The life of Gen' Garibaldi

Front matter

k

FB

GEN^ aAEIBALDI.

Chapter I

My Father — My Mother — ^Her Influence on my Life — Incidents of my Childhood — ^3kly First Schoolmasters, 13

CHAPTER n.

First Impressions of a Young Sailor — ^5Iy First Voyage — My Accomplished Captain — My Second Voyage — ^First Visit to Rome — ^Impressions — My Prayers — Join the Secret Society — Sentence of Death — ^Escape to France — ^Incidents at Marseilles, ... 17

CHAPTER ni.

Voyage to Brazil— First Meeting with Rosetti — ^Wo Engage in Trade — ^Zambcccari's Arrival — ^The United Provinces — Engage in the Service of Rio Grande — Sail — My First Prize — Conduct of my Men — My Rule for Treating Prisoners — Reception at Maldonado — Sudden Departure, 23

CHAPTER IV.

Two Brazilian Vessels — ^My First Battle — My First Wound — ^Results — My own Condition — Burial of my Friend Fiorentino, 29

CHAPTER V.

Arrival at Gualaguay— Reception— My Wound Healed— My Sudden Departure and Return— Cruel Treatment— Senora Aleman— Tribute to that Noble Lady —Go to Bajada, 83

11 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER YI.

At Montevideo — ^Incognito — Departure for Rio Grande — March with the Army of the President, Bento Gonzalez — His Character, Family and Friends — Agreeable Society, 38

CHAPTER VII.

At the Galpon of Charginada, Repairing the Launches — My Friend, John Griggs — ^A Battle — ^Results — ^Tribute to a Fair Friend, 44

CHAPTER VIII.

Description of the Lake or Lagoon Dos Patos — ^The Enemy Command the Lake — Plan to Enter it — ^Transportation of Launches Over Land — ^Results of the Experiment — ^Breakers — ^Shipwreck — Sad Catastrophe, 50

CHAPTER IX.

Treatment Experienced by the Survivors of the Shipwreck — ^Expedition of Canabarro to Laguna — ^Results — ^Effects on my mind of the Loss of my Old Friends — My Resolution— Remarkable Meeting with Anna — Our Marriage — New Launches Built — Leave the Lagoon — Cruise at Sea — ^Prizes Taken — ^Fight with a Brazilian Ship of War — ^Results, 57

CHAPTER X.

Discontent of the People of St. Catharine's — ^Revolt at Jamaica — Attack on that town — Conduct of the Troops — ^Retreat to the Lagoon — ^Pursued — ^The Imperialists Gaining Strength— Col. Terceira's Expedition Against Mello — Our Disaster— Rally,

CHAPTER XL

The Enemy still held in Check— Necessity of Retreat — Preparation— Commenconicnt— Progress— Result— Arrival at the Town of Lages, .... 76

CHAPTER XII.

My Iligli Estimate of the " Sons of the Continent"— Defects in Discipline— I Descend the Serra— Difficulties of the March— Reach Malacara — General Jorge— Gens. Netto and Canabarro— Two Large Armies Meet at Pineirino, on the Taguare— Patriotism of the Republicans— A wish for Italy— Result of the Expedition, 8*

A

CONTENTS. Ill

CHAPTER XIIL

San Jose Del Norte— Its Capture— 111 Conduct^Its Results— Disasters of the Republicans— I go to San Simon— Birth of my First Child— My Solitary Journey to Procure Necessary Clothing for my Little Family — Trials and Oppressions — Sad Discovery on My Return, , 92

CHAPTER XIV.

The River Kapivari — ^My New Camp — Canoe Voyages to the Lake Dos Patoe — State of the Republican Army Declining — Death of my Bosom Friend, Rosetti — ^Retreat — ^DifBculties and Sufferings — Anna's Exposure — Our Infant — Kindness of the soldiers, 97

CHAPTER XV.

Hunting Horses — Catching Wild Colts — Enter the Province of Missiones — Head-quarters Established at San Gabriel — Love for my Parents — ^I turn Cattle- Drover — Results — Reach Montevideo — ^Tcach Mathematics — Warlike Preparations — Join the Oriental Sq[uadron, 104

• CHAPTER XVI.

Origin of the War between Montevideo and Buenos Ayres — Character and Conduct of Rosas, Ouribes — ^I'he Centralists, called Unitarians, Opposed to the Republicans, 109

CHAPTER XVII.

Condition of the Italians at Montevideo, and elsewhere — My Wishes and Designs for their Benefit — In Command of the " Constitucion" — At Martin Garcia — A Battle with the Enemy — ^Providential Results — Proceed to Bajada — At Cerito — Another Fight — Cavallo-Quattia — Low Water — Join the Republican Flotilla — Labors and DifBculties, 114

CHAPTER XVIII.

The Enemy Appear under General Brown— We Fight— Labors and Fatigue by Night — Desertion — ^Preparations to Renew the Battle — Another Fight — Vessels Burned— Landing in Small Boats— Land Travel— Treatment by the Inhabitants — Traverse the Province of Corrientes — Reach San Francisco — Notice of tke Battle of Arroyo Grande, Dec. 6, 1842 — Sent by Gen. Aguyar to Versilles with the Vessels — Strange Presentiment— Catching Horses— Bad News, 122

IV CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XIX.

Public Dismay — ^Enthusiasm of the People Rising — ^I Return to Montevideo— Ourives Coming to Besiege it — Preparations for Defence — General Paz— I am Ordered to Collect a Flotilla — A Fortunate Accident, 134

CHAPTER XX.

The Enemy reach Montevideo — Gen. Rivera's Movement on their Left Flank — Gen. Paz Commands in the City — Services by the French and Italian Corps — Treachery — Mismanagement — Gen. Pacheco Corrects it — Attack on the Basiegers — ^Italian Legion Distinguished — Anzani — Services of the Flotilla — A Providential Event — Commodore Purvis — British Intervention — Negotiation, 139

CHAPTER XXI.

Exploits of the Italian Legion during the Siege— Tres Cruces— The Pass of Bojada — ^The Quadrado — General Rivera Defeated at India Muerta, but without Discouraging Efforts, Intervention Continued — An Expedition in the Uruguay, the Flotilla being under my Command, ... .... 148

CHAPTER XXII.

The Expedition Proceeds for the Uruguay — Colonia Taken by it — Burned — Page, a Suspicious Frenchman—- Mar tin Garcia Taken, 154

CHAPTER XXIII.

First Meeting with a '* Martrero " — ^Description of his Habits and Character — Another Martrero, Juan do la Cruz — ^Tlie Rio Negro — Joseph Mundell — The severity of the Enemy Drive the Martrero and People to us, . . . 157

CHAPTER XXIV.

The Expedition Proceeds— Surprise Gualcguaycchu — Reach the Hervidero — Accompanied by an English and a French Officer— A large Estancia, and its numerous Horses and other Animals— I leave the Vessels in Charge of Anzani — Go with the Martrcros — La Cruz and Mundell— Attack on the Hervidero — Battle of Arroyo Grande, 163

CHAPTER XXV.

The Province of Corrientes calls General Paz from Montevideo — Alliance with Paraguay— I go to Salto with the Flotilla, to relieve it from a Siege— With La Cruz and Mundell attack Lavalleja— Return to Salto, . . . . . J71

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXVI.

CFrquiza Besieges us in Salto with all his Forces — tur Defences Incomplete — A sudden Attack — Repulsed Sorties — Bold Operation on the opposite Bank of the River — Surprising Feats of the Horsemen — Their Habits, . . 178

CHAPTER XXVn.

The Siege of Salto Continued — Night Attack on the Enemy's Camp — Successful — General Medina approaching — Send Gen. Baez and Anzani to Meet him — A Great Surprise— Almost Overwhelmed by the Enemy— Fight till Night — Retreat, 184

CHAPTER XXYIIL

Preparations for our Retreat — Attacked on the Way — Bravery of my Italians — I never Despaired of Italy— The noble Character of Anzani — Reach Salto — Kindness of French Physicians — Collect and Bury the Dead, .... 191

CHAPTER XXIX.

Effects of the Revolution in Montevideo — Change of Duties of the Italian Legion — No Important Military Movements — My Occupation with the Marine — Diplomatic Negotiations — The Temporizing Policy of Rosas — Change of English and French Agents and Admirals — Evil Consequences — ^Rivera in fsvor in Montevideo — ^My Operations at Salto Continued — Surprise Vergara's Camp — Leave it to Return 196

CHAPTER XXX.

On the March Back to Salto — Sudden Attack— Desperate Defence — Flight and Pursuit — ^The " Bolla " — Excellence of the Horsemen — ^Incidents, . . 203

CHAPTER XXXI.

I Return to Montevideo, with the Flotilla — Rosas Gains Strength — The Army of Corrientes Destroyed by Urquisa — Rivera's Mismanagement — The Intervention Misdirected — Fall of Salto — Defence again reduced to Montevideo — High Deserts of its Defenders, Natives and Foreigners, not yet appreciated — An interval occurs, not marked by important events— The Revolutions in Europe, ... 208

SKETCHES OF GARIBALDI'S COMPANIONS IN ARMS. WRriTFN BY HIM-

Biographical Sketch of Anna Garibaldi, 215

VI CONTENTS.

Hugh (or Ugo) Bassi, . 230

Biographical Sketch of Ugo Bassi, - 232

*« " Luigi Carniglia, 238

« " Antonio Elio, 240

A CHAPTER BY THE TRANSLATOR OF THE PRECEDING PAGES. Reasons for adding the succeeding pages — ^View of Rome at Garibaldi's arrival, and during the period of the Republic, in 1849 — ^Remarks on the Calumnies oi Enemies, 245

OUTLINES OF GENERAL GARIBALDI'S CAREER IN ITALY DURING THE

Principles of the Italian Republicans, in opposition to the claims of Popery, 255

Tlie Condition of Rome, 258

Official Report of the Repulse of the French advance of 8,000 men, under General Oudinot, under the Walls of Rome — ^The First Battle : April 30th, 1849, 263

From an Account of the same Battle of April 30th, by Carlo Rusconi, . 269

Spirited Proclamation to the People of Rome, by their Representatives, the day after the first Battle, 270

Proclamation by the Committee of the Barricades, two days after the first Battle, ... 271

The Neapolitan Invasion, 272

Proclamations of the Triumvirate, at the time of the Neapolitan Invasion, 273

The Battle ot Palestrina, 274

General Garibaldi's Account of the Rattles of Palestrina and Velletri, . 276

The Battle of Velletri, 277

General Garibaldi's Account of the Action of June 3d, 1849, with the French, at Villas Cor sini and Vascello, 280

Official Bulletin of events which took place on the 25th and 26th of Jime, 1849, 285

MONUMENTS OF ART IN ROME, Destroyed, Injured or Endangered by the

French : Measures adopted by the Republicans to protect them, . . 290

Protest against the Destruction of Monuments by the French, . . 296

Circular to the Foreign Representatives, 299

The Bombardment of Rome, 302

The Opening of tho Inquisition, ...,,.,,. 304

CONTENTS. VU

THE BATTLE OF JUNE 30TH, 305

The City to cease her resistance, 306

Roman Republic, 307

The Constitution of the Roman Republic adopted — The Constituent Assembly Dissolved, . 309

Proclamation of the Minister of War 311

Garibaldi's Departure from Rome with his remaining troops, and his

Celebrated Retreat to the Adriatic, 311

San Marino, . 313

CONCLUSION, 316

Garibaldi's Appearance on his first arrival in New York, in 1860, . . 317 tM

Preface

The world has heard the fame of Giuseppe Garibaldi, the distinguished soldier who nobly fought for South American liberty, and gloriously defended Rome, in 1849 : but few men have been acquainted with the details of his life, many of which we now present, written by his own pen. In the following pages will be found ample evidence of several facts highly interesting and instructive, as they prove the origin of his greatness to be a pure and noble heart, a character eminently humane and disinterested, and show that one object which he had in view in training his countrymen in South America to fight for freedom there, was, to prepare them for the service of the same cause in their native land, whenever the time should arrive. In the Italian revolutions of 1848 and '9, he first brought this design into practice, particularly by gallantly repulsmg, with

PREFACE.

an insignificant force, eight thousand Frenchmen from the gates of Rome, and by routing the army and king of Naples on their own frontiers. He gained scarcely less honor by his splendid retreat after the fall of Rome, before two overwhelming armies of French and Austrians ; and by his noble endurance of adversity, in various forms, in America and Europe.

Garibaldi has now been recalled to the field, and under circumstances of the highest interest. He is in command of the Patriotic Volunteers who began to pour into Piedmont, from all parts of Italy, on the announcement of the Austrian invasion ; and, before this work can pass through the press, events of the highest moment must transpire. But, whatever may be the results, the following pages must increase in interest with time, as they record some of the great deeds of one of the noblest and most distinguished soldiers of the age.

The following autobiography of the celebrated General Garibaldi is literally translated fi'om his own private manuscripts. Those he kindly placed in the hands of the translator in the year 1850, with pennission to translate and publish them. A few months afterwards he requested

PREFACE.

that they might be withheld from the press, for reasons which seemed to him cogent : but the prohibition was voluntarily withdrawn some time ago, and the present is a crisis which emphatically demands the publication. Some of the proper names were written indistinctly in the onginal manuscripts, and several passages were marked for transposition, but obscurely; and consequently a few errors may have crept into the translation.

The original is understood to have been written during the first part of the long convalescence of General Garibaldi, while he was residing in retirement in 1849, just before his voyage to New York, where some portions were added, from time to time, at the request of the translator. The entire manuscripts were in a neat, uniform hand, almost entirely free from erasures or additions. The "Sketches of his Companions in Arms," which will be found in the Appendix, were written in 1850, while he was residing on Staten Island, and most of the time employed at daily labor, in the candle manufactory of his countryman and friend, Sig. Meucci. After he had finished those sketches, he excused himself to the transLitor for desist-

PREFACE.

ing from furtlier writing, on account of the fatigue lie felt after his regular days' work. This took place only a few weeks after he had declined the honors of a public reception in New York, and earnestly recommended to his fellowexiles here the rejection of any pecuniary aid from others, while they were able to earn their living by any kind of labor, however severe or humble.

He subsequently made several voyages in the Pacific Ocean, as commander of merchant vessels, and has since been cultivating a small Island on the coast of Sardinia.

Introduction

The present work is one of peculiar interest, and of a very peculiar nature. The present time is also peculiarlyfavorable to its publication. It is, perhaps, impossible to find a parallel, in the several important points which chiefly recommend it — it being the autobiography of the most distinguished' soldier of the age, whose actions have displayed extraordinary and admirable traits of character, written, not for publication, but for his private use, and containing details of much interest, at once entertaining and instructive, and, at the same time, displaying sentiments in the highest degree engaging to the reader and honorable to the author. The qualities of General Garibaldi's pure and exalted character are here presented, without the effort of a eulogizing friend, but unostentiously, and even unintentionally, in the simple and natural narrative of the actor himself, which, while written in an unaffected, but appropriate and polished style, records the great deeds of his life and the exploits of his companions.

The Autobiography embraces only the earlier periods of his life : but later scenes in which he has been engaged, are, in great part, introduced in descriptions of his own, and other official reports of various military movements and battles, being translated for this work.

The sketches of his " Companions in Arms" which follow his Autobiography, contain some reference to events of periods posterior to that at which they termi-

INTRODUCTION.

nate : but they will be explained by accounts contained in the subsequent pages.

General Garibaldi has recently performed one of the 2:reatest exploits, by boldly turning the right wing of the Austrians, passing to their rear and raising the Lombards in insurrection.

The name of Garibaldi had been for many years familiar to many of our countrymen, without t)eing associated with anything more than indefinite ideas of his distinguished military career, until he appeared at the head of the Eomans in 1849, in their heroic defence of their city and Republic. The unexpected repulse of the advanced troops of General Oudinot, the two gallant yictories of the Romans over the Neapolitans, the manly defence of Rome through the French siege, and his masterly retreat after the fall of that city, and his visit to our country, made him better known in the United States : but the detached and conflicting accounts of those times, and the aspersions of the secret enemies of freedom since, have rendered it impossible for many common readers to obtain just and connected conceptions of the prominent men engaged in those eventful scenes.

The translator of the present work has already published a brief history of ^' The Roman Republic of 1849, '^ and there endeavored to furnish facts most important to those who desire to know the nature of the late struggle in Rome, and the character, capacity, and designs of its leaders. He has there given an outline of the life of General Garibaldi: but so little space was allowed in that volume, that only a glimpse has been afforded ; and a more extended account is demanded by the American public. The author has enjoyed peculiar advantages in the prosecution of his work, having visited Italy during the revolution of 1820 and '21, having been for years on terms of intimacy with some of the most devoted Italian patriots, and long advocated their cause through the American press, to the extent of his feeble powers. He has been familiar with passing events in Italy, and with Italians out of Italy ; and, as he believes that Providence lias committed to tliem, in a prominent degree, the execution of some of liis greatest designs, and the fulfilment of some of tlie most glorious prophesies and promises recorded in the Bible, especially in overturning popery, their progress has been watched with the deepest interest. His acquaintance with leading men has given him a regard for them which he would fain see participated by his countrymen ; and the present volume he presents with a consciousness that, Avhile it does only justice to the most daring and ^disinterested warrior living, it depicts a character and recounts a life which Americans ought, and surely will know how to honor, to confide in, and to love.

If there be any personage in history, distinguished by extraordinary conduct and gallantry in the field, and, through a long military career, has clearly proved to have derived extraordinary courage, fortitude, magnanimity and generosity, from the pure influences of domestic life ; if there be on record a distinct and decided testimony of any military hero, declaring that he has been stimulated to fight and conquer, to spare foes and forgive offences, to expose life, and to sacrifice ease and fortune, friends and country, in order to defend the weak and oppressed, and whose life has shown that this, and not ambition, a spirit of adventure, or the love of gold or of blood, has been his motive, in a greater degree than Garibaldi, When and where did such a man live, and what was his name ?

The following pages contain many lively pictures of scenery, men and manners, in that interesting portion of South America where Garibaldi performed his surprising feats of skill and bravery, in the defence of the generous but unfortunate inhabitants. Peculiar interest will be given to this work, by the scarcity of information concerning the country and the people, as well as the confused accounts of the recent struggles against the oppression of Brazil on the one hand, and of Rosas, the cruel Dictator of Buenos Ayres on tlie other. To tlie friends of Italy, and the admirers of the surprising deeds of the Italian patriots in 1848 and '49, especially those performed by the Republicans 1^- of Rome, gTatifying explanations will be found here of the career of General Garibaldi, by displaying his disinterested love of his country and his fellow-men, and tracing them to that pure source from which they most naturally flow, — viz., the home of his infancy, the instructions of his childhood, and the lips and the example of his mother.

We there arrive at a period in the life of General Garibaldi, which may well excite the feelings of the reader beyond all the preceding scenes through which he had passed, interesting and often astonishing as they were. He was called, in 1849, to the active defence of the Italian Republic in the city of Rome, and performed great and glorious deeds under the v/alls of that city, which he had contemplated in his childhood with inexpressible feelings of veneration for the past, indignation at the present, and ardent desire for the future, mingled with hope and sustained by prayer. The time at length arrived when he was called from the obscure position which he held among the mountains, with a band of ill-armed and ill-paid men, patriots indeed, and some of them the remains of his veteran Italian Legion, wdiich he had so long trained in South America, but all of them depressed, if not disheartened, by the loss of all in the North of Italy, and the relapse of a largo part of Europe back to the old system.

The assemblage of Italians in Rome, from all quarters of Italy, presented a scene at once interesting and instructive. It proved, in a practical and forcible manner, the success of the efforts which had been made for many years, by intelligent patriots, to propagate a spirit of unity. The Republicans generally, indeed universally, adopted the idea so early embraced by Garibaldi, during his first visit to Rome, that the Italians ought to feel like brethren of one family, members of the same nation, with Rome as their metropolis. Italians, therefore, came in from all directions, and entered, it may be said, by all her gates ; yet, compared with the native citizens of the capital, these formed but a small number, although the enemies of the Republic were guilty of a double falsehood, in tlieir misrepresentation of the case : first, by pretending that the defenders of Rome were not her citizens, but overawed the inhabitants, and acted contrary to their will ; and, second, by calling all other Italians '' foreigners." Under these false pretences the Pope called in foreign sovereigns to interfere, and restore him to power ; and under these false pretences it was that Prance, Austria, Naples and Spain answered, and the deed was performed by the first-named power.

By a course of falsehood, hypocrisy, and self-contradiction. Prance proceeded to accomplish what had been planned for the overthrow of a sister Republic. This will be evident to one who reviews the successive steps in diplomatic negociations, in military movements, and armistices, a series of acts of false faith, such as can hardly be paralleled in any other page of history of double its length. And, what is peculiarly painful for an American, the part which our own government performed in the disgraceful drama, the dark and bloody tragedy, was one which will forever discredit us : for, while our Minister at Paris recognized the Prench Republic of 1848, without delay, Mr. Cass, Jun., our Charge in Rome, never recognized the Roman Republic at all, but often and openly visited the Prench head-quarters, during the siege of the city. It is true that, on the one hand, we are told that his instructions from Washington were, not to acknowledge the new Roman government, unless there should be a prospect of its continuance : but, on the other, any man of sense must see that there was, at least, equal reason for sending similar instructions to our Minister in Paris, and for his delaying his recognition. We may, indeed, say more than this : for, in the circumstances then existing, the simple act of recognizing the Roman Republic by our government would probably have secured its permanency. Louis Napoleon^s unprincipled course would tlien have drawn remonstrances from us, and he could hardly have proceeded through it with success.

And yet, to be impartial, we must not blame our government so much as our people — ourselves. Most lamentable it is, but most true, that few, even of the wisest and best men in the United States, duly appreciated the cause of Italy. So culpably indifferent were they to the great questions then pending, to the great principles then nobly, heroically proclaimed and defended by the Italians, that they neglected to become acquainted with the merits of the controversy, and allowed the government at Washington to adopt the unmanly, self-contradictory policy, which placed us on the side of the Pope, Austria, and France, and against the defenders of Rome. These we deserted, and left to be made martyrs by the enemies of human freedom, and the usurper of the throne of God. England had before aided in restoring the Pope to power, in opposition to the will of his own subjects : but America then, for the first time, appeared on his side. Will it be the last ? Yes, surely, if the people of the United States learn their right hand from their left in season : otherwise not.

GENERAL GARIlBALDI.

CHAPTER I.

MY FATHER — MY MOTHER — HER INFLUEN"CE ON MY LIFE — INCIDENTS OP MY CHILDHOOD — MY FIRST SCHOOLMASTERS.

In commencing an account of my life, it would be unpardonable in me to omit speaking of my kind parents.

My father, a sailor, and the son of a sailor, educated me in the best manner he could in Nice, my native city, and afterwards trained me to the life of a seaman in a vessel with himself. He had navigated vessels of his own in his youth ; but a change of fortune had compelled him afterwards to serve in those belonging to his father. He used often to tell his children that he would gladly have left them richer ; but I am fully convinced that the course which he adopted in our education was the best he possibly could have taken, and that he procured for us the best instructors he was able, perhaps sometimes, at the expense of his own convenience. If, therefore, I Avas not trained in a gymnasium, it was by no means owing to his want of desire.

In mentioning my mother — I speak it with pride — she was a model for mothers; and, in saying this, I have said all that can be said. One of the greatest sorrows of my life is, that I am not able to brighten the last days of my good parent, whose path I have strewed with so many sorrows by my adventurous career. Her tender affection for me has, perhaps, been excessive ; but do I not owe to her love, to her angellike character, the little good that belongs to mine ? To the piety of my mother, to her beneficent and charitable nature, do I not, perhaps, owe that little love of country which has gained for me the sympathy and affection of my good, but unfortunate fellow^-citizens ? Although certainly not superstitious, often, amidst the most arduous scenes of my tumultuous life, w^hen I have passed unharmed through the breakers of the ocean, or the hail-storms of battle, she has seemed present with me. I have in fancy seen her on her knees before the Most High — my dear mother ! — imploring for the life of her son ; and I have believed in the efBcacy of her prayers.

I spent my childhood in the joys and sorrows familiar to children, without the occurrence of anything very remarkable. Being more fond of plaj^ than of study, I learned but little, and made but a poor return for the kind exertions of my parents for my eduoation. A very simple accident made a deep impression on my memory. One day, vdien a very little boy, I caught a grasshopper, took it into tlie house, and, in handling it, broke its leg. Reflecting on the injury I had done to the harmless insect, I was so much affected with

MY FIRST TEACHERS. 15

grief, tliat I retired to my chamber, mourned over the poor little creature, weeping bitterly for several hours. On another occasion, while accompanying my cousin in hunting, I was standing on the side of a deep ditch, by which the fields were irrigated, when I discovered tliat a poor woman, while washing clothes, had fallen from the bank, and was in imminent danger. Although I was quite young and small, I jumped down and saved her life ; and my success afforded me the highest pleasure. On that occasion, and in various other circumstances of a similar kind, I never hesitated for a moment, or thought of my own safety.

Among my teachers, I retain a grateful recollection of Padre Gianone and Signor Arena. Under the former I.made but very little progress, being bent more on play than on learning ; but I have often regretted my loss in failing to learn English, whenever I have since been thrown in company with persons speaking that language. To the latter I consider myself greatly indebted for what little I know. The ignorance in which I was kept of the language of Italy, and of subjects connected with her condition and highest interests, was common among the young, and greatly to be lamented. The defect was especially great in Nice, where few men knew how to be Italians, in consequence of the vicinity and influence of France, and still more tlie neglect of the government to provide a proper education for the people. To the instructions of Padi'e Gianone, and the incitement given me by my elder brother Angelo, who wrote to me from America to study my native language, I acknowledge my obligations for what knowledge I possess of that most beautiful of languages. To my brother's influence, also, I owe it, that I then read Roman and Italian history with much interest.