The life of General Garibaldi, tr. from his private papers; with the history of his splendid exploits in Rome, Lombardy, Sicily and Naples, to the present time

Front matter

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^riGPA-/ED Br TB7.-ELCE, FNJ '■ :FF.j74 AZyAJirrlHREDnTE tT J.I A L 5

Introduction

The following pages are principally written by the pen of the hero of onr age, that pure-hearted man — that devoted patriot, and noble, generous, and disinterested philanthropist — that spirited, undaunted, and indomitable warrior, whose splendid deeds have dazzled the world, and whose career, according to his own recent declaration, will be brought to its close by a final triumph, for which he is now preparing, to be gained early in the present year.

While General Garibaldi resided in ISTew York and its vicinity, in the years 1850 and '51, the author of this book enjoyed h' ^ acquaintance, and the favor of receiving from him his pri- >'r te memoirs, with permission to translate and publish them.* iix^-^ had just been prepared for the press, when Garibaldi requested that they might be withholden from the public while he remained in this country, probably because he preferred to be unnoticed, being at that time employed in making candles on Staten Island, and naturally fond of retirement.

The first part of this volume, to page 210, contains a literal translation from his original private manuscripts, in which a clear, unadorned English style was adopted, as nearly corresponding, as the translator's abilities would allow, to the manly and pure Italian of the author. No attempt was made to

* (translation.)

" Staten Island, SOih October^ 1S50.

" Dear Mr. Theodorr Dtvight :

" According to what I have promised you, I send you the first biographical sketch ; and do not be surprised that it is that of my wife. She was my constant companion, in good and bad fortune— sharing, as you will see, my greatest dangers, and surpassing the bravest men. I wish you to consult Foresti, respecting the manuscripts and translations, and frankly express to me your opinion.

*' Yours, G. Garibaldi."

IV INTRODUCTION.

change, by dilating or polishing, as the translator believed it to be almost as hopeless to improve his style as to rival him with the sword. That portion of the volmne relates to his early life, and the fourteen years he spent in the service of the Republican cause in South America.

The succeeding pages are devoted to his services in Italy in the revolutions of 1849, 1859 and 1860; and a large proportion of their contents is occupied by his proclamations and other documents of his own, in translating which the same efforts have been made to render them correctly.

The author has received assistance from some of the countrymen of Garibaldi in iTew York, for information not otherwise to be obtained, several of whom have been his fellow-soldiers. Many extracts have been taken from the most authentic and interesting descriptions, by intelligent eye-witnesses, of scenes in the two last campaigns in Italy. A personal acquaintance with Italy and Italians has enabled the writer to select, arrange, and explain the vast amount of materials presented by those most extraordinary seasons, in a manner perhaps best adapted for his readers. Some omissions were necessary, in composing a work of this kind, but nothing of essential importance.

The reader can hardly fail to bear in mind, while here reviewing the life of this wonderful man, the most formidable of modern times, who is at the same time one of the most gentle and amiable at heart, that even now the present pause in his career is a solemn one, as it is speedily to be followed by a scene of excitement, conflict and consequences, perhaps unequalled by those which are past. The results none can foresee: but it is evident that they must be momentous and extensive, whether prosperous or adverse ; and no intelligent American can anticipate them without deep emotion. Well may we look to heaven for the protection and success of the noble hero of Italian independence and liberty, the avowed enemy of the Papal Anti-Christ, whom he unmasks and denounces, and for the diffusion among his countrymen of that pure and undefiled Christianity, of which he declares himself a believer, and which he so earnestly claims for the religion of Italy.

The efforts, sacrifices, and sufferings of thousands of Italians for the independence, freedom, and happiness of their country.

INTRODUCTION^.

have been such, in past years, as to present pages worthy of record in history for the honor of mankind, and lessons for other nations. Many of the purest men have been suffering the pains and sorrows of exile in our own land, some of them after long and cruel punishment in the dungeons of Austria, those of the brutal kings of Naples, or of the Pope of Eome. With a patience and magnanimity astonishing to witness, they have justly excited the respect, love, and admiration of Americans who knew them, and ever showed themselves sincere and cordial friends of our country, our institutions, and state of society. Unlike too many other foreigners, they have been content with the protection which they enjoyed, and never sought for oflSceor power, much less to act as the servants of European despots, to undermine American liberty. Some of these noble men, on returning to Italy, left with us records of their lives, which may, perhaps, hereafter be published, according to their desire, to promote a warm attachment between our countrymen and their own, for which those writings are admirably adapted.

The following pages contain the translation of one of the collections of manuscripts here referred to, and it is most gratifying to the translator to bring before the American public, at this time, so appropriate, interesting, and authentic a biography of the admired man of our age, under his own authority, and from his own pen.

Could there be a character better adapted as a model for American youth, in training them to just views of the value of what has been called the humble virtues of common life ? The example of Garibaldi displays those virtues which adorn every pure, honest, and disinterested character, in happy contrast with the false and selfish principles which are too generally approved, admired, and recommended to the young. How much the world owes him, for his disinterested career, his devotion to the good of others, hi& refusal of rewards of every kind, and his preference of simple life in a lonely, rocky island, with only his son and daughter, and a few true friends, to all the honors, riches, and luxuries of the European capitals !

And how noble an example, also, have the Italians given us of union I

Contents

INTRODUCTION,

Chapter I

My Father — Ky Mother— Her Influence on my Life— Incident! of my Childhood — ^My First Schoolmasters, • • • 18

CHAPTER n.

First Impressions of a YouHg Sailor— My First Voyage — ^My Accomplished Captain—My Second Voyage— First Visit to Rom©— Impressions— My Prayers — Join the Secret Society— Sentence of Death— Escape to France— Incidents at Marseilles, 17

CHAPTER m.

Voyage to Brazil— First Meeting with Rosetti— We Engage in Trade— Zamheooari's Arrival — ^The United Provinces — ^Engage in the Service of Rio Grande — Sail— My First Prize — Conduct of my Men— My Rule for Treating Prisoners —Reception at Maldonado— Sudden Departure, 2S

CHAPTER IV.

Two Brazilian Vessels— My First Battle— My First Wound— Results— My own Condition«—Burial of my Friend Fiorentino, 29

CHAPTER V.

Arrival at Gualagvray— Reception- My Wound Healed— My Sudden Departure and Return— Ciruel Treatment— Senora Aleman— Tribute to that Noble Lady — Go to Bajada, 83 viii CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VL

At Montevideo—Incognito— Departure for Rio Grande— March with the Army of the President, Bento Gonzalez— His Character, Family and Friends- Agreeable Society, S8

CHAPTER Vn.

At the Galpon of Charginada, Repairing the Launches— My Friend, John Griggs —A Battle— Results— Tribute to a Fair Friend, 44

CHAPTER Vm.

Description of the Lake or Lagoon Dos Patos — ^The Enemy Command the Lake —Plan to Enter it — ^Transportation of Launches Over Land — ^Results of the Experiment— Breakers— Shipwreck— Sad Catastrophe, 60

CHAPTER IX.

Treatment Experienced by the Survivors of the Shipwreck — ^Expedition of Canabarro to Laguna — ^Results — Effects on my mind of the Loss of my Old Friends — ^ily Resolution— Remarkable Meeting with Anna — Our Marriage — New Launches Built — ^Leave the Lagoon — Cruise at Sea — ^Prizes Taken— Fight with a Brazilian Ship of War— Results, 67

CHAPTER X.

Discontent of the People of St. Catharine's — ^Revolt at Jamaica — Attack on that town— Conduct of the Troops— Retreat to the Lagoon— Pursued— The Imperialistg Gaining Strength— Col. Terceira's Expedition Against Mello — Our Disaster— Rally, , 66

CHAPTER XI,

The Enemy still held in Check — Necessity of Retreat — Preparation — Commencement—Progress — Result — Arrival at the Town of Lages, .... 76

CHAPTER XII.

My High Estimate of the " Sons of the Continent"— Defects in Discipline — ^I Descend the Serra — Difficulties of the March — Reach Malacara — General Jorge— Gens. Nctto and Canabarro — ^Two Large Armies Meet at Pineirino, on the Taguare — ^Patriotism of the RepubUcans — ^A wish for Italy — ^Result of the Expedition, 81

CONTENTS. ix

CHAPTER XIII.

San Jose Del Norte— Its Capture—Ill Conduct— Its Kesults— Disasters of the Republicans— I go to San Simon— Birth of my First Child— My Solitary Journey to Procure Necessary Clothing for my Little Family— Trials and Oppressions—Sad Discovery on My Return, , * 92

CHAPTER XIV.

The River Kapivari— My New Camp — Canoe Voyages to the Lake Dos Patos— State of the Republican Army Declining — ^Death of my Bosom Friend, Rosetti —Retreat — ^Difficulties and Sufferings — Anna's Exposure— Our Infant— Kindness of the soldiers, 97

CHAPTER XV.

Hunting Horses— Catching Wild Colts— Enter the Province of Missiones— Headquarters Established at San Gabriel — Love for my Parents — ^I turn Cattle- Drover — Results — ^Reach Montevideo — ^Teach Mathematics — Warlike Preparations—Join the Oriental Squadron, 104

CHAPTER XVI.

Origin of the War between Montevideo and Buenos Ayres — Character and Conduct of Rosas, Ouribes— The Centralists, called Unitarians, Opposed to the Republicans, 109

CHAPTER XVII.

Condition of the Italians at Montevideo, and elsewhere — ^My Wishes and Designs for their Benefit — ^In Command of the *' Constitucion" — At Martin Garcia — A Battle with the Enemy — ^Providential Results — ^Proceed to Bajada — At Cerito — ^Another Fight — Cavallo-Quattia — ^Low Water — Join the Republican Flotilla — ^Labors and Difficulties, 114

CHAPTER XVm.

The Enemy Appear under General Brown— We Fight— Labors and Fatigue by Night — ^Desertion — ^Preparations to Renew the Battle — Another Fight- Vessels Burned — ^Landing in Small Boats — Land Travel — Treatment by the Inhabitants — ^Traverse the Province of Corrientes — Reach San Francisco — Notice of the Battle of Arroyo Grande, Dec. 6, 1842 — Sent by Gen. Aguyar to Versilles with the Vessels— Strange Presentimefnt— Catching Horses— Bad News, 122

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XIX.

Public Dismay— Enthusiasm of the People Rising— I Return to Montevideo — Ourives Coming to Besiege it — Preparations for Defence — General Paz— I am Ordered to Collect a Flotilla— A Fortunate Accident, 134

CHAPTER XX

The Enemy reach Montevideo — Gen. Rivera's Movement on their Left Flank — Gen. Paz Commands in the City — Services by the French and Italian Corps — Treachery — Mismanagement — Gen. Pacheco Corrects it — Attack on the Ba- Biegers — Italian Legion Distinguished — ^Anzani — Services of the Flotilla — A Providential Event — Commodore Purvis— British Intervention— Negotiation, 139

CHAPTER XXI.

Exploits of the Italian Legion during the Siege — Tres Cruces — ^The Pass of Bojada — ^The Quadrado — General Rivera Defeated at India Muerta, but without Discouraging EITorts, Intervention Continued — ^An Expedition in the Uruguay, the Flotilla being under my Command, ... .... 148

CHAPTER XXn.

The Expedition Proceeds for the Uruguay— Colonla Taken by it— Burned — Page, a Suspicious Frenchman— Martin Garcia Taken, 154

CHAPTER XXm.

nrst Meeting with a " Martrero " — ^Description of his Habits and Character — Another Martrero, Juan de la Cruz — The Rio Negro — Joseph Mundell — ^The severity of the Enemy Drive the Martrero and People to us, . . . 15T

CHAPTER XXrV.

The Expedition Proceeds— Surprise Gualeguayechu — Reach the Hervidero— Accompanied by an English and a French OflQcer — A large Estancia, and its numerous Horses and other Animals — I leave the Vessels in Charge of Anxani — Go with the Martreros — La Cruz and Mundell — Attack on the Hervidero— Battle of Arroyo Grande, 163

CHAPTER XXV.

The ProTince of Corrientes calls General Paz from Montevideo — Alliance with Paraguay— I go to Salto with the Flotilla, to relieve it from a Siege— With La Gnu and Mundell attack Lavalleja — ^Return to Salto, . . . . . 171

CONTENTS. xi

CHAPTER XXVI.

CJrquIza Besieges us in Salto with all his Forces—Our Defences Incomplete— A sudden Attack — ^Repulsed Sorties — ^Bold Operation on the opposite Bank of the River— Surprising Feats of the Horsemen — ^Their Habits, , , 178

CHAPTER XXVn.

The Siege of Salto Continued— Night Attack on the Enemy^s Camp— Successflil —General Medina approaching — Send Gen. Baez and AnzanI to Meet him — A Great Surprise — Almost Overwhelmed by the Enemy — ^Fight till Night — Retreat, 184

CHAPTER XXVIH.

Preparations for our Retreat — Attacked on the Way — ^Bravery of my Italians —I never Despaired of Italy— The noble Character of Anzani — ^Reach Salto — Kindness of French Physicians— Collect and Bury the Dead, .... 191

CHAPTER XXIX.

Effects of the Revolution in Montevideo — Change of Duties of the Italian Legion — No Important Military Movements — My Occupation with the Marine — Diplomatic Negotiations — ^The Temporizing Policy of Rosas — Change of English and French Agents and Admirals — ^Evil Consequences — ^Rivera in fivor in Montevideo — ^My Operations at Salto Continued^— Surprise Vergara's Camp — Leave it to Return 196

CHAPTER XXX.

On the March Back to Salto — Sudden Attack — ^Desperate Defence— Flight and Pursuit— The " Bella " — Excellence of the Horsemen— Incidents, . . 208

CHAPTER XXXI.

I Return to Montevideo, with the Flotilla— Rosas Gains Strength— The Army ' of Corrientes Destroyed by XJrquisa — ^Rivera's Mismanagement — ^The Intervention Misdirected — ^Fall of Salto — Defence again reduced to Montevideo — High Deserts of its Defenders, Natives and Foreigners, not yet appreciated — An iBterval occurs, not marked by important events— Thf Revolutions in Europe, ... 208

Xli CONTENTS.

OUTLINES OF GENERAL GARIBALDI'S CAREER IN ITALY DURING THE

Principles of the Italian Republicans, in opposition to the claims of Popery, 2I8

The Condition of Rome, 216

OflBcial Report of the Repulse of the French advance of 8,000 men, under General Oudinot, under the Walls of Rome — ^The First Battle : April

From an Account of the same Battle of April 30th, by Carlo Rusconi, , 227

Spirited Proclamation to the People of Rome, by their Representatives,

the day after the first Battle, 228

Proclamation by the Committee of the Barricades, two days after the

first Battle, ... 229

The Neapolitan Invasion, 280

Proclamations of the Triumvirate, at the time of the Neapolitan Invasion, 23I

The Battle ot Palestrina, 232

General Garibaldi's Account of the Battles of Palestrina and Velletri, . 284

The Battle of Velletri, 235

General Garibaldi's Account of the Action of June 3d, 1849, with the

French, at Villas Corsini and Vascello, 238

Official Bulletin of events which took place on the 25th and 26th of June,

1849, 248

THE BATTLE OF JUNE 30TH, 549

Ihe City to cease her resistance, 250

Roman Republic, 251

The Constitution of the Roman Republic adopted— The Constituent Assembly Dissolved, 253

Proclamation of the Minister of War 255

Garibaldi's Departure from Rome with his remaining troops, and his

Celebrated Retreat to the Adriatic, 255

TEN YEARS LATER.

CHAPTER I.

Garibaldi Waiting his Time— The Island of Caprera— His Confidence in the Approach of Italian Deliverance, expressed in his preceding Autobiography, and at New York — His Personal Appearance — Injustice done to his Character and Style of Writing— M. Dumas' Book— Preparation of the Italian People for Union and Liberty, by Secret Societies— Changes of Policy— The Principles of the Italian Patriots adopted by France and England— Consequences, 257

Chapter II

Policy of Louis Napoleon since 1849 — His Position in 1859 — Causes of the War In Lombardy — Austrian Army Threatens Piedmont — French Troops sent to the Aid of Victor Emanuel — Garibaldi called into Service — Marches North

y — Apprehensions of his Friends — His Brilliant Successes at Varese and Como, 268

Chapter III

Como — ^Approach of General Urban with 40,000 Austrians— Garibaldi Retires — Como Taken — Count Raimondi's Daughter — Garibaldi Returns and Expels the Austrians — The Battle of Camerlata — The Austrians Demand the Disbanding of Garibaldi's Troops — Refused — They Advance — The Canals Opened — They Retire — The Battles of Palestro, Montebello, and Magenta— The Mincio and its Banks— The Battle of Solferino, 270

CHAPTER lY.

The State of the Contending Parties— Specimen of the Barbarity of some of the Austrian Officers — The Armistice, 279

Chapter V

^The Character of Italian Patriots — How it has been Displayed by Exiles in the I United States — Ignorance of Italy in America — Garibaldi's Appearance and Character— His Band— His " Englishman," Col. Peard, 287

XIT CONTENTS.

Chapter VI

Garibaldi with an Army at Rimini— General Lamoriciere at Pesaro — Victor Emanuel Apprehends a Premature Collision — Garibaldi goes to Piedmont — Nice and Sayoy Ceded to France— Garibaldi at Caprera — The Sicilian Revolution Commenced — Garibaldi's Expedition for Sicily— The island — The People,

Chapter VII

Accounts of the Expedition for Sicily — ^Voyage— Touch at Talamone, in Tuscany—Proceed to Marsala— Landing — March — Occurrences on the way to Palermo, •••••

Chapter VIII

Preparations to Attack Palermo— Night March — ^Attack— Battle — The Bombardment 811

Chapter IX

Journal of an Eye-witness Continued — Palermo after the Capture — Garibaldi in a Dangerous Crisis — The Archbishop of Palermo and many of the Heads of Convents with Garibaldi— Address of the Corporation— Incidents in Palermo—Garibaldi's Decree for Poor Soldiers and their Families, .... 819

Chapter X

Garibaldi Solicited by the Sicilians to Accept the Dictatorship — Demand for Arms — Garibaldi's Proclamation EJstablishing a Government, etc. — His Different ways of Treating Good Priests and Jesuits— Reasons — The King of Naples* Liberal Decree— Rejected, 826

CHAPTER XL

Medici's Expedition from Piedmont to Aid Garibaldi — Preparations, Departure, Voyage, Arrival, etc.— Capitulation of Messina, etc. — Garibaldi at Messina — His Reception, Manners, and Simple Habits— Difficulties in Arranging his Government— Letter from Victor Emanuel Forbidding him to Invade Naples —Garibaldi's Reply, 332

Chapter XIX

The Pope urged by France and Sardinia to Dismiss his Foreign Troops — Inconsistencies of Louis Napoleon — Marked Changes of Times, Doctrines, and Measures — Victor Emanuel's Demands Pressed on the Pope — Conepiracies and Insurrections in the Pope's Remaining Dominions — The Ultimatum Refused—General Cialdird Marches — Battle of Castelfidaro — Capture of Spoleto, Ancona, Perugia, and other Places — Victor Enters the Kingdom of Naples, 416

XVI CONTENTS.

Chapter XX

The Present Position of Things— Doubts Respecting Garibaldi— Descriptions of the Camp at Capua — England Declares for Victor Emanuel— Garibaldi's Proclamations — Meeting of Garibaldi and Victor Emanuel, .... 431

Chapter XXI

Garibaldi^s Announcement of Victor EmanuePs Approach to Naples— They Enter Together — Garibaldi Resigns his Dictatorship— Capitulation and Surrender of Capua— His Address to the Hungarian Huzzars — His Farewell to his Troops— He Sails for Caprera — Unexpected Changes— Letters Describing them, . 489

\v

SI.

f -^ J

LIFE OF

GENERAL GARIBALDI.

Chapter I

MY FATHER— MY MOTHER — HER INFLUENCE ON MY LIFE — INCIDENTS OP MY CHILDHOOD — MY FIRST SCHOOLMASTERS.

In commencing an account of my life, it would be unpardonable in me to omit speaking of my kind parents.

My father, a sailor, and the son of a sailor, educated me in the best manner he could in Nice, ray native city, and afterwards trained me to the life of a seaman in a vessel with himself. He had navigated vessels of his own in his youth ; but a change of fortune had compelled him afterwards to serve in those belonging to his father. He used often to tell his children that he would gladly have left them richer ; but I am fully convinced that the course which he adopted in our education was the best he possibly could have taken, and that he procured for us the best instructors he was able, perhaps sometimes at the expense of his own convenience. If, therefore, I was not trained in a gymnasium, it was by no means owing to his want of desire.

In mentioning my mother — I speak it with pride — she was a model for mothers ; and, in saying this, I have said all that can be said. One of the greatest sorrows of my life is, that I am not able to brighten the last days of my good parent, whose path I have strewed with so many sorrows* by my adventurous career. Her tender affection for me has, perhaps, been excessive ; but do I not owe to her love, to her angellike character, the little good that belongs to mine"? ( To the piety of my mother, to her beneficent and charitable nature, do I not, perhaps, owe that little love of country which has gained for me the sympathy and affection of my good, but unfortunate fellow-citizens f (Although certainly not superstitious, often, amidst the most arduous scenes of my tumultuous life, when I have passed unharmed through the breakers of the ocean, or the hail-storms of battle, she has seemed present with mey I have in fancy seen her on her knees before the Most High — my dear mother ! — imploring for the life of her son ; and I have believed in the efficacy of her prayers.

I spent my childhood in the joys and sorrows familiar to children, without the occurrence of anything' very remarkable. Being more fond of play than of study, I learned but little, and made but a poor return for the kind exertions of my parents for my education. A very simple accident made a deep impression on my memory. One day, when a very little boy, I caught a grasshopper, took it into the house, and, in handling it, broke its leg. Reflecting on the injury I had done to the harmless insect, I was so much affected witli

MY FIRST TEACHERS. 15

grief, that I retired to my chamber, mourned over the poor little creature, weeping bitterly for several hours. On another occasion, while accompanying my cousin in hunting, I was standing on the side of a deep ditch, by which the fields were irrigated, when I discovered that a poor woman, while washing clothes, ha(i fallen from the bank, and was in imminent danger. Although I was quite young and small, I jumped down and saved her life ; and my success afforded me the highest pleasure. On that occasion, and in various other circumstances of a similar kind, I never hesitated for a moment, or thought of my own safety.

Among my teachers, I retain a grateful recollection of Padre Gianone and Signor Arena. Under the former I made but very little progress, being bent more on play than on learning ; but I have often regretted my loss in failing to learn English, whenever I have since been thrown in company with persons speaking that language. To the latter I consider myself greatly indebted for what little I know. The ignorance in which I was kept of the language of Italy, and of subjects connected with her condition and highest interests, was common among the young, and greatly to be lamented. The defect was especially great in Nice, where few men knew how to be Italians, in consequence of the vicinity and influence of France, and still more the neglect of the government to provide a proper education for the people. To the instructions of Padre Gianone, and the incitement given me by my elder brother Angelo, who wrote to me from America to study my native language, I acknowledge my obligations for what knowledge I possess of that most beautiful of languages. To my brother's influence, also, I owe it, that I then read Roman and Italian history with much interest.

This sketch of my early youth I must close, with the narration of a little expedition which I attempted to carry into effect — my first adventure. Becoming weary of school in Genoa, and disgusted with the confinement which I suffered at the desk, I one day proposed to several of my companions to make our escape, and seek our fortune. No sooner said than done. We got possession of a boat, put some provisions on board, with fishing tackle, and sailed for the Levant. But we had not gone as far as Monaco, when we were pursued and overtaken by a "corsair," commanded by good father. We were captured without bloodshed, and taken back to our homes, exceedingly mortified by the failure of our enterprise, and disgusted with an Abbe who had betrayed our flight. Two of my companions on that occasion were Cesare Tanoli and Raffaele Deandreis.

When I recur to the principles which were inculcated at school, and the motives used to encourage us to study, I am now able to understand their unsoundness and their evil tendency. We were in danger of growing up with only selfish and mercenary views : nothing was offered us as a reward for anything we could do, but money.

Chapter II

FIRST IMPRESSIONS OP A YOUNa SAILOR— MY FIRST VOYAaE— -MY A0» COMPLISHED CAPTAIN — MY SECOND VOYAGE — FIRST VISIT TO ROME- IMPRESSIONS — MY PRAYERS — JOIN THE SECRET SOCIETY — SEN- TENCE OF DEATH— ESCAPE TO FRANCE — INCIDENTS AT MARSEILLES.

How everything is embellished by the feelings of youth, and how beautiful appeared, to my ardent eyes, the bark in which I was to navigate the Mediterranean, when I stepped on board as a sailor for the first time ! Her lofty sides, her slender masts, rising so gracefally and SO high ^bove, and the bust of Our Lady which adorned the bow, all remain as distinctly painted on my memory at the present day, as on the happy hour when I became one of her crew. How gracefully moved the sailors, who were fine young men from San Remi, and true specimens of the intrepid Ligurians ! With what pleasure I ventured into the forecastle, to listen to their popular songs, sung by harmonious choirs ! They sang of love, until I was transported ; and they endeavored to excite themselves to patriotism by singing of Italy ! But who, in those days, had ever taught them how to be patriots and Italians? Who, indeed, had then ever said, on tliose shores, to those (It) * 2 young men, that there was such a thing as Italy, or that they had a country to be ameliorated and re deemed ?

The commander of the Costanza, the vessel in which I had embarked, was Angelo Pesante. He was the best sea-captain I ever knew, and ought to have the command of a ship of war of the first class, as soon as Italy shall have such a fleet as she deserves, — for a better commander could not be. He has, indeed, been captain of an armed vessel. Pesante was able t^ make or invent every thing that could be wanted in a vessel of any kind whatsoever, from a fishing-boat to a ship of the line ; and, if he were in the service of the country, she would reap the advantage and the glory.

Lfy second voyage was made to Rome, in a vessel of my father's. Rome, once the capital- of the world, now the capital of a sect ! The Rome which I had painted in my imagination, no longer existed. The future Rome, rising to regenerate the nation, has now long been a dominant idea in my mind, and inspired me with hope and energy. Thoughts, springing from the past, in short, have had a prevailing influence on me during my life. Rome, which I had before admired and thought of frequently, I ever since liave loved. It has been dear to me beyond all things. I not only admired her for her former power and the remains of antiquity, but even the smallest thing connected with her was precious to me. Even in exile,

A SHIPWRECK. 19 these feelings were constantly cherished in my heart ; and often, very often, have I prayed to the Almighty to permit me to see that city once more. I regarded Rome as the centre of Italy, for the union of which I ardently longed.

I made several voyages with my father, and afterwards one with Captain Guiseppe Gervino, to Caglieri, in a brig named the Emma, during which, on the return passage, I witnessed a melancholy shipwreck, at a distance, in such a storm that it was impossible to render any assistance. In that instance I witnessed, for the first time, that tender sympathy which sailors generally feel for others in distress. We saw Spaniards, in a Catalan felucca, struggling with the waves, who soon sank before our eyes, while my honest and warm-hearted shipmates shed tears over their hard fate. This disaster was caused by a sudden change of wind when the sea and wind were high. A Libaccio, a south-west wind, had been blowing furiously for several days, and a number of vessels were in sight, of all which the felucca seemed to make the best way. We were all steering for Vado, to make that port for shelter, until the storm should subside. A horrible surge unexpectedly broke over the Spanish vessel, and overset it in an instant. We saw the crew clinging to the side, and heard their cries to us for assistance, while we could perceive their signals, but could not launch a boat. They all soon disappeared in the foam of a second surge, more terrible