Symbol and satire in the French Revolution

Front matter

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT

By Ernest F. Henderson

Symbol and Satire in the French Revolution

Preface

HAS sufficient attention been paid to the fact that, apart from all its horrors and injustice, the French Revolution was a beautiful dream? Imagination ran riot as never before. People seemed utterly unable to speak or to think in plain language. In what period of the world's history do we meet with so many fables and personifications, symbols, satires, and emblems? The dawn of French liberty is like the dawn of the world's religion; there is the same conflict between great shapeless monsters that forms the legendary basis of every modern creed. The war of liberty against slavery is one of Titans against gods; the favourite symbol for despotism is the many-headed hydra. The number of these hydras that were slain, of the chains that were broken, of the yokes that were cast off, is simply appalling. The capl of Liberty, the carpenter's level to denote Equality,] the scales of Justice, the eye of Vigilance, the bundle of fagots to denote Unity and Indivisibility: all these and many more recur literally thousands of times. Thrones totter, tyrants bite the dust, Liberty accomplishes wonderful feats of prowess and agility, while even the mountain, vi Preface

symbol of one of the great political parties, shakes or quakes, jumps or falls, belches forth destructive lava or in some other way makes life unpleasant for its opponents.

More interesting in their wealth of symbols than even the speeches and writings of the time are the pictorial satires and allegories, great numbers of which have been preserved. They are documents of real historical importance and have hitherto been much neglected. They reveal the spirit of the time as no mere printed words could ever do. They are products of this special revolution, for nothing like them had ever been known before. They filled a real need, for they appealed even to the illiterate ; and three fourths of the population of France at that time could neither read nor write. They show us the Revolution as it was shown to the common man of the period.

But more than this. We find that some, if not all, of these productions were issued as a means of political propaganda, with the direct and avowed intention of influencing public opinion. Cartoons were a strong weapon in the hands of those who held the public funds, and there is reason to believe that millions were spent in producing them. Take, for instance, this extract from a speech of Lequinio's at the Jacobin Club in November, 1791: "You know all the evils that fanaticism caused by spreading pictures throughout the country. I propose that the Society undertake to engage all artists to labour in opposition to this by making pictures that have to do with the Revolution."

Preface vii

In October, 1792, we find an artist accorded honourable mention in the National Convention because of a cartoon representing the soldiers of despotism quitting their standards to enrol under those of Liberty and Equality. The proces verbal or Journal of the Convention records the statement that such productions are 'f.one of the most efficacious means of instructing the hamlets and speaking to the eyes of the ignorant and unfortunate inhabitants." The accounts of the Committee of Public Safety later contain an item of three thousand francs paid to an artist for two caricatures, one of which represents a turkey pulling King George of England by the nose. Later still we find the same Committee decreeing that a picture glorifying the patriotic act of a boy, Barra, who died rather than cry "God save the King!" shall be distributed among the pupils of all the schools in France. The patriotic almanac was another means of propaganda employed by the Jacobins.

My cartoons were photographed direct from the originals — almost all of which are anonymous loose sheets. They are to be found for the most part in the Collection Hennin of the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. Others came from the Musee Carnavalet and a few I was able to purchase from antiquaries. But the demand for such material is very keen, and the productions bring prices beyond the reach of ordinary individuals.

A word about the narrative that accompanies the cartoons. I have taken great pains to avoid what is old and hackneyed, and have consulted

Vlll

Preface original authorities for every phase of the subject. I have not endeavoured to prove new points or indeed to indulge in controversy of any sort. My single aim has been to illumine. With this end in view I have consulted a number of manuscripts which have proved very inspiring. The National Archives are rich in Revolutionary material, and it is interesting to note how many documents they contain that were written at critical moments : The defiance left behind by Louis XVI on the day that he fled to Varennes; the letter written by Charlotte Corday after the murder of Marat; Marie Antoinette's letter written four hours before her execution; the note pinned by Roland to his coat just before he committed suicide; Robespierre's appeal to Couthon to come to the Hotel de Ville on the 9th of Thermidor, and a host of others. When we come to think of it, it is just such documents that were most likely to be preserved, because they were at once seized by the police and placed on file. There are autographs, of course, of all sorts of interesting personages — of Dr. Guillotin, of Danton, of Marat, of Madame Roland. There is the protest of the seventy-five at the expulsion of the Girondists; Petion's account of his return from Varennes in the royal coach; Fouquier- Tin ville 's complaint that the Dantonists on trial for their life are so insolent as to demand that witnesses be heard in their defence; the order of the Committee of Public Safety to separate Marie Antoinette from her son; an indignant protest on Executioner Samson's part that he has not

Preface ix

been selling Louis XVI 's hair; the decree in the minutes of the Convention abolishing the Christian Era — in short, there is no end to the treasures of this kind, and the actual handling of them gives one a vivid sense of the reality of the happenings.

I have tried to do justice to the modern authorities; but the literature is very vast and even important works may have escaped me. Aulard, his journal as well as his monographs; Brette, Flammermont, Sorel, Jaures, Wallon, Mortimer- Temeux, Hamel — all have been of great assistance. I regret that a general account of the Revolution by Madelin has not reached me in time to be of service. I could not begin to mention here the works from which I have extracted some one or more facts; I have given some references in the footnotes. I have chosen the form of a chronological narrative because only thus did it seem possible to show the juncture at which the cartoons were issued and the part that they played as the Revolution progressed.

E. F. H.

Boston, May 25, 1912.

CHAPTER I Introductory

PAGE

I

II Liberty

"^ III

~ IV

Fraternity ......

V

VI

Probation ......

► VII

Downfall .....

- VIII

- IX

War

X

Proscription ......

"^ XI

^ XII

Idolatry ......

XIII

Reaction .....

. 424

• 443

PAGE

Plate i. Liberty Crowning Benjamin Franklin . 7

Plate 2. Born to Trouble. A Comparison of the

Peasant with Domestic Animals. . 9

Plate 3. Post Tenebras Lux. An Allegorical Representation in Honour of Necker's Recall in 1788 . .... 21

Plate 4. The Coach Ornamented with Symbols in which Louis XVI Went to his Coronation in 1774 ..... 22

Plate 5. A Symbolical Representation of the Three Estates Proceeding to Versailles in May, 1789 ..... 23

Plate 6. Another Version of the Symbolical Representation of the Three Estates Proceeding to Versailles in May, 1 789. 24

Plate 7. The Three Estates in their Respective

Costumes of Ceremony . . .26

Plate 8. The Costume of a Deputy of the Third

Plate 9. A Symbolical Representation Entitled

"Ah, how Hard Are the Times!" . 30

Plate 10. A Cartoon Showing the Third Estate Welcoming the Clergy to the Ranks of the National Assembly, June 13, 1789. 31 xiv Illustrations

PAGE

Plate ii. Mirabeau in the Name of the National Assembly Defying De Br^z^, Master of Ceremonies of the King . . . 37

Plate 12. A Cartoon Showing the Third Estate Welcoming the other Two Estates to the Ranks of the National Assembly, June 30, 1789 41

Plate 13. A Cartoon Showing the Three Estates as

Musicians at Last Playing in Tune . 42

Plate 14. A Cartoon Showing Concord Holding the Three Estates United by Flowery Chains ...... 43

Plate 15. A Cartoon Showing the Three Estates Shouldering in Common the Burden of the National Debt .... 44

Plate 16. A Cartoon Entitled "The Triumph of the Three Orders," Showing France and her Three Sons, the Clergy, Nobility and Third Estate, on their Way to the Temple of Justice ... 45

Plate 17. Facsimile of Medals Commemorating the Harmony of the Three Estates in the Summer of 1789 ... 46

Plate 18. A Cartoon Representing the Third Estate Awakening from his Long Slumber, Casting off his Chains and Terrifying the Other Two Estates . 47

Plate 19. A Cartoon Entitled " This Time Justice Is the Strongest," and Representing Justice and the Third Estate Weighing Down the Clergy and Nobility . . 51

Illustrations xv

PAGE

Plate 20. A Cartoon Entitled "The Noble Two- Step," in which a Noble and an Ahh6 are Dancing to the Piping of the Third Estate ...... 52

Plate 21. A Cartoon Entitled "Despotism Overthrown," and Likening the Storming of the Bastile to the Slaying of a Hydra 53

Plate 22. A Representation of Louis XVI Driving up to the Hotel de Ville in Paris on July 17, 1789, where he was Acclaimed ' ' Restorer of French Liberty " . 57

Plate 23. An Engraving Showing Louis XVI with the Cap of Liberty which he Publicly Donnedon July 17, 1789 ... 59

Plate 24. Louis XVI Depicted as the "Restorer

of French Liberty " . . . .61

Plate 25. A Portrait of Bailly over which Is the National Cockade with the Motto In Hoc Signo Vicimus .... 63

Plate 26. A Satirical Production Called " The Conclusion of the Diet," Showing the Evil Results of Forcing one Cap upon the Three Estates .... 64

Plate 27. A Bloodthirsty Cartoon Called "The Patriotic Calculator," Showing the Frenchman Making out a Bill for Eight Heads Paid on Account, Twelve Still Due 65 xvi Illustrations

PAGE

Plate 28. A Cartoon Called "The Great Step Accomplished, or the Dawn of a Fine Day," which Shows the Frenchman Advancing over the Heads, Bastiles, etc., to Join with the King and Observe the Law ..... 66

Plate 29. A Cartoon Called the " Constitution of France," Showing Necker Borne Aloft by the Due d' Orleans and Lafayette while the Chains of Servitude are Trampled Under Foot ... 67

Plate 30. An Allegorical Representation to the Glory of Necker Entitled "Virtue Surmounts all Obstacles." (Remarkable because the Recall of Necker is Attributed to the Queen.). ... 68

Plate 31. An Elaborate Allegorical Representation in which Louis XVI Conducts Necker along the Path of Glory and Presents him to the National Assembly . . . , . . 69

Plate 32. A Cartoon in which the King and Necker are Breaking the Chains of a Grateful Third Estate while Discord takes to Flight ..... 71

Plate 33. A Cartoon Showing the Three Estates Forging Away at the New Constitution ...... 74

Plate 34. A Cartoon Representing the French Nation in a Patriotic Delirium Breaking Down Feudalism on August 4, 1789 11

XV 11 PAGE

Plate 35. An Allegorical Representation which Shows France Inscribing on a Monument the Feudal Privileges Renounced on August 4, 1789.

Plate 36. A Representation of the Frenchwoman Become Free .....

Plate 37. A Double Cartoon Representing the Change Wrought in the Condition of the Peasant by the Renunciations of August 4th. Before . . .84

Plate 38. A Double Cartoon Representing the Change Wrought in the Condition of the Peasant by the Renunciations of August 4th. After .... 85

Plate 39. A Double Cartoon Representing the Frenchman Formerly and the Frenchman Now. The Frenchman Formerly.

Plate 40. A Double Cartoon Representing the Frenchman Formerly and the Frenchman Now. The Frenchman Now

Plate 41. A National Guard in Uniform

A Representation Intended to Show What an Advantage the Free Frenchman Has over the Enslaved Englishman. Pitt is Trampling on the Crown and Holding the Parliament Enchained ......

A Cartoon Showing the Contrast Between an Englishman's Manner of Doing Homage to Liberty and a Frenchman's ..... 92

XVlll

A Caricature of the First Emigres Leaving France. Madame de Polignac, the Queen's Favourite Is in the Donkey-Basket. The King's Brother Is on Horseback ....

A Contemporary Drawing of the Expedition of the Women of Paris to Versailles on October 5, 1789 .

PAGE

A Cartoon Showing Chabroud Endeavouring to Clear the Due d' Orleans of Complicity in the Events of October 6, 1789 97

A Contemporary Drawing Representing the Women of Paris Returning from Versailles on October 6, 1789 . 104

A Representation of the Arrival of the King and Queen in Paris on October 6,1789. One Sees the Women Leading the Cortege . . . . .105

A Cartoon Representing Charon Refusing to Ferry over any of the Headless Ones Save a Baker who had been Killed by Mistake . . . .108

A Symbolical Production Showing Reason in the Act of Explaining the New Divisions of France while Envy and Hatred seek to Hamper Her . . 109

A Symbolical Production Showing the Genius of France Adopting Liberty and Equality . . . . .112

A Dutch Engraving Showing the Hall of the Jacobin Club in Paris .

Illustrations xix

PAGE

Plate 53. ARepresentationof the Typical Jacobin. One Sees the Eye of Vigilance on his Cap . . . . . .114

Plate 54. A Cartoon Showing the Clergy Despoiled of its Possessions. Once it Was Fat, Now it Is Lean . . . • 115

Plate 55. A Caricature Called " The Overthrow, " Relating to the Confiscation of the Estates of the Clergy . , .116

Plate 56. A Caricature Called "The Present Time," Showing the Clergy Reduced to a Skeleton and Standing Humbly before the Other Two Estates . • n?

Plate 57. A Caricature Against the Clergy Entitled ' ' The Patriotic Reducer of Fat " . 118

Plate 58. A Cartoon Representing the Marquis de Favras being Received in Hades by Foulon, Bert hi er and other Headless Ones ...... 123

Plate 59. A Symbolical Representation of France Making her Children Clasp Hands in Token of Fraternity . . . .125

Plate 60. A Representation of the F6te of Federation on the Champ de Mars, July 14, 1790 ..... 129

Plate 61. A Facsimile of a Portion of the Frieze on the Great Arch at the F§te of Federation ...... 131

Plate 62. A Contemporary Illustration Showing the People of Paris at Work Transforming the Champ de Mars in Preparation for the F6te . . . -133

XX Illustrations

PAGE

Plate 63. Another View of the People of Paris at

Work on the Champ de Mars . -134

Plate 64. A Fanciful Representation of the King Aiding in the Work of Transforming the Champ de Mars . . -135

Plate 65. A Caricature of Mirabeau's Brother Called * ' B arrel- Mirabeau ' because of his Love of Drink . . . 137

Plate 66. A Representation of the F^te of Federation Showing the Deputies Dancing Around in Glee . . . -141

Plate 67. A Representation of the Typical " Conqueror of the Bastile" . . -143

Plate 68. A Representation of the Dancing on the Ruins of the Bastile on the Anniversary of the Fall of the Fortress . . 144

Plate 69. An Allegorical Representation Showing the King Accepting from the Hand of France the Pact of Federation . .148

Plate 70. A Cartoon which Shows the Clergy

A sking in D esperation ' ' What Ami?" 1 49

Plate 71. A Cartoon Showing the Proper Treatment for an Abbe who will not Take the Civic Oath. The Mother Applauds the Castigation . . . -151

Plate 72. A Representation of the Beatitude of a Priest who has Taken the Patriotic Oath. A Bishop's Mitre is Within his Reach ...... 153

Plate 73. The Representation of the Awful Fate in Store for the Priest who will not Take the Civic Oath. The Wind Whistles through his Bones . . . -155

A Representation of an Aristocrat- Priest Cursing the Revolution. Turn the Page Upside Down ....

A Caricature of Marie Antoinette as a Vile Harpy Treading on the Constitution ......

A Caricature of Louis XVI as a Homed Pig

A Caricature of Marie Antoinette as an Austrian Pantheress

XXI

PAGE 160

A Cartoon which Shows the Devil Inciting Pope Pius VI to Sign the Bull Condemning the Civil Constitution of the Clergy ..... 161

A Cartoon Showing the Papal Bull, Together with all the Different Journals which Favoured the Aristocratic Party Being Consigned to the Flames. 163

An Exaggerated Representation of what took Place in the Tuileries on the "Day of Daggers, " February 28, 1791. 165

What Purports to be the Exact Form of the Infamous Poniards Wielded by those who Had their Ears Boxed, or were Arrested or Driven Away from the Tuileries by the National Guards onthe28thof February, 1 791 . . 168

A Contemporary Representation of the Pantheon "Dedicated by a Grateful Country to its Great Men. " . .169 xxu

A Portrait of Mirabeau, Issued at the Time of his Death, which Recalls the Episode of June 23, 1789, when he Defied the Master of Ceremonies of the King .....

A Facsimile of an Assignat with the Portrait of Louis XVI. This one Purports to have been Issued the Day Before the Flight but is Officially Stamped as a Forgery

A Representation of the Return from Varennes of the Royal Family under Escort of National Guards. . .184

Bamave Represented as a Double- Faced Man because of his Friendliness to the King and Queen after the Flight to Varennes . . . . .187

A Satire on the Failure of the Attempted Flight to Varennes. The King is Pleading for Mercy, the Queen is Beating her Breast and Crying "My Fault, all my Fault!" . . .189

A Representation of the Happenings on the Champ de Mars on July 17, 1791. Mayor Bailly after Seeking in Vain to Quell a Disturbance that had Arisen Ordered the National Guards to Fire on the Mob ..... 193

A Satirical Representation Called "The Future Legislator" and Directed Against the Requirement that a Deputy to be Eligible must Pay Taxes. The Mark of Silver Destroys all Individuality . . . . -195

Illustrations xxiii

PAGE

Plate 90. An Allegorical Representation of the Acceptance of the Constitution by- Louis XVI. The Faces seem to be Actual Likenesses. The Republic Personified is being Driven from the Hall by Cupids with Whips . , 197

Plate 91. A Cartoon Intended to Show under what Constraint Louis XVI had Sanctioned the Constitution . . . .201

Plate 92. A Representation of a Foreigner Joyfully Quitting the Land of Slaves for the Land of Liberty where Everything Is Gay and Joyous .... 205

Plate 93. A Representation Showing the Effect Wrought upon an Austrian Sentinel at the First Sight of the French National Cockade. The Austrian Reverses his Bayonet and Places his Hand upon his Heart . . . 206

Plate 94. A Cartoon Showing the Perilous Situation of Louis XVI. He has Handed Down Several Cornucopias full of Sweets to the People but they are Calling for More ..... 207

Plate 95. A Cartoon Representing an Emigre Returning as a Beggar to the Country that he had Abandoned . . .215

Plate 96. A Cartoon Showing the Elector of Treves Foaming at the Mouth with Rage, Owing to the Action of the French Government in Demanding the Dispersal of the Emigres . .217

XXIV

Plate ioi.

PAGE

A Cartoon Representing Louis XVI as "King Janus" with one Face Turned towards the Constitution and the Other towards the Non-juring Clergy . 219

A Cartoon Showing the Political Situation at the End of the Year 1791. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Curiously enough, are Stemming the Course of Invavsion which Sweden, Denmark, Russia and the Emigres are Furthering . . . .223

A Cartoon Showing the Nations in the Act of Closing in upon Louis XVI whose onl}^ Hope of Rescue is in Blanchard the Famous Balloonist who is Hovering over the Scene . . 225

A Cartoon Showing the Emigres and the Foreign Powers Stirring the Flames and Giving the Deputies Assembled at the Jacobin Club a Hot Time. The Deputies are Dancing Round in Agony . . . .227

A Cartoon Showing Lafayette Upheld by Luckner and Rochambeau, Trying to Take the Moon in his Teeth. The Invasion of the German Empire Is a similar Foolhardy Enterprise . . 229

A Depiction of Cupid as a Sans Cidotte Placing a Wreath on the Altar of Equality. . . . . .231

A Depiction of the Typical Sans Culotte of Paris with his Pike, the Weapon of the Revolution, and the Cockade in his Hat. . . . 235

Illustrations xxv

PAGE

Plate 104. A Representation of the Scene in the Tuileries Palace on June 20, 1792, when the Mob Broke in and Tried to Force Louis XVI to Rescind his Veto of the Decrees Providing for a Camp near Paris and Enacting still Severer Penalties against the Non-juring Clergy 237

Plate 105. A Portrait of Petion, Man of the Hour and Idolized Mayor of Paris. He is Enshrined in the Popular Heart under the Protecting Folds of the Tri- Colored Ribbon. Note the Heart . 240

Plate 106. A Newspaper Illustration from the Revolutions de Paris which Incidentally Shows the Flag with "The Country is in Danger!" Hanging from the Hotel deVille . . , .241

Plate 107. A Representation of the Burning Emblems of Feudalism at the Celebration in Memory of the 14th of July, 1789, Heldon July 14, 1792 . . . 243

Plate 108. A Representation of Devotion to Country. At the Call, "The Country in Danger," all Prepare to Sacrifice that which they Hold Most Dear — Husbands, Children, Jewels . . . 244

Plate 109. A Representation of Cupid as a Volunteer, Showing that the Thought of Marching Against the Ehemy was the One Dominant Sentiment of the Moment ..... 245 xxvi Illustrations

PAGE

Plate iio. The Words and Music of the Marseillaise. From a Copy of the Song Published in London in November, 1792 . 249

Plate hi. A Representation of French Soldiers, lull of Grim Determination Marching to the Chorus " To Arms, Citizens ! " . 251

Plate 112. A Representation of the Storming of the Tuileries. From a Contemporary Oil Painting ..... 257

Plate 113. A Representation of the Lion Carved in the Rock at Lucerne by Thorwaldsen in Memory of the Swiss Guards who Fell on August loth and September 3rd. From an Old Engraving . . 259

Plate 114. A Contemporary Newspaper Illustration (from the Revolutions de Paris) of the Pulling Down of the Statues of Louis XIV in the Place Vendome and the Place des Victoires . . .263

Plate 115. A Representation of the Faced Cards in a Revolutionary Pack. The Kings are Supplanted by "Geniuses," the Queens by "Liberties" and the Knaves by "Equalities" . . .265

Plate 116. A Representation of Revolutionary Playing Cards in which the Kings are "Sages," the Queens "Virtues," the Knaves " Heroes " .... 267

Plate 117. A Portrait of Robespierre. From an

Oil Painting ..... 269

Plate 118. A Portrait of Lafayette Engraved at the Time of his Appointment as Commander of the National Guards . 273

Illustrations xxvii

PAGE

Plate 119. A Representation of the Guillotine as

a fine Prop for Liberty . . . 275

Plate 120. A Portrait of Danton. From an Oil

Painting . . . . .277

Plate 121. A Cartoon Representing the Opening of the Secret Iron Safe and Showing Roland and the Man who had Betrayed the Secret Facing the Skeleton of Mirabeau which Holds the Crown in One Hand and a Bag of Money in the Other 283

Plate 122. A Cartoon Representing the Handwriting on the Wall and Bidding Louis the Traitor Read his Sentence. God has Weighed him in the Balance and Found him Wanting. Below, the Guillotine Awaits him . . .285

Plate 123. A Cartoon Likening Louis XVI to a Piece of Out-of-Date Money and Recommending that he be Melted up . 286

Plate 124. A Gruesome Cartoon Making Fun of the Priests who were Massacred on September 3, 1792. They are Represented as Having had Their Noses Pulled . 291

Plate 125. A Portrait of Roland. From an Old

Engraving ..... 297

Plate 126. A Portrait of Madame Roland Taken From the Cover of a Bonbonniere in the Mus^e Camavalet . . .299

Plate 127. A Caricature of Monsieur and Madame

XXVIU

PAGE

A Complicated Political Rebus Warning the Honnetes Gens or True Patriots Against Three Prominent Girondists: Petion, Roland and Claviere . .301

A Caricature on the Withdrawal of the Austrians and Prussians after the Battlesof Valmy and Genappes . 303

A German Puzzle Showing the Hydra of Revolution Devouring the Fleur-de-lis and Breaking the Crown, Sceptre and Sword. There are Four Concealed Silhouettes ....

A Symbolical Representation of Victory Traversing the Republic .

A Symbolical Representation of the Progress of Liberty, Enlightenment and Republicanism ....

A Cartoon Showing the Progress of Republicanism and the Inevitable Fate of Each and All of the Rulers of Europe. Time is Mowing Them Down and Extinguishing their Life- Lights ......

The Official Letter-Head of Genet, Minister of the French Republic to the United States of America .

A Republican Medal ....

The French Republic Represented as a Ship Guided by Liberty

A Personification of Republican France

A Personification of Liberty with the Broken Yoke. ....

310 311

312 313

Plate 139.

Plate 140.

Plate 141.

XXIX PAGE

A Personification of Equality with the Carpenter's Level . . . -315

A Personification of Fraternity with the Belt of Hearts .... 316

A Cartoon Entitled " Matter for Reflection for Crowned Jugglers." Under the Severed Head of Louis XVI is the Line from the Marseillaise, "May an Impure Blood Water our Furrows!".

A Portrait of Louis XVI Engraved by some Royalist and with the Line underneath: "O My King! The Universe (fi(i Abandon Thee!"

A Memorial to Lepelletier St.-Fargeau Covered with Inscriptions in his Honour and Pronouncing the Death- Penalty Against Anyone who Should Harbour his Murderer

An Allegorical Representation Entitled "The Coalition" and Showing the Powers of Europe Attacking the Young French Republic. She, Calm and Smiling will not let them Touch so much as a Hair of her Head ,

A Caricature on the Subject of the Arrest by Dumouriez of the Commissioners Sent by the National Convention to Arrest him . . . 329

A Portrait of Charlotte Corday. From the Painting by Hauer . . -351

A Portrait of Marat Engraved from his Death-Mask and Showing the Gaping Wound in his Breast . . -353

XXX Illustrations

PAGE

Plate 148. A Representation of the Tomb in which Marat's Remains were Placed before being Transferred to the Pantheon. It Faced the "National Palace," formerly the Tuileries .... 355

Plate 149, A Representation of the First Stage of the Fete to Unity and Indivisibility. The Fountain of Regeneration is to be Erected on the Site of the Bastile . 356

Plate 150. A Representation of the Second Stage of the F^te to Unity and Indivisibility. The Meeting with the "Heroines of Liberty" ..... 360

Plate 151. A Representation of the Third Stage of the F^te to Unity and Indivisibility. The Statue of the Goddess of Liberty was on the Pedestal of the Old Statue of Louis XV ..... 362

Plate 152. A View of the Place de la Revolution (now Place de la Concorde) with the Statue of the Goddess of Liberty . 363

Plate 153. A Representation of the Fourth Stage of the Fete to Unity and Indivisibility. A Colossal Figure Symbolizing the French People is Annihilating the Monster Called Federalism . . 364

Plate 154. A Representation of the Fifth Stage of the Fete to Unity and Indivisibility. On the Altar of the Fatherland (Champ de Mars) the President of the Convention is Announcing the Acceptance of the New Constitution , . 365

XXXI

PAGE

A Representation of the Sixth Stage of the Fete to Unity and Indivisibility. The Temple Is in Honour of the Dead Warriors ..... 367

A Representation of Marie Antoinette in her Prison Cell in the Conciergerie. The Plan Shows the Arrangement of the Cell and also of the one Occupied by the Gendarmes ....

A Representation of a Memorial Urn with the Silhouettes of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette ....

A Symbolical Representation of Unity and Indivisibility ....

A Symbolical Representation of Unity and Indivisibility Watched Over by the Vigilant Eye of the Jacobins

An Emblem of the Reign of Terror. There Is to be no Mean between Liberty and Death .... 372

A Representation of Liberty and her Great Martyrs Lepelletier, Marat and Chalier whose Deaths Cry for Vengeance 373

A Cartoon Summing up the Regime of Robespierre and Showing the Frenchman Blindly Groping for Liberty, Equality and Fraternity with Death Ever at Hand as the Alternative

A Sketch of Marie Antoinette made by David as she Passed his Window in the Death-Cart on her Way to Execution . 387 xxxu Plate 164.