History of Stark County, with an outline sketch of Ohio

Preface

-' 'j^'^ ITR history ol' Stark Couiily, :itU'r nioiitlis i>{' anluims tuil. is now ooinplcted. i/^>y^x. l'^'V>'i'y iniportant lield of ivsearcli has Ixh'H inimitely scaiiiicd liy those engaged 'f"^ ^' in its preparation; no siibji'Ct of universal public value has been omitted, save where protracted etlbrt tailed to secure trustworthy results. The necessarily limited nature of the work, the impossibility of ingrafting upon its pages the vast fund of the county's historic information, and the proper omission of manj- valueless details and events, have compelled tiie publishers to be brief on all subjects presented. Fully aware of our inability to furnish a perfect history from meager public documents, inaccurate private correspondence and numberless contacting traditions, wo make no pretension of having prepared a work devoid of blemish. Through the courtesy anil the generous assistance met with everywliere, we have been enabled to rescue from olilivion tlu' greater portion of iTiiportanl events that have transpired in Stark County in past years. We feel assui'ed that all thoughtful people in the county, at present and in future, will recognize and appreciate the importance of the undertaking, and the great public benefit that has b(!en accomplished.

It will be observed that a dry statement of fact has been avoidecl ; and that the rich romance of border incident has been woven in with statistical details, thus forming an attractive and graphic narrative, and lending Ix^auty lo the raeciianical execution of the volume, and additional v»lue to it as a work for perusal. We claim superior excellence in our manner of collecting material ; in the division of the subject matter into distinct and appropriate chapters : in giving a separate chapter to every town, township and im portant subject, and in the systematic arrangement of the individual chapters. While we acknowledge the existence of unavoidable errors, we (^laim to have prepared a work fully up to the standard of our promises, and as accurate and comprehensive as could Ix; expected under the circumstances.

.\iioisT. 1881. THE I'UBLISIIKRS.

j^nfi^'PTr,^;;

HISTORY OF OHIO.

Chapter I

INTRODUCTORV -TOPOGRAPHY -GEOLOGY -PRIMITIVE-RACES -ANTIQUITIES -INDIAN- TRIBES.

THE present State of Ohio, comprising an extent of country 211) miles north and south, 220 miles e;ist and west, in length and lireadtli — 25,576,969 acres — is a part of the Old Northwest Territory. This Territory embraced all of the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and si> much of Minnesota as lies east of the Mississij>pi River. It became a corporate existence soon after the formation of the Virginia Colony, and when that colony took on the dignity of State government it became a county thereof, wliosc exact outline was unknown. The county embraced in its limits more territory than is comprised in all the New England and Jliddle States, and was the hirgest county ever known in the United States. It is watered by the finest sy.^tem of rivers on the globe ; while its inland seas are without a parallt>l. Its entire southern boundary is traversed by the beautifiil Ohio, its western by the majestic Mississippi, and its northern and a part of its eastern are bounded by the fresh-water lakes, wliose clear waters preserve an even temperature over its entire surface. Into these reservoirs of commerce flow innumerable streams of limpid water, which come from glen and dale, from mountain and valley, from forest and prairie — all avenues of healtli, commerce and prosperity. Ohio is in the best part of this territory — south of its river are tropical heats ; north of Lake Erie are polar snows and a polar climate.

The tcrritorj- compri.scd in Ohio has always remained the same. Ohio's history differs somewliat iiom other States, in that it was nmer uniler Territorial government. When it was created, it was made a State, and did not pass through the stage incident to the most of other States, /. c, cxi.st as a Territory before being advanced to the powers of a State. Such was not the case with the other States of the West ; all were Territories, with Territorial forms of government, ere they became States.

Ohio's boundaries are, on the north, Lakt'Erie, and Michigan ; on the west, Indiana ; on the south, the Ohio lliver, separating it from Kentucky; and, on the e;ust, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. It is situated between 38° 25' and 42° north latitude ; and 80° 30' and 84° 50' west longitude from Greenwich, or 3° 30' and 7° 50' west from Wa.shington. Its greatest length, from north to south, is 21 miles ; the extreme width, from east to west. 220 miles. Were this an exact outline, the area of the State would be 40,200 S(|uare miles, or 29,568,000 acres ; as the outlines of tlic State are, however, rather irregular, the area is estimated at 39,904 square miles, or 25,576,960 acres. In the last census — 1870 — the total number of acres in Ohio is given as 21,712,420, of which 14,469,132 acres are improved, and 6,883,- 575 acres are woodland. By the la-st statistical report of the State Auditor, 20,905,3713 acres are reported as taxable lands. This omits many acres untaxable for various reasons, which would make the estimate, 25,576,960, nearly coirect.

The face of the countiy, in Ohio, taken as a whole, presents the ajijiearance of an extensive monotonous plain. It is n)oderately undulating but not mountainous, and is excavated in places by the streams coursing over its surface, wliose waters have forced a way for themselves through cliffs of sandstone rock, leaving abutments of this material in bold outline. There are no mountain ranges, geological uplifts or peaks. A low ridge enters the State, near tlie northeast corner, and crosses it in a southwesterly direction, emerging near tlic intersection of tlie 4ilth degree of north latitude with

HISTORY OP OHIO.

the western boundary of the State. Thi.s " divide " separates the lake and Ohio River waters, and maintains an elevation of a little more than thii'tccn hundred feet above the level of the ocean. The liighest part is in Logan County, where the elevation is 1,550 feet.

North of this ridge the surflice is generally level, with a gentle inelination t<iward the lake, the ine- ((ualities of the surtiiee being caused by the streams which empty into the lake. The central part of Ohio is almost, in general, a level plain, about one thousand feet above the level of the sea, slightly inclining southward. The Southern part of the State is rather billy, the valleys growing deeper as they incline toward the gi-eat valley of the Ohio, which is several hundred feet below the general level of the State. In the southern counties, the surface i.s generally divensified by the inequalities produced by the excavating power of the Ohio Kiv(?i- and its tributaries, exercised through long periods of time. There are a few prairies, or plains, in the central and northwestern parts of the State, but over its greater poi tion originally existed immense growths of timber.

The '' divide," or water-shed, referred to, between the waters of Lake Erie and the Ohio River, is leiss elevated in Ohio than in New York and Pennsylv:iiiia. though the difference is small. To a persiin passing over the State in a liallnon, its surt'ace presents an unvarynig plain, while, to one .sailing down the Ohio River, it appears mountainous. On this river are bluffs ranging fi'om two hundred and fifty to six hundred feet in height. As one ascends the tributaries of the river, these bluffs diminish in height until they become gentle undulations, while toward the sources of the streams, ill the central part of the State, the banks often become low and marshy.

The principal rivers are the Ohio, Muskingum, Scioto and Miami, ou the southern slope, emptying into the Ohio ; on the northern, the Maumee, Sandusky, Huron and Cuyahoga, emptying into Lake Erie, and, all but the first named, entirely in Ohio.

The Ohio, the chief river of the State, and from which it derives its name, with its tributaries, drains a country whose area is over two hundred thousand square miles in extent, and extending from the water-shed to Alabama. The river was first discovered by La Salle in 1601), and was by him navigated as far as the Falls, at Louisville, Ky. It is formed by the junction of the Alleghany and IMonongahela rivers, in Pennsylvania, whose waters unite at Pittsburgh. The entire length of the river, from its source to its mouth, is 950 miles, though by a straight line from Pittsliurgh to Cairo, it is only (il 5 miles. Its current is very gentle, hardly tliree miles per hour, the descent being only five inches per mile. At high stages, the rate of the current increases, and at low stages decreases. Sometimes it is barely two miles per hour. The average range between liii;h and lew water mark is fifty feet, although several times the river has ri.sen more than sixty feet above low water mark. At the lowest stage of the river, it is fordable many places between Pittsburgh and Cincinnati. The river abounds in islands, seme of which are exceedingly fertile, and noted in the history of the West. Othens, known as '' tow-heads," are simply deposits of sand.

The Scioto is one of the largest inland streams in the State, and is one of the most beautiful ri\- ers. It rises in Hardin County, flows southeasterly to Columbus, where it receives its largest affluent, the Olentangy er Whetstone, after which its direction is southerly until it enters the Ohio at Portsmouth. It flows through one of the richest valleys in the State, and has for its companion the Ohio and Erie Canal, for a distance of ninety miles. Its tributaries are, besides the Whetstone, the Parljy, Walnut and Paint Creeks.

The jMuskingum River is formed by the junction of the Tuscarawas and ^\'aIdh(lning Rivers, which rise in the northern part of the State and unite at Coshocton. From the junction, the river flows in a southeastern course about one hundred miles, through a rich and pepuleus valley, to the Ohio, at Marietta, the oldest .'settlement in the State. At its outlet, the Muskingum is over two hundred 3'ards wide. By improvements, it has been made navigable ninety-five miles above Marietta, as far as Diesden, where a side cut, three miles long, unites its waters with those of the Ohio Canal. All along this stream exist, in abundant profusion, the remains of an ancient civilization, whose history is lost in the twilight of autiijuity. J'Lxtensive nmunds. earthworks and various fortifications, are everywhere to be found, inclosing a mute history as silent as the race that dwelt here and left these traces of their evistence. The same may be said of all the other valleys in Ohio.

The JMiami River — the scenes of many exploits in pioneer day.s — rises in Hardin County, near the headwaters of the Scioto, and runs southwesterly, to the Ohio, pa.ssing Troy, Dayton and Hamilton. It is a beautifid and ra]iid stream, flowing through

HISTORY OF OHIO.

A a highly productive mid ]iii]iulous valley, in wliich limestone and hard timber are abundant. Its total length is about one hunared and fifty miles.

The JIaumeo is the largest river in the northern part of Ohio. It n.-^es in Indiana and flows northeasterly, into Lake Erie. About eighty miles of its course are in Ohio. It is navigable as far as Perrysburg, eighteen miles from its mouth. The other rivers north of the divide are all small, rapid-running streams, aft'ording a large amount of good water-power, much utilized by mills and manufactories.

A remarkable feature of the topography of Ohio is its almost total ab.scnce of n.atural lakes or ponds. A few very small ones are found near the watiT-shed, but all too small to bo of any practical value save as vratering-places for stock.

Lake Erie, which forms nearly all the northern boundary of the State, is next to the last or lowest of America's " inland .sea.s." It is 290 miles long, and 57 miles wide at its greatest part. There are no islands, exc(?pt in the shallow water at the west end, and very few bays. The greatest depth of the lake is off Long Point, where the water is HI 2 feet deep. The shores are principally drift-clay or hard-pan, upon which the waves are continually encroaching. At Cleveland, from the first survey, in 1796, to 1842, the encroachment was 218 feet along the entire city front. The entire coast is low, seldom rising above fifty feet at the water's edge.

Lake Erie, like the others, has a variable surface, rising and falling with the seasons, like great rivers, called the " annual fluctuation," and a general one, embracing a series of years, due to meteorological cau.ses, known as the " secular fluctuation." Its lowest known level was in February, 1819, rising more or less each year, until June, 1838, in the extreme, to six feet eight inches.

Lake Erie has several excellent harbors in Ohio, among which are Cleveland, Toledo, Sandusky, Port Clinton and Ashtabula. Valuable improvements have been made in some of these, at the expense of the General Government. In 1818, the first steamboat was launched on the lake. Owing to the Falls of Niagara, it could go no farther east than the outlet of Niagara Kiver. Since then, however, the opening of the Welland Canal, in Canada, allows ve.ssels drawing not more than ten fi^et of water to pass from one lake to the other, greatly facilitating navigation.

As early as 1830, Dr. S.'P. Ilildreth, Dr. John Locke, Prof J. II. Riddle and Mr. I. A. Lai^hain, were aj)pointed a committee by the Legislature of Ohio to report the " best method of obtaining a complete geological survey of the State, and an estimate of the probable cost of the same." In the preparation of their rejiort. Dr. Hildrcith examined the coal-measures in the southea.stern part of the State, Prof Riddle and Mr. Lapham made examinations in the western and northern counties, while Dr. Locke devoted his attention to cheiiiical analy.se.s. These investigations resulted in the presentation of much valuable information conc(Tning the mineral resources of the State and in a plan for a geological survey. In accordance with the recommendation of this Committee, the Legislatuie, in 1837, passed a bill ajipropriating $12,000 for the prosecution of the work during the next year. The Geological Corjjs appointee" consist<»d of W. W. Mather, State Geologist, with Dr. Hildreth, Dr. Locke, Prof J. P. Kirtland, J. W. Foster, Charles Whittlesey and Charles Briggs, Jr., Assistants. The results of the first j-ear's work appeared in 1838, in an octavo volume of 134 pages, with contribntions from Mather, Hildreth, Rriggs, Kirtland and Whittlesey. In 1838, the Legislature ordered the continuance fif the work, and, at the close of the year, a second report, of 286 pages, octavo, was issued, containing contributions from all the members of the survey.

Succeeding Legislatures failed to provide for a continuance of the work, and, save that done by private means, nothing was accomplished till 1869, when the Legislature again took up the work. In the interim, individual cntcrpri.se had done much. In 1841 , Prof James Hall jni.ssed through the State, and, by his indeiitification of several of the fonnations with those of New York, for the firsst time fixed their geologiital age. The ne.xt year, he issued the first map of the geology of the State, in common with the geological maps of all the region between the AUeghanies and the Jli.ssissippi. Similar maps were published by Sir Charles Lyell, in 184.5; Prof. Edward Hitchcock, in 1853, and by J. Mareon, in 1856. The first individual map of the geology of Ohio was a very small one, published by Col. "Whittlesey, in 1848, in Howe's History. In 1856, he published a larger map, and, in 1865, another was issued by Prof Nelson Sayler. In 1807, Dr. J. S. Newberry published a geological map and sketch of Ohio in the Atlas of the State issued by IL S. Stebbins. Up to this time, the geologicid knowledge w;is very general in its character, and, conse(|uently, eiToncous in many of its details. Other States had been

V

HISTORY OF OHIO.

aci'iinitcly .surveyed, yet Ohio reniaineil a kiml of lirii) iiiinijulUi, of which the ucolo;^y was less known tliMn any part of the surrouinhnu' area.

In 1801), the Legislature approjiriated, tiir a new survey, $13,900 for its support during one year, and appointed Dr. Newberry Chief Geologist ; E. B. Andrews, Edward Orton anil J. H. Klippart were appointed Assistants, and T. G. AYormley, Chemist. The result of i\m first year's work v^as a volume of 104 pages, octavo, published in 1870.

This re])0it, acconi|>anied liy maps and charts,

for the first imu- a.vurateiy deli 1 the geological

formatiou.s a.s to age and area. Evidence was given which set at rest questions of nearly thirty years' standing, and established the fact that Ohio includes nearly double the number of formations before .supposed to exist. Since; that date, the surveys have been regularly made. Each county is being surveyed by itself, and it.s formation accurately determined. Elsewhere in these pages, these results are given, and to them the reader is refi^iTed for the specific geology of the county. Only general results can be noted here.

()n the general geological map of the State, are two sections of the State, taken at each northern and snuthorn extremity. These show, with the map, the griiTal outline of the geological features of ()hio, anil are all that can be given here. Both sections show the general an-angenient.s of the formation, and prove that they lie in sheets resting one u|iiin another, but not liorizontally, as a great airh traverses the State from Cincinnati to the hdie .shore, between Toledo and Sandusky. Along this line, which extends southward to Na,shville, Tenn., all the rocks are raised in a ridge or fold, once a low mountain chain. In the lapse of ages, it has, however, been extensively worn away, and now, along a large part of its course, the .strata which once arched over it are removed from its summit, and are found resting in regular order on either side, dipping away f\-om its axis. Where the ridge was highest, the erosion ha.s been greatest, that being the reason why the oldest rocks are exposed in the region about Cincinnati. By following the line of this gi-eat arch from Cincinnati northward, it will be seen that the llelilrrberg limestone ( No. 4), midway of the State, is .still unbroken, and stretches from .side to side ; while the Oriskany, the Corniferous, the Hamilton and the Huron formations, though generally removed from the crown of the arch, still remain over a limited area near Bellefontaine, where they f rin an i.sland. which j)rov<'S the former continuity of the strata which compose it.

On the east side of the great anticlinal axis, the rooks dip down into a ba,sin, which, for several hundred miles north and south, occupies the interval between the Nashville and Cincinnati ridge and the first fold of the Alleghany Jlountains. In this basin, all the strata form trough-like layers, their edges outcropping ea.stward on the flanks of the AUeghanies, and westward along the anticlinal axis. As they dip from this margin eastward toward the center of the trough, near its niiildle, on the eastern border of the State, the oilier rocks are deeply buried, and the surface is here underlaid by the highest and most recent of our rock formations, the coal measures. In the northwestern corner of the State, the strata dip northwest from the anticlinal and pass under the iNIiehigan coal basin, precisely as the same formations east of the anticlinal dip beneath the Alleghany coal-field, of which Ohio's coal area forms a part.

The rocks underlying the State all belong to three of the great groups which geologists have termed " sy.stems," namely, the Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous. I^ach of these are again subdivided, for convenience, and numbered. Thus the Silurian system includes the Cincinnati group, the Medina and Clinton groups, the Niagara group, and the Salina and Water-Line groups. The Devonian system includes the Oriskany sandstone, the CarbouifiTous limestone, the Hamilton group, the Huron sliale and the Erie shales, Thi' Carboniferous .system includes the AVaverly group, the Carboniterous Conglomerate, the Coal Measures and the Drift. This last includes the surface, and has been divided into six jiarls, numbering from the lowest, viz,: A ghuialed surface, tlie (ilacial Drill, the Erie Clays, the Forest Bed, the Iceberg Drift and the Terraces or Beaches, which mark intervals of stability in the gradual recession of the water surface to its present level.

'' The history we may learn from these fonnations," says the geologist, " is something as follows:

"■ First. Subsequent to the Tertiary was a period of continual elevation, during which the topography of the country was much the .same as now, the draining .streams following the lines they now do, but cutting down their beds until they flowed sometimes two hundred feet lower than they do at present. In the latter part of this period of elevation, glaciers, descending from the Canadian

HISTORY OF OHIO.

islands, excavated and occupied the valleys of the great lakes, and covered the lowlands down nearly to the Ohio.

"^VcoH(/. Bj' a depression of the land and elevation of temjHTature. liie ulaiicrs retreated northward, leaving, in the iiitirior of the continent, a great hasin of fresh water, in which the Erie clays were <le)iosited.

^•Tliird. This water was drained away until a broad land surface was exposed within the drill area. Upon this surface grew forests, largelj- of red and white cedar, inhabited by the elephant, ma.stodon, giaut beaver and other large, now extinct, animals.

"■Fdurtli. The submergence of this ancient land and the spreading over it, by iceberg agency, of gravel, s;ind and bowlders, distributed just as icebergs now spread their luads broadcast over the sea bottom on the banks of Newfoundland.

"/'V/?/i. The gradual draining-oft' of the watere, leaving the land now as we find it, smoothly covered with ;dl the layers of the drift, and well j)repared for human occupation."

" In six da\s, the Jjord made the heavens and the earth, and rested the seventh day," records the Scriptures, and, when all was done. He looked upon the work of His own hands and pronounced it ''good." Surely none but a divine, omnipotent hand ^ould have done all this, and none can study the " work of His hands" and not marvel at its completeness.

The ancient dwellers of the 3Ii.ssi.ssippi Valley will always be a subject of great interest to the antiquarian. Who they were, and whence they came, are still unanswered (iue.«tions, and may remain so for ages. All over this valley, ancl, in fact, in all parts of the New World, evidences of an ancient civilization exLst, whose remains arc now a wonder to all. The aboriginal races could tlirow no light on these f|uestions. They had always seen the remains, and knew not whence the}' came. Explorations aid but little in the solution of the problem, and only conjecture can be ent<'rtained. The remains found in Ohio e<|ual any in the Vallcj'. Indeed, some of them are vast in extent, and consist of forts, fortifications, moats, ditches, elevations and mounds, embracing many acres in extent.

"It is not }-et determined," says CcjI. Charles Whittlese}', "whether we have discovered the first or the original peojde who occupied the soil of Ohio. Modern investigations are bringing to light evidences of earlier races. Since the presence of man has been established in Europe as a cotemporary of the fossil elephant, mastodon, rhinoceros and the horse, of the later drift or glacial period, we may reasonably anticij)ate the presence of man in America in that era. Such proofs are already known, but the}' are not of that conclusive character which amounts to a demonstration. It is, however, known that an ancient people inhabited Ohio in advancre of the red nu-n who were found here, three centuries since, by the Spanish and French exj)lorers.

" Five and six hundred years before the arrival of Columbus," says Col. Charles Whittle.'sey, "the Northmen sailed from Norway, Iceland and Greenland along the .Vtlantic coast as far as Long Island. They found Indian tribes, in what is now New England, closely rcscnnbling tho.se who lived upon the coa.st and the St. Lawrence when the French and Engli.sh came to [lossess these regions.

" These red Indians had no traditions of a prior people ; but over a large part of the lake country and the valley of the Mississippi, earth-works, mounds, pyramids, ditehes and forts were discovered — the work of a more ancient race, and a people fir in advance of the Indian. If they were not civilized, they were not barbarians. They were not mere hunters, but had fixed habitations, cultivated the soil and were possessed of considerable mechanical skill. We know them as the Mottiu! Btii/i/i'fs, b(!cause they erected over the mortal remains of their ]irimipal men and women memorial mounds of earth or unhewn stone — of which hundrcKls remain to our own day, so liU'ge and higii that they give rise to an impression of the numbers and energy of their builders, such as we receive from the pyramids of f]gypt."

Might they not have been of the same race and the Simie civilization ? Many competent authorities conjecture they are the work of the lost tribes of I.srael ; but the best they or any one can do is onlj' conjecture.

" In the burial-mounds," continues Col. Whittlesey, " there are always jiortions of one or more human skeletons, generally partly consumed by fire, with ornaments of stone, bone, .«hells, mica and copper. The largest m<uind in Ohio is near Miamisburg, Montgomery County. It is the •second largest in the West, being nearly seventy feet high, originally, and about eight hundred feet in circumference. This would give a superficial area of nearl}' four acres. In 1SG4, the citizens of Miamisburg sunk a shaft from the summit to the naturtil surface, without finding the bones

IG

HISTORY OF OHIO.

or aslies of the groat man for 'wlimu it was intended. The exjiioration has considerably lowered the molind, it being now about sixty feet in height.

" Fort Ancient, on the Little Miami, is a good specimen of the military defenses of the Mouud- Builders. It is well located on a long, high, narrow, precipitous ridge. The parapets ai-e now from ten to eighteen feet high, and its perimeter is sufficient to hold twenty thousand fighting men. Another prominent example of their works exists neat' Newark, Licking County. This collection presents a great variety of figures, circles, rectangles, octagons and parallel banks, or highways, covering more than a thousand acres. The county fiiir-ground is permanently located within an ancient circle, a quarter of a mile in diameter, with an embankment and interior ditch. Its highest place was over twenty feet from the top of the moat to the bottom of the ditch."

One of the most curious-shaped works in this county is known as the "Alligator," from its supjiosed resemblance to that creature. When measured, several years ago, while in a good state of ])reservation, its dimensions were two hundred and ten feet in length, average width over sixty feet, and height, at the highest point, seven feet. It appears to be mainly composed of clay, and is overgrown with grass.

iSpeaking of tlie writing of these people. Col. Wliittlfsey says : '' There is no evidence that they had al]ihabetical characters, picture-writing or hieroglyphics, though they must have had some mode of recording events. Neither is there any proof that they u.sed domestic animals for tilliui;' the soil, or for the purpose of erecting the im]i(ising earthworks they have left. A very coarse cloth of hemp, flax or nettles lias been found on their burial-hearths and around skeletons not consumed by fire.

" The most extensive earthworks occupy many of the sites of modern towns, and are always in the vicinity of excellent land. Those about the lakes are generally irregular earth forts, while those about the rivers in the southern part of the State are generally altars, pyraniiils, circles, cones and rectangles of earth, among which ibrtresses or strongholds are exceptions.

" Those on the north may not have been cotemporary or have been built by the same peojile. 1'hey are far less prominent or extensive, which indicates a people less in numbers as well as industry, and whose principal occupationwas war among themselves or against their neighbors. This style of works extends eastward along the south shore of Lake Ontario, through New York. In C)hio, there is a space along the water-shed, between the lake and the Ohio, where there are few, if any, ancient earthworks. It ajjjiears to have been a vacant or neutral ground between different nations.

" The Indians of the North, dressed in skins, cultivated the soil very sparingly, and manufactured no woven cloth. On Lake Superior, there are ancient copper mines wrought by the Mound- Builders over fifteen liundred years ago." Copper tools are occasionally found tempered sufScicntly hard to cut the hardest rocks. No knowledge of such temperiug exists now. The Indians can give no more knowledge of the ancient mines than they can of the mounds on the river bottoms.

" The Indians did not occupy the ancient earthworks, nor did they construct such. Thoj were found as they are now — a hunter race, wholly averse to labor. Their abodes were in rock shelters, in caves, or in temporary sheds of bark and boughs, or skins, easily moved from place to place. Like most savage races, their habits are unchangeable ; at least, the example of white men, and their efforts during throe centuries, have made little, if any, imjire.ssion."