Illustrated history of New Mexico

Front matter

ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

NEW MEXICO

BY

Preface

The author of this work entered public hfe some years ago, as a school teacher, tilling for the tirst time the honored post of preceptor of the College of the Christian Brothers, Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the year 1876 and continuing thereafter for several years in charge of the various public schools of the Capital. Thus it was that he came through personal observation, and after many and very careful examinations of the several writings on history, to notice that remarkable differences and striking contradictions exist among some of the English speaking authors, in their respective narratives of historical events whenever it is a question of the discovery of America by Columbus, the conquest, colonization and christianization of Mexico by Cortes, and of South America by Almagro and the Pizarro brothers. The author of this work attributes the discrepancies and contradictions of the authors mentioned rather to the fact that they had, perforce, to depend absolutely on the translations which are supposed to have been made from Lhe original works and original documents by translators who, by reason of their never having seen the said originals and also because of their not being Spanish scholars, have not, in almost every instance, rendered into correct English the spirit of the original texts, changing quite often, the substance of the language of thefirst authors; whence the result has been that no two works of the same history, translated from the Spanish into English, by different translators can be found to agree with one another and much less with the original works. This statement is easily proved by simple comparisons of the works of these writers, with the original accounts given by the conquerors and first authors. Upon comparison it will be readily seen that, although they give long lists of the first authors, and even of the discoverers and conquerors of New Mexico, they have simply had former translations retranslated. The greater part having had, it seems, a retranslation made of the incomplete, incorrect and unreliable

6 prp:face,

translation made some few years past, by one De Thoma, here in Santa Fe, of a few paragraphs from Bancroft's "History of Arizona and New Mexico," and which said De Thoma pubhshed in a small pamphlet calling it "Historia de Nuevo Mejico." De Thoma, though, was honest enough to state that what he gave us was all taken from Bancroft. Some of the said writers on New Mexico history have, it appears, used De Thoma's labors clothed in boastful verbosity and giving it to the world as the genuine, true and accurate history of New Mexico, citing the notes and authorities listed by other writers without knowing enough Spanish to ascertain the truth of the translations they copy from, hence the great confusion extant among these historians. One of these students of New Mexico history published an alleged history of New Mexico, in 1907, in which he makes the absurd statement that De Vargas "died in Bernalillo while on his way from Santa Pe to New Mexico.'"

The author of this work does not intend to say that there has not been both sincere and competent translations, for most assuredly there have been many such. For instance Hodge's translations of the narratives of Cabeza de Vaca, De Soto, Coronado, Castaneda, Jaramillo and other discoverers and conquerors of New Mexico do not, in anything impair the sense nor the meaning of the original narratives; but some of the English speaking authors have, apparently, only copied each other to the extent that no two of them agree in their translations whence a great deal of confusion arises in their exposition of historical events and incidents. Such reasons as these led the author of this work to dedicate many years to the study of the original writings, with the end in view of writing, as correctly as possible, a true history, for which purpose he spared neither means nor expenses, and now he offers the present work as the fruit of his labors.

As our state repi'esents four distinct epochs, viz: the prehistoric epoch; the epoch of the discovery of the American Continent, its conquest, christianization, and civilization by Spain; the ve/y brief epoch of its permanence under the Mexican government, and, finally, the history of the American epoch or the epoch of our own day, so to speak. The

PREFACE. 7

Author has deemed it more apropos to write this work in four books in a single volume, wherein shall be presented first: A summary or compendium of the theories advanced by historians regarding the hitherto unfathomed arcanum of the origin and beginning of the aborigines that inhabited this continent before its discovery by Columbus and the other discoverers who followed after him. Aside from the historical summary and compendium mentioned, the first book will contain brief accounts of all that pertains to that most splendid of human episodes recorded in the history of the world — the discovery of America and the conquest of Mexico (1492-1595) for between those two dates, besides the great discovery the following events crowded upon each other in rapid succession, viz: the celebrated pilgrimage of Alvar Nuflez Cabeza de Vaca. and his companions, Andres Dorantes, Alonzo del Castillo, Maldonado and Estevanico, the African; the expeditions of Fray dela Asuncion, Fr. Marcos de Niza, Francisco Vdsquez de Coronado, Pedro de Alvarado, Francisco Ibarra, Fray Agustin Rodriguez (Ruiz), Fray Beltran, Antonio de Espejo, Castano de Sosa, Francisco Leyba y Bonilla, Juan Humana etc., etc.

The second book will start with detailed accounts of what happened between 1595 and 1598. Since the real conquest and colonization of New Mexico was carried into effect between those dates by Don Juan de Onate, the author has deemed it his duty to enter into more extensive details of Onate's expedition, as he was the first conqueror and pacifier of New Mexico.

In the third book the main events will be related which resulted from material, industrial and religious development — all due as a whole, or, in the largest part to the activities of the Catholic Church and her missionaries; the uprising of the natives which gave as its sequel the defeat and flight of the Spaniards under Governor Antonio Otermin; the reconquest and permanent pacification of the Territory by Don Diego de Vargas, Zapata Lujan, Ponce de Leon or all that occurred between the years 1593 and 1703.

The fourth book will contain important illustrations, and information in detail of all that happened during the regime or dominion of the governments of Spain and Mexico up to

8 PREFACE.

the year 1848 when the formal annexation of the Territory to the American Union took place. This last book also contains several appendixes and biographical sketches of prorLinent citizens of the State together with the photographs of many of them.

The lack of exactness in the various translations and the irreconcilable contradictions of the aforesaid historians in regard to what the original narrators did say concerning the discovery and conquest of New Mexico, as well as the very evident want of harmony between said historians and the Spanish and Mexican historians in reference to points of great historical importance were motives that induced the author of this book to make researches in Madrid and Barcelona, Spain, in order topffer his readers the history of our State as written and published by the explorers, conquerors and old writers, that is, in such manner as it is found in the manuscripts, and old books first pubhshed. I have been completely successful in my efforts, as I have found everything I longed for, being tlius enabled to present to the public, with the utmost pleasure, a true, complete and accurate picture of the interesting voyages and achievements of the men who so gloriously accomplished them, that thus my readers may be able to enjoy the pleasures which they will surely feel in the reading of narratives so astounding as to border on the romantic, the sublime, the incredible.

In order to obtain these works it became necessary, in addition to the expense I had to incur, to have the co-operation of persons settled in Spain, and, luckily, personal friends of mine, became interested in helping me. In Granada, Spain, my distinguished friend, Doctor Don Luis Hernandez, for some years resident of New Mexico, was the gentleman who secured for me the valuable services of Senor Antonio Aragon Moutejo, a professor of Madrid, and also of Don Francisco Sicilia, a prominent attorney of the capital of Spain, for the purpose of looking in the libraries of that city, for the documents I needed. To these gentlemen, the author of this work takes herewith the grateful pleasure of tendering his most sincere and heartfelt thanks for their help and co-operation. Besides this expression of gratitude, so justly due and so well deserved, the author desires also to add, to

PREFACE, 9

the names ot the persons already mentioned, the names of others, whom he is also very thankfully indebted to, for having helped him with very old autographic and inedited documents whose historical value is of incalculable weight, and which, by reason of their having not been known before, will add to the originality and interest of this history, while, at the same time, will be a complete rectification of many errors found published, in many books of history, as events that really occurred. These gentlemen are: The Rev. Joseph Pugens, worthy Secretary to his Grace, Archbishop Pitaval, whose assistance in examining old autographs has been of great use to me; Don Santiago Valdez and his wife, Dona Agustina V. de Valdez, of Taos, who during their lifetime, donated me documents of the rarest importance without which a large portion of this history would have been incomplete; Don Juan Delgado, of Santa Fe, in whose hands I found a very precious collection of inedited documents of great historical value; Mr. Thomas B. Catron, who furnished me with valuable works of historiographei-s of repute; Mr. L. Bradford Prince, ex-Governor of New Mexico and author of the first English History of New Mexico written after the annexation; Captain Don Rafael Chacon and his son. Attorney E. Chacon, of Trinidad, Colorado, who furnished me with some very important data; Don Matias Dominguez, of Santa Fe, in whose possession is found the report of the counter movement in 1887 by Armijo and other patriotic citizens to put down the Chimayo rebellion: Don Demetrio P^rez and the Secretary of State, Hon. Antonio J. Lucero. The method pursued in the narratives of the conquerors, their historians, and those that succeeded them, by the author has been to base his statements strictly on the history itself without supplementing it with his individual opinion but leaving to his readers the opportunity of forming their own ideas.

In conclusion, I have to state that I keenly appreciate the undeserved praise, expressions of cominendation and appreciation of this work of mine by such men as Archbishop Pitaval, ex-Gov. L. Bradford Prince, Hon. O. i^. . Larrazolo, Professor A. M. Espinosa (of Stanford University), Judge E. V. Long, Rev. P. Tommasini, S. J., Hon. R. E. Twitchell, Hon.

10 PREFACE.

Antonio J. Lucero, Don Demetrio Perez, and other men of high standing in the world of letters, and also, of the favorable comments of the public press, but more especially of La Revista de Taos, the Santa Pe New Mexican, Revista Catolica, La Bandera Americana, La Voz del Pueblo and El Eco del Valle, all of New Mexico and El Progreso, Trinidad, Colorado. These unmerited compliments make me feel very sensibly my shortcomings in attaining my ideal of an accurate history. Conscious of my limited ability I have absolutely discarded all sorts of verbosity and also my own conclusions on all matters not based on undisputed original authority, realizing fully the difference which exists between what one aspires to accomplish and what is actually accomplished.

BENJAMIN M. READ, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

ADDENDUM TO THE PROLOGUE.

Among the authorities I failed to receive from Spain in time for my tirst Spanish Edition of this work, but which were subsequently received and are now included in this my tirst English Edition, are the appointment of Pr. Marcos de Niza. his journey to the Cibola Country (Zuni), his report and claims of Hernan Cortes, all in Niza's own "RELA- CION;" also the depositions of Pedro de Bustamante, Hernan Gallegos and Hernando Barrado, Bancroft erroneously calls him "Barrundo,'" (three of the eight soldiers that accompanied Chamuscado and Brother Augustin Rodriguez (Ruiz), Fr. Francisco L6pez and Fr. Juan de Santa Maria to New Mexico in 1581), given before Viceroy Mendoza in Mexico as follows: The testimony of Hernan Gallegos and Pedro de Bustamante was taken on the 15th day of May, 1582, and the testimony of Hernando Barrado was taken in Mexico on the 20th day of October, 1582. From the testimony of Bustamante it was learned that Francisco Sanchez Charauscado, who was accompanying them to Mexico, had died on the way, 30 leagues from Santa Barbara. From the testimony of Barrado it was first learned in Mexico of the death of the three mentioned Religious. Many other authentic official documents, received also after my tirst Spanish Edition had gone to press, are now included in this English Edition, among them being the last report from Coronado to the King, dated Tiguex, October 20th, 1541. Also the inaugural address of Governor Albino Perez, delivered in Santa Fe, June 1835, by which it is conclusively shown the date of his arriving in Santa Fe from Old Mexico. These additions will make of this tirst English Edition as complete a history as it is possible to make it, making it, at the same time, absolutely accurate and authentic.

I want to say that my collections of authorities, as well as my correspondence with my literary agents in Spain and in America, relative to my researches, etc., are at the disposal of all persons who may wish to examine these valuable documents.

In conclusion the reader is asked, if he has the opportunity so to do, to examine carefully the manj^ works written on New Mexico history that he may judge for himself of the "very uneven fjuaiity"' (using Bancroft's words), "with not few errors, and more omissions — defects due in most cases not so much to the incompetence of the authors as to the inaccessibility of original authorities."" Some of these authors claim that the most important works for New Mexican history are Torquemada, {Monarquia Indiana), Clavijero, Oviedo, Gomara, Ventacurt, Herrera, Mendieta, Mota Padilla and Villagrd. Of these authors only Torquemada, Mota Padilla and Villagra, are authorities, somewhat limited, though, Torquemada's work, published in 1723, can only be considered important on New Mexico history in so far as it deals, briefly and unsatisfactorily, though, with the journeys of Coronado, Niza and Fathers Lopez, Juan de Santa Maria and Brother Ruiz — (Rodriguez) who was not a priest as is generally and erroneously stated by many historians, (Torquemada's "Monarquia Indiana" vol. 3, p. 626) and with Onate"s journey and the troubles between the Fransiscan Fathers and Onate (Torquemada, "Monarquia Indiana," vol. 1, p. 672-678 et seq) certain as it is that he never saw the reports of Coronado, Castaneda, etc., noi- the testimony of Pedro de Bustamante and Hernan Gallegos, given in May, 1582 nor that of Hernando Barrado, given in October, same year, before viceroy Mendoza, in the city of Mexico, as stated above, regarding the journey of the Fathers Lopez and De Santa Maria and Brother Ruiz. This is evident, for he, Torquemada, says in vol. 3, p. 626, supra, that these soldiers (who came with Ruiz etc., under Chamuscado) did not reach New Mexico, that they, said soldiers, had abandoned the Fathers, etc., after they had traveled 250 leagues, and that the Fathers and Brother Ruiz "continued the journey until they reached New Mexico." Says Torquemada, "Acompanaronle en este viaje, que fue aiio de 1581, diez 6 doce soldados, que se le juntaron de su mera voluntad, aunque que con diferente espiritu del que estos Religiosos Uevaban, porque haviendo andado 250 leguas dende Mexico, y viendo que se metian muy lexos del socorro, si lo hubiesen menester, y entre mucha gente, siendo eilos tan pocos, acordaron de dar buelta para Tierra de Christianos, como lo hicieron. Los frailes prosiguieron su viaje viendo que los Naturales de aquellas Tierras, por todas ellas los recibian amorosamente, y pasaron otras 150 leguas mas adelante, hasta Nuevo Mexico, que ellos f ueron los que pusieron este nombre."

The report of Bustamante, Gallegos and Barrado, reference to which the reader will find at the proper place in this work, and which is in my possession, proves conclusively, that said soldiers, under Chamuscado, did accompany the Padres and Ruiz — as already shown — as far as New Mexico; that they, the soldiers, discovered mines in New Mexico and had left Ruiz and the two Fathers at Puaray (near Bernalillo). Outside of these events— the Coronado, Niza and Ruiz and Oiiate events — Torquemada is of absolutely no importance to New Mexico history, and, as the reader will observe, he, Torquemada, is at variance with Coronado, Bustamante, Gallegos and Barrado — the only original authorities on that point, all of which I have received direct from Spain, and fails to mention Castano de Sosa, Humana, Bonilla, Lomas de Colmenares and others who tigured prominently in New Mexico history.

As to Villagra's "Historia de la Nuevo Mexico,'" while it does not cover all of Onate"s government it is, so far as it goes, the best on the periods it covers. Clavijero, Jesuit historian, and Mota Padilla are very, very brief, as brief and as deticient as Torquemada, neither of them can be classed as authority for, like Torquemada, when put against the original reports of Niza, Coronado, Castaiieda, Espejo, Castano de Sosa, De Vargas and the other real actors they fall to the ground. As to the other authors so mentioned, none of them wrote much on New Mexico, and it would have been impossible for them to do so. Oviedo (also a priest) che famous Spanish historian died in 1557, twenty-four years prior to Ruiz's journey, his work, "Sumario de la Historia General y Natural de las IndiasOccidentales," was published in Toledo, Spain, in 1526 (before Cabeza de Vaca's famous journey across the continent), and again in 1535, he republished the same work, amplified in 21 volumes. Gomara (also a Padre) was Chaplain to Cortes in Spain, in 1540, pubhshed his

"Hispana Vitrix in 1552, de todo lo acaecido hasta 1551," erroneously mentions Coronado's journey, etc., (all that had happened until 1551)."' This work was afterwards condemned by the king of Spain on account of being inaccurate and unreliable (this work I have also). Gomara died in Spain in 1556, consequently he never wrote much on New Mexico.

Ventacurt, Mendieta, etc., do not, so far as I have been able to discover, dwell on our history in such manner as to be considered authorities, and none of the lot, outside of Villagrd, can be cited as reliable authorities for the reasons stated; as to Herrera, I have not yet heard nor found any author or authors of that name outside of the Herrera who wrote an "Historia General,'' whoever wrote on our history. Two such names figure in our history that is to say, oflicially but not as authors, these are — Sebastian Herrera, who was captain in the Spanish army in New Mexico, at the time Otermin and the other Spaniards were expelled from New Mexico in 1680, and the other, Nicolas Herrera, also a captain in the Spanish army in New Mexico in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. Mendieta, who wrote his work, "Historia Eclesiastlca, " two years prior to Onate's entry into New Mexico could not, under any circumstances, have written on New Mexico, his work was published in 1596-1599, and Ofiate's conquest of New Mexico was etfected in 1598-1599. So far as my investigations have enabled me to discover the truth, Bancroft is the only one of former authors that quotes Mendieta, but not as an authority, saying that Mendieta "merely wrote notes that the viceroy is now fitting out 0"s (Onate) expedition.'" (Bacft. Ariz. & New Mex. Ill note 1). It is thus seen how easy it is for the ablest of historians to fall into error when they are not thoroughly familiar with the language the original authorities are written in, having, necessarily to depend upon former authors who, for the reason stated, were just as much in error, and who it is evident, never saw the source of their information, and had to depend on translations, tradition or hearsay evidence.* At the present time, fortunately, no his-

* Many authors rely wholly on John Gilmary's Shea's works, which are as faithful as the works of any other honest, well meaningauthor. Mr. Shea, though, on what he says on Cabeza de Vaca, Niza, Coronado, etc., relies absolutely on translations and collections torian depends on such writers, since the real facts exist and are accessible, specially when it is shown that none of the former old historians, barring, of course, those who were discoverers or conquerors and historians like Cabeza de Vaca, Castafieda, Coronado, Jaramillo, Villagra, Oiiate, etc., and a few others agree with the original narrations, some of which were not accessible until a few years ago.

BENJAMIN M. READ, Santa Pe, N. M., 1912.

made l>y others and not on having- seen the original official reports of the explorers, conquerors, etc. For his references on Cabeza de Vaca's journey he depends on a work published in Washington for Geo. W. Riggs, Jr., in 1851 under the title of "Shipwrecks of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca,"' by Buckingham Smith. — For his, Shea's, authority on what he says on Niza, Coronado, etc., he relies on a collection made by Ndjera, same being an appendix to his, Najera's, work entitled "Kelacion de Castaneda de Najera." See Shea's "Discovery of the Mississippi."— The Author.

NOTICE TO THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS WORK IN THE ENCLISH LANGUAGE.

The publication of my "Historia Ilustrada de Nuevo Mexico" in the Enghsh Language, under the title of "Illustrated History of New Mexico" is made from the second Spanish edition after it had been carefully revised, corrected, amplified and improved with convenient and necessary annotations adding to it many and very important matters. That circumstance, together with the elimination of several minor things of a purely local and private nature which, through erroneous information furnished me were included in the work, gives greater importance to this edition, making it thereby more exact and much more interesting. — The Author.

Book I

Chapter I. — Prehistoric Times — Mythological Hypothesis of Historians in regard to the origin and civilization of the Indigenous Races — The Aztecs and their Empire. .33-48

Chapter II. — The Aborigines of New Mexico — What is gathered from their traditions regarding their Origin and Source — Discovery of America — Empire of Montezumas — Conquest of Mexico — Cortes and Cuahutemoc 49-69

Chapter III — Accounts given by Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca of the Tragical end of the Armada of Pantilo de Narvaez — Graphic Narrative of all that happened between the years 1528-1536, and in the wonderful journey made from coast to coast by Cabeza de Vaca and his three companions 70-98

Chapter IV-.^ — The journey of Fray Juan de la Asuncion and of Fray Marcos de Niza— Niza is accompanied by Estevanico, a friar named Onorato and some Indians from New Galicia — Description of the journey to Cibola (Zuni) and death of Estevanico — Niza takes possession and names the Province — Niza's return to Mexico— Cortes disputes thediscovery of New Mexico against Niza. 99 118

Chapter V. — Useless efforts of Nuiio de Guzman to find

Cibola — Foundation of Culiacan and the Province of New Galicia by Guzman — Tradition concerning the seven cities — Diego de la Torre Successor to Guzman — Coronado successor to Diego de la Torre — Mendoza undertakes the discovery of Cibola — Coronado and his expedition — Outcome of the expedition and its return — The whole thing a total failure — Fathers Juan de Padilla and Juan de la Cruz, the first martyrs in New Mexico. 119-166 Chapter VI. — The Foundation of Santa Fe discussed — Voj^- ages of Francisco Ibarra — Fr.Augustin Rodriguez (Ruiz) — Fr. Francisco Lopez and Fr. Juan de Santa Maria — Chamuscado accompanies them — Fr. Bernardino Beltran — Antonio de Espejo — New Mexico is named — Castano de Sosa — Bonilla and Juan Humana — End of the First Book 168-192

Book IL

Chapter I. — Epoch of Ofiate's Entry — The conquest is made in fact — Christianization and Pacification of the Indigenes of New Mexico 193-216

Chapter II. — Various voyages of Oiiate — Firstcolony founded with the name of "San Francisco" — Mob in the colony— A few colonists take to flight — Villagra imprisons them and punishes two of them by hanging — Oiiate decides to discover the Gulf of California — Uprising of the Acomas — Villagra is sent to Mexico — Dissentions and complaints of the priests — Other incidents 217-232

Chapter III.- OUate gives report of his operations and asks assistance to follow up the Conquest — Sends emissaries to Spain and Mexico. The differences among the colonists and the army are accentuated to a perilous point — Oiiate's voyage to La Quivira — Fatal outcome of the differences — The King grants Onate and all his people the title of Hijosdalgos — Onate crowns his voyage of conquest with a prosperous trip to the Gulf of California and the Foundation of the City of Santa Fe 233-248

Book 111.

Chapter I. — The new Governor, Don Pedro de Peralta, assumes the reins of the government — Fr. Alonzo Pineda arrives as Commissary of the Franciscans and as successor to Father Fr. de Escobar— Pr. Estevan Perea succeeds Fr. Alonzo de Pineda — Not known whether Don Pedro de Peralta governed to 1620 — Nor is it known who were his successors — New difficulties break out afresh among the Political and Religious authorities-Father Fr. Ger6nimo de Zarate Salmeron relieves Fr. Estevan Perea — Indian conversions continue- — The Spanish settlements increase — New Mexico is raised to a Custodia and Father Benavides is assigned as tirst Custodian — New Mexico is given another governor — History of New Mexico by Fr. De Benavides — Names of the Governors. 249-257

Chapter II. — The murder of Fathers Arvide and Letrado and poisoning of Farther Parras — The murder of Governor Rosas — Pefialoza and the Priests — Trip of Peiialoza to Mexico — He is punished as a blasphemer — His journey to France and England — He betrays his Sovereign — Uprising of the Indians ... 258-265

Chapter III. — Indian uprising and departure of Otermin — Headed to Paso del Norte — What follows is taken from the account of Otermin which is found published as Appendix III. Volume 1 of Villagra on page eleven et seq.

266-271

Chapter IV.— First entry of De Vargas 272-291

Chapter V, — Second entry of De Vargas— First taking of Santa Fe- Faithful Juan Ye discovers the conspiracy- Terrible struggle — Final taking of the Villa — The faithful Pecos Indians — Fr. Farfan asks for help — The partition and cultivation of the land begins. New uprisings — Surrender of the Apaches — Letter to Father Farfan — Hostile encounters continue — Diplomacy of De Vargas towards the rebels — Arrival of Father Farfan and his his colonists — Campaign against the Teguas — Founding of Santa Cruz de la Canada — Another uprising — Death of 7 priests and 20 soldiers — New Governor — Charges against De Vargas 295-3 1 6

Book IV.

Chapter I. — Government administration of Don Pedro Rodriguez de Cubero — Arrival of De Vargas — His Government lasts a short time — Dies four months after his arrival — His last will and testament — Francisco Cuervo y Valdez — Founding of Albuquerque — Chacon succeeds Valdez — Governor Chacon and his government administration — Don Feliz Martinez and his government — Epoch of Governor Antonio Velarde y Cosio — The Franciscans establish Public Schools (1717)— Administration of Bustamante — Trade with the French — French Colony — First visit of a Bishop — Jesuit Fathers — Accusation against Bustamante — Incumbency of Governors Mendoza, D. Manuel Porfilio Urrizola— Collados y Rabal — Capuchin D. Tomas Velez Capuchin — Don Manuel Portillo Urrizola— Tomas Velez Capuchin Cubero names "Galisteo" (1697) — French expedition (1698) — Cubero designates the Pueblo of the Queres with the name of "San Jose de La Laguna" (1699) 817-332

Chapter II — Administration of Mendinueta— A Historical Flood and Innundation— Harmony between the Civil and Religious Authorities — Treaty with the Comanches— Historical account by Mendinueta — Other events — Harmony between the government and the church — A priest discovers Salt Lake — Change in the form of government — Trivol and Anza — D. Manuel Flon is appointed Governor, but does not assume the government — Don Fernando de La Concha arrives — Abiquiu, Ojo Caliente, Embudo, Chama andSantaCruz are again settled by the Spaniards. 333-344

Chapter III — Historical events that were recorded between the years 1794-l^il4^ — Fruits and advantages from the goverment of governnors Fernando Chacon, Alencaster and Manrique— First arrival of North American merchants — Election of Don Pedro Bautista Pino to the Spanish Congress — His "History"' and interesting address 345-360

Chapter IV — Names of the governors continued — End of the Spanish and beginning of the Mexican government — Two Colleges are established — The First Provincial Deputation — Visit of the Bishop of Durango — The First Newspaper — Bent's Port — Incoming of Governor Perez — His Inaugural Address — The revolution of the Chimayoes — Death of Governor Perez and other officials — Patriotism of Armijo and other citizens — Death of the Insurrecto Chieftains — Triumph of Law and Justice — Other incidents — Armijo assumes the command of the forces — The Insurrectos surrender — Imprisonment and punishment of their chiefs — A sedition breeder escapes at Santa Cruz — Issues an Insurrection Proclamation — Claims made by American Merchants 361-393