches — Their Loyalty and Cheerfulness — Important Lessons Learned In the War — The Labor Battalions — Well-Earned Tributes to These Splendid Colored Workers Overseas.

CHAPTER XXIII.— "With Those Who Wait" 328

Provision for Technical Training of Draftees — Units that Did Not Get to France — Vocational and Educational Opportunities Opened to Them — The Negro In the Students' Array Training Corps — In the Reserve Officers* Training Corps.

CHAPTER XXIV. — German Propaganda Among Negroes 344

Insidious Efforts to Create Dissatisfaction Among Colored Americans — Germany's Treacherous Promises — How the Hun Tried to Undermine the Loyalty of Our Negro Citizens — Steps Taken to Combat Enemy Propaganda — Work of the Committee on Public Information.

CHAPTER XXV.— How Colored Civilians Helped to Win 355

Their Co-operation in All the Liberty Loan Drives — The Negro and the Red Cross — In the United War Work Campaign — How the Negroes Bought War Savings Stamps — Special Contributions and Work of Colored Citizens — The "Committee of One Hundred" and Its Valuable Work.

CHAPTER XXVI.— Negro Labor in War Time 365

Organization for War Work — The Division of Negro Economics — Pioneer Work of Dr. George E. Haynes — Negro Representation in Council — Seeking to Improve Race Relations — Good Work by Negroes in the Shipyards — Attitude of Organized Labor — The Opportunities of the War.

CHAPTER XXVII.— Negro Women in War Work 374

Enthusiastic Service of Colored Women in the Wartime Emergency — Overcoming the Problems of Race by Pure Patriotism — Work for the Red Cross — The Young Women's Christian Association — The Colored Hostess Houses and Rest Rooms for Soldiers — War Problems of Living — The Circle for Negro War Relief — Colored Women in the Loan Drives — Important Work in War Industries.

CHAPTER XXVIII.— Social Welfare Agencies 398

Important Welfare Work of the Young Men's Christian Association and Other Organized Bodies — Negro Secretaries of the Y. M. C. A. — The Problem of Illiteracy in the Camps — The Social Secretaries — Results of Education — The Y. W. C. A. Hostess Houses — The Knights of Columbus- -Caring tor Returned Soldiers.

CHAPTER XXIX.— Negro Loyalty and Morale 411

Eager Response of Colored Draftees — Notable Tributes to the Patriotism of the Negro Race by the White Press — Also by President Wilson, Secretary Baker, Secretary Daniels and Others — Negro Loyalty Never Doubted — Patriotic Negro Demonstrations and Other Instances of Loyalty.

8 . CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

CHAPTER XXX.— Did the Negro Soldier Get a Square Deal 1 426

Reports of "Widespread Discrimination and Harsh Treatment In Camp — Many Manifestations of Prejudice by White Officers — The Question of White or Negro Officers for Negro Regiments— Higher Officers of the Army Usually Fair — Disinclination to Utilize Colored Nurses and Colored Medical Men — Secretary Baker's Efforts to Prevent Race Discrimination — Reports of Negro Observers on Conditions Overseas.

CHAPTER XXXI. — What the Negro Got Out op the War 458

A Keener Sense of His Rights and Privileges as a Citizen of the United States— Racial Attitude of the South — Returning Negro Soldiers and Conditions in the North — The Attitude of Organized Labor — Instances of Discrimination — The Black Man and His Claims to Equal Treatment.

APPENDIX. — Colored Officers Commissioned at Ft. Des Moines 471

Colored Chaplains in the U. S. Army 482

Officlvl Summary of the Treaty of Peace 483

'Map of Central Europe Showing Territorial Changes Under the Treaty , 502

Key to the Map 503

Final Changes in the Treaty 504

Author's Preface

The Negro, in the great World War for Freedom and Democracy, has proved to be a notable and inspiring figure. The record and achievements of this racial group, as brave soldiers and loyal citizens, furnish one of the brightest chapters in American history. The ready response of Negro draftees to the Selective Service calls — together with the numerous patriotic activities of Negroes generally, gave ample evidence of their whole-souled support and their 100 per cent Americanism. It is difficult to indicate which rendered the greater service to their Country — the 400,000 or more of them who entered active military service (many of whom fearlessly and victoriously fought upon the battlefields of France) or the millions of other loyal members of this race whose useful industry in fields, factories, forests, mines, together with many other indispensable civilian activities, so vitally helped the Federal authorities in carrying the war to a successful conclusion.

When war against Germany was declared April 6, 1917, Negro Americans quickly recognized the fact that it was not to be a white man's war, nor a black man's war, but a war of all the people living under the '^ Stars and Stripes" for the preservation of human liberty throughout the ivorld. Despite efforts of pro-German propagandists to dampen their ardor or cool their patriotism by pointing out seeming inconsistencies between their treatment as American citizens and their expected loyalty as American soldiers, more than one million of them (1,078,331), according to the Second Official Eeport of the Provost Marshal General, promptly responded to, and registered under the three Selective Service calls. More than 400,000 Negro soldiers (367,710 draftees plus voluntaiy enlistments and those already in the Eegular Army) were called to the colors and offered their lives in defense of the American flag during the recent war. Relative to their population, proportionately more Negroes were *' drafted" than was true of white men.

The Negro was represented in practically every branch of military service during the Great World War, — including Infantry, Cavalry, Engineer Corps, Field Artillery, Coast Artillery, Signal Corps (radio or wireless telegraphers). Medical Corps, Hospital and Ambulance Corps, Aviation Corps (ground section). Veterinary

Corps, and in Stevedore Regiments, Service or Labor Battalions, Depot Brigades, and so fortli.

Nor was this the first instance in the Nation's history that this ever-loyal racial group rightly and cheerfully responded to the tocsin of war and made a military record of which any race might well be proud. In the Revolutionary War, in the War of 1812, in the Mexican War, in the Civil War, and in the War with Spain, — the American Negro soldier has always distinguished himself by bravery, fortitude, and loyalty. His military record has always compared favorably with that of other soldiers.

It is because of the immensely valuable contribution made by Negro soldiers, sailors, and civilians toward the winning of the great World War that this volume has been prepared, — in order that there may be an authentic record, not only of the military exploits of this particular racial group of Americans, but of the diversified and valuable contributions made by them as patriotic civilians.

A notable group of colored Americans, men and women, has joined me in this effort adequately to present a reliable record of the many services and sacrifices that the Negro race has willingly laid upon the altar of Patriotism. It is a matter of profound satisfaction to have had the earnest cooperation of :

Caeter G. Woodson, A. M., Ph. D., Director of Research, The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, whose monographs on Negro Life and History appear regularly in the "Journal of Negro History," the one publication of its kind in America. Dr. Woodson is a graduate of Harvard University, from which he received the degree of Ph. D., and is an authority on Negro History. His cooperation is, therefore, rightly to be prized as bringing to this work an appreciation of historical values.

Ralph W. Tylee, accredited Negro War Correspondent, who served overseas, representing the Committee on Public Information. Mr. Tyler had full opportunity at the front to know how colored soldiers acquitted themselves in camps and upon the battlefields of France. His letters and official reports sent to America and published through the Committee on Public Information in various white and colored newspapers of the country contained first-hand information concerning Negro troops overseas, and served to keep up the morale of colored Americans at a time when there was much anxiety and complaint among them due to the fact that adequate news regarding the treatment and activities of Negro soldiers abroad was not finding its way into the press of the country.

William Anthony Aery, Publication Secretary of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, and Monroe N. Work, in charge of the Division of Records and Research at Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, both of whom, being connected with the largest industrial schools among colored people in the United States, had full opportunity to observe the conduct and training of Negro soldiers in the various Vocational Detachments, Students * Army Training Corps, and Reserve Officers ' Training Corps units ; their counsel and data furnished have been of material assistance in the preparation of this volume.

Mrs. Alice Dunbar-Nelson (formerly the wife of Paul Laurence Dunbar, the ''Poet Laureate" of the Negro race), who wrote Chapter XXVII, entitled: ''Negro Women in War Work." Mrs. Nelson, prominent in educational and literary circles, was actively engaged during the war in helping to mobilize the colored women of the country for effective war work, representing the Women's Division of the Council of National Defense ; she traveled extensively in various parts of the country in the effort to promote patriotic activities among the colored women of America, and with eloquent tongue, trenchant pen, and untiring personal service helped them to make a record that will stand forever as a monument to the practical value and absolute dependability of Negro womanhood in a national crisis.

Miss Eva D. Bowles, Executive Secretary in charge of the Colored Young Women's Christian Association, who did a notable piece of work in connection with the War Work Council, not only in the matter of selecting well-trained women to take charge of Hostess Houses that were provided at various camps and cantonments, but in keeping alive the fires of patriotism among the colored women of the country as she went from place to place lecturing and otherwise working for the betterment of social conditions in Army camps and especially in communities adjacent thereto. A full report of the work done by the organization, which this consecrated young woman so worthily represents, is contained in Chapter XXVII, entitled: "Negro Women in War Work."

Lieutenant T. T. Thompson, Personnel Officer and Historian of the 92nd Division, to whom I am especially indebted for a large amount of official data concerning the various activities of this important Divisional unit of the American Expeditionary Forces. Lieutenant Thompson, by training and experience, was well fitted for the exacting post which was held by him as an officer in the U. S. Army and as a chronicler of the activities and operations of the 92nd Division. The material supplied by him and incorporated in Chapters XI and XII must, therefore, be regarded as official, authentic, and reliable. It is the one clear record of the activities of the 92nd Division, — that justly famous military unit composed of American Negro officers and soldiers who served their country so gallantly during the recent war. The data supplied by Lieutenant Thompson has been checked up by various other officers of the 92nd Division, including Lieutenant Chakles S. Pakkee, Regimental Adjutant, 366th Infantry, a man of scholarly attainments, judicial poise and clear understanding, and who, also, has supplied definite and important data with reference to the operations of certain Negro units that distinguished themselves by valor when the 92nd Division fearlessly faced the formidable fortress at Metz. It is a matter of great benefit to the Negro Race, and certainly most gratifying to the Author to have had recourse to the official records kept by these colored officers.

I am also especially indebted to Captain John H. Patton, Regimental Adjutant of the 370th Infantry Regiment, U. S. A. (better known as the Old Eighth Illinois Regiment) which unit actively participated in many a bloody conflict overseas and won imperishable fame. Captain Patton placed at my disposal the full and complete official record of the ''Eighth Illinois" (370th) Regiment and it was largely from that record, of undeniable authenticity, that Chapter XV was compiled.

Grateful reference must also be made to De. Jesse E. Mooeland, International Secretary of the Young Men's Christian Association, \\dth Headquarters at Washington, D. C. Dr. Moorland was in charge of all the Y. M. C. A. work conducted among colored soldiers in the various camps and cantonments throughout America as well as overseas, and with a well-selected cabinet of efficient, consecrated young colored men, rendered service of the utmost value in looking after the moral and social welfare of thousands of Negro soldiers who were called to the colors. Each and every Y. M. C. A. Secretary selected for service in camps or cantonments at home or overseas was designated by Dr. Moorland and his large corps of capable helpers cooperated most effectively with the War Work Council. No more notable work was done during the war than that performed by the Young Men's Christian Association among colored soldiers as it received the untutored, untrained and, in many cases unlettered colored men who poured into the various camps, and, largely through the practical help afforded by colored Y. M. C. A. Secretaries, were transformed within a few weeks or months into upstanding, sturdy, forward-looking men. The story of the Y. M. C. A. work among colored soldiers is a story most interesting and worthy of preservation.

Captain E. L. Snyder, Y. M. C. A. Secretary, who served for a time at Camp Grant with the 183rd Depot Brigade and later upon three battle fronts overseas, has placed the Author and his Eace under many obligations for permitting me to use and in securing for use in this volume a large number of very valuable pictures or illustrations contained herein; they indicate the widespread and varied activities of Negro troops in American camps and cantonments and in service overseas. Many of these illustrations were photographed by him at the front — some being photographed while he was in danger of being wounded or killed by flying pieces of shrapnel, while others were secured from the French Official Photographic Division. They show both American Negro and French Colonial troops in action.

Most or all of the photographs of colored officers have been supplied by these officers themselves at my special request, and I wish in this way to express to them all my grateful acknowledgment, with my sincere regret that the space devoted to illustrations did not permit the publication of all of the photographs so kindly furnished.

Many of these colored officers have furnished me with first-hand information of interest and importance, duly verified by their comrades in arms, — setting forth their individual exploits as well as those of the various units with which they were connected. To all of them, and to all others who have aided me in the preparation of this work, I am profoundly grateful.

In calling attention to these cooperating agencies, I want especially to pay tribute to my loyal and efficient secretary, Mr. William H. Davis, without whose generous support and valued services it would have been difficult for me to have done this work or to have presented a record of the activities of my office during the period of nearly two years I have been serving in the War Department as Special Assistant to the Secretary of War. Since entering upon the duties of that office, Mr. Davis has given a great deal more than time in supporting my various efforts in behalf of Negro soldiers and in the interest of Negi'o citizens generally; without regard to recompense and without counting time, strength or anything else except a desire to serve to the uttermost, — and I wish in this way and in this place to record my deep indebtedness to him, an indebtedness which must be shared by the Negro people of this country as well, in whose interest and for whose welfare he has served so loyally and unselfishly. I wish also gratefully to acknowledge the help and encouragement I have had from my corps of office assistants, clerks and stenographers, viz: Mr. R. W. Thompson, Mr. Charles Webb, Mr. J. B. Smith, Mrs. Madeline P. Childs, and Miss Ernestine English.

In response to the natural desire and nation-wide demand for an authentic and reliable record of Negro military achievements and other of their patriotic contributions, this volume has been prepared as a lasting tribute to the American Negro's participation in the greatest war in human history. Much of the material, as the reader will note, is based upon first-hand study, official reports and data, and the greatest possible care has been taken in the effort to set forth definitely what has been done — not only by black men in America but by those other brave black soldiers of Africa (Senegalese, Soudanese, and Algerians) who served with the Allies and who rendered such timely and valuable service, — in helping to save to the casket of Freedom the precious jewel of Human Liberty!

Washington, D. C, June 15, 1919.

LOYALTY AND DEMOCRACY OF THE NEGRO PRAISED BY THE SECRETARY OF WAR

The following is the testimony of the Honorable Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War, to the loyal and enthusiastic support of colored civilians and the part played by colored soldiers in the war:

In a most encouraging degree, it is being regarded by colored civilians throughout the country, as a privilege and as a duty to give liberally of their substance, of their time, of their talents, of their energy, of their influence, and in every way possible, to contribute toward the comfort and success of our fighting units and those of our allies across the seas.

The colored men, who were subject to draft, are to be commended upon their promptness and eagerness in registering their names for service in the National Army, and likewise mention is made of the relatively low percentage of exemption claims filed by^ them. Those in the service of their country proved faithful and efficient, and will uphold the traditions of their race.

I want the soldier who did not go over seas to know that he is as much a soldier as though he had taken part in the more spectacular side. I want to insist that the men who were in training in this country are just as much a part of the Army of the United States as if they had gone.

Now, I want to impress this upon you men, that if you feel that things have not been as you would like them — if there have been some things which you think were not as they should have been, you must try to forget them and go back to civil life with the determination to do your part to make the country what it should be.

After all, what is this thing we call ''DEMOCRACY" and about which we hear so much nowadays? Surely it no catch-phrase or abstraction. It is demonstrating too much vitality for that. It is no social distinction or privilege of the few, for were it that, it could not win the hearts of peoples and make them willing to die for its establishment. But it is, it seems to me, a hope as wide as the human race, involving men everywhere — a hope that permits

16 TRIBUTES TO THE NEGRO IN WAR

each of us to look forward to a time when not only we^ but others, will have our respective rights, founded on the generosity of Nature, and protected by a system of justice which will adjust its apparent conflicts. Under such a hope nations will do justice to nations, and men to men. Nor can I believe that this democracy will be attained as a finished and complete thing, but rather with increased education and knowledge its application will enlarge and new meanings be discovered in it. It is not the philosophy of disorder, but of progressive order, not the doctrine of restraint by force, but rather of self-restraint imposed by men who realize that one's own freedom is safest when that of others is equally safe.

Newton D. Baker.

General Pershing's Tribute to the Negro Soldier

' ' The stories, probably invented by German agents, that colored soldiers in France are always placed in most dangerous positions and sacrificed to save white soldiers, that when wounded they are left on the ground to die without medical attention, etc., are absolutely false.

^'A tour of inspection among American Negro troops by officers of these headquarters show^s the comparatively high degree of training and efficiency among these troops. Their training is identical with that of other American troops serving wi^h the French Army, the effort being to lead all American troops gradually to heavy combat duty by a preliminary service in trenches in quiet sectors.

*' Colored troops in trenches have been particularly fortunate as one regiment had been there a month before any losses were suffered. This was almost unheard of on the western front.

*'The exploits of two colored infantrymen in repelling a much larger German patrol, killing and wounding several Germans and winning the Croix de Guerre by their gallantry, has aroused a fine spirit of emulation throughout the colored troops, all of whom are looking forward to more active service.

"The only regret expressed by colored troops is that they are not given more dangerous work to do. I cannot commend too highly the spirit shown among the colored combat troops, who exhibit fine capacity for quick training and eagerness for the most dangerous w^^^k'" John J. Pershing.

Above — Colonel Hay ward's "Hell Fighters" in Parade. The famous 369th Infantry of colored fighters marching in New York City in honor of their return to this country after having covered themselves with glory on the blood-stained fields of France. Below — The Buffaloes (367th) Marching up the Avenue in New York on Their Return

Above — American Negro Machine Gunners in tlie Marne Sector in France.

Below — In the trenches ; a French Officer explaining operation of tlie hand grenades to Senegalese and American Negro soldiers.

Above — Lt. Rutherford's Minstrels, recruited on board the "Saxonia" on homeward trip, where they amused and entertained over 1700 wounded boys on the way back from France. Below — Transport "Ulua," with her cargo of dusky fighters who are glad to be baclv home after doing their bit in France. Among them are the 3] 7th Supply Train, 317th Trench Mortar Battery, 325th Field Signal Battery.

MAJOR-GENERAL, C. C. BAL.LOU, COMMANDER OF THE FIGHTING 92nd DIVISION.

Above — How the boys enjoyed themselves in France. A group of Negro soldiers off duty

around a Y. M. C. A. tent at Villers le Sec (Meuse). Below — A German tank destroyed by allied shell Are in a sector occupied by American

Neg-ro Troops.

.Above — Welcoming a Victorious Hero. Htni v Johnson, the American Private who killed four

Germans and wounded twenty-two with his bolo knife, and was the First American of any

„ , "^^ceto receive the Croix de Guerre, being carried in triumph up Fifth Avenue on his return.

Below — Negro Stevedores of the National Army Unloading a Transport in the Harbor of Brest.

'The Flags of the Fig-hting 15th." Color Bearers of the 369th, inarching up Fifth Avenue with Regimental Colors bearing the decoration presented to the entire Regiment by the French Government. These flags were given to the Regiment by the Union League Club of New York, and returned to the Club at the close of the war. The Regimental Standard has the distinction of being the only State flag carried into action by any American unit.

GP:0UP of colored officers op the 368th INFANTRY. Left to rig-ht — Top — 1st. Lt. Clayborne George ; 1st Lt. C. B. Curley ; 1st Lt. Wm. Harris. Center — 1st Lt. J. S. Heslip ; Capt. T. N. Dent ; 2nd Lt. P. W. Alexander. Bottom — 1st Lt. Levi Anderson ; 1st Lt. J. E. Scott : 1st Lt. R. E. Banks.