Front matter
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THE FARMERS'
Preface
That my previous efforts iu works on practical agriculture have been well received may be attributed to the fact that the endeavor has been to meet the requirements iu plain condensed statements. In the forthcoming work it is the intention to follow the same line, thus treating upon valuable improved breeds of live stock, their breedmg, care and management, purely from tiie standpoint of practical value, fortifying the principles by facts in the experience of others who have been successful in the several classes treated. The value of correct object lessons in elucidating written or spoken Avoids, is now so well established that the system has been generaUy adopted, not only in the better examples of successful books and journals, but also in our common schools, academies and coUeges. Heuce no excuse need be offered_for introducing here, what the author has always advocated and practiced. It, of course, adds immensely to the expense of the work, when single illustrations often cost into the hundreds of dollars, but if by these means the reader can see at a glance, what would take pages of written matter, the buyer will not grudge the increased price of the book, and for the reason that what would otherwise be dull reading becomes a pleasure, and tbe mind permanently retains what the eye has taught. My aim is, as it has always been, to present information not generally attainable — except through the study of many books — the thoughts and experience of the best minds, when they conform to modern practice or else make them so conform, and this with the least verbbiage possible, to bring, in fact, Object Lessons and Object Teaching in conformity with the principles they are intended to elucidate by means of excellent and true engravings and plain print carefully corrected. If success m the present instance should compare favorably with previous efforts, the author will be more than satisfied.
Acknowledgments for favors received — especially in portraits of animals — are due, and are hereby cordially acknowledged, to Messrs. Pratt, of Elgin, 111. ; Morrison, of Pontiac, 111. ; Fowler & Vanatta, Fowler, 111.; Brown & Co., of Aurora, 111.; Hanscom, of Oak Park, 111.; Imboden Bros., Decatur, Bl. ; Pickrill, Thomas & Smith, of Harristown, Bl. ; Culbertsou, of Chicago, 111.; Easthope, of Niles, 0. ; Higginbotham, of Manhattan, Kau.; Fairbank, of Chicago, Bl. ; Madilla Valley Association, West Edmonton, N. Y. ; Tripp, of Peoria, IU. ; Smith, of Bates, Bl. ; Clark, of Whitewater, Wis.; Whitfield, of Rougemout, P. Q., Canada; Lofft, of Bury St. Edmonds, Suffolk, England; Calbraith Bros., Janesviile, Wis.; and to J. H. Sanders, editor Ih-eeders Gazette, Chicago, 111.; and N. A. Tliroop, delineator and engraver, Chicago, 111.
JONATHAN PERIAM.
TABLE OF COJ^TENTS.
STOCK INTERESTS AND DAIRYING.
CHAPTEE I.
VALUE OF THE ANIMAL INDUSTEY OF THE UNITED STATES.
Section 1.— Importance and Value of the Live Stock Interests of the United States. — There is Still Room for More. — "VVhy We Seek Foreign Breeds. Section 2. — Present and Prosiicctive Value of Live Stock. — Average Prices. — Greatest and Lowest. — The Eulc of Prices. — The great Stock-Breeding States. Section 3. — Live Stock Interests of the Canadian Provinces. Section 4.^The Importance of Live Stock Farming.— Stock Brings Wealth. Section 5. — Stocking the Farm. 9
CHAPTEE II.
WHY STOCKMEN GET EICH
Section 1. — Manufacturing Condensed Products. Section 2. — Ancient Writers on Live Stock. — Mago on Working Oxen. Section 3. — Columella and Cato. — Meat Products Always Demanded. Section 4. — A Model Farmer.
CHAPTEE III.
THE RELATION OF STOCK TO FAEM ECONOMY.
Section 1. — Importance of the Animal Industry. Section 2. — Live Stock vs. Crops. Section 3. — Live Stock and Farm Economy. — Cotton and Southern Agriculture. — How Much Grass? Section 4. — Diversified Stock Breeding Profitable. — What to Eaise. — The Outcome. Section 5. — Grass and Stock Feeding. Section G. — Eaising a Herd. — Selecting a Bull. — Horse Stock. — Sheep and Swine. 13
CHAPTEE IV.
STOCK BEEEDING ON AVERAGE FAEMS.
Section 1.— Horse Breeding on Small Farm.s. Section 2. — Economy of Cattle. Section 3.— Swine on the Farm.— Swine and White Grub. Section 4. — Place of Sheep on the Farm.— Sheep as Weed Destroyers. Section 5. — "Wliat Sheep to Keep. IG
CHAPTEE V.
STOCK FEEDING AND FEETILITY.
Section 1. — "Wliy Stock Consei-ves Fertility. Section 2. — How Stock Increases the Fertility of the Soil. — Why Sward Land is Fertile. — Live Stock and Fertility. Section 3. — Diversified Agriculture Possible on Stock Farms. Section 4. — Eelation of Crops to Stock Breeding. — Common Sense Eotation. Section 5. — Naked Fallows not Necessary. Section G. — Fallow Crops and Live Stock. — Crops for Turning Under. 17 c o :n^ T K N" T s .
CHAPTER VI.
GRASS AND HAY CEOPS.
Section 1. — What is Grass? — The Value of Giass. Section 2. — Meadow and Pasture Grasses.- About Meadows.— Good Meadow Grasses. Section '3. — Ripening of Grasses. — Soil and Gi-asses. Section 4. — Lists of Grasses for Special Use. — Seeding to Grass. Section 5. — Mixed Grasses for Various Soils. Section (j. — Economy of TLiick Seeding. Section 7. — A Reference to Valuable Tables. Section 8.— Management of Gra.ss Lands. — E.Kperimeut the Basis of Success. — Ability of Soils to Noirrish Plants. — Rich vs. Poor Soils. — Sowing Grass Seed with Grain.-- Defective Seed. 19
CHAPTEE VII.
FORAGE AND ENSILAGE PLANTS.
Section 1.— The Use of Forage Crops. Section 2.— Forage Crops.-The Silo and Ensilage.— How to Form a Silo.-- Sweet Ensilage. 24
CHAPTER VIII.
THE ECONOMY OF STOCK BREEDING.
Section 1.— Why Stock Pays.— Condensed Products. Section 2.— No Idle Seasons with Live Stock. Section 3.— Diversified Products. — Feeding the Crops. Section 4. — Feeding and Fattening Stock. — Breeding Stock. Section 5. — Average Gains of Fat Steers. — A Summing Up. Section 6. — Shelter Trees for Stock. — Hardy Shelter Trees. Section 7. — Shelter for Feeding Yards and Buildings. 26
CHAPTER IX.
BREEDING AS ADAPTED TO SPECIAL USES.
Section 1. — Dairy Farming. — What is Necessary to Success. Section 2.— Selling Milk and Cream. Section 3. — Butter-Making. — -Creameries. Section 4. — Manufacture of Cheese. — Home-Made Cheese. — The Celebrated Wiltshire Cheese. — Cheddar Cheese.— Upon Cheese Making Generally. — Milk and Foreign Odors.— Cleanliness. Section 5. — Practical Cheese Making. — The Curd. — Temperature. — Amoimt of Rennet. — Chester and Chilton Cheese. — Varying Quality of Cheese. — Stilton Cheese. — About Rennets. — To Cure the Rennet. — Prel^aring the Rennet. Section (j. — Making Dairy Butter. Section 7. — General Rules to be Observed. 29
HORSES, MULES AND ASSES.
Chapter I. Whence Principal Breeds Of Horses Were Derived
Section 1. — The Horse Family. Section 2. — Native Country of the Horse. — Subjugation of the Horse. Section 3. — A Lesson in Breeding. Section 4. — Where the Best Horses are Found. Section 5. — XenoiJhon's Study of the Horse. — The Feet. — Fetlocks and Shanks. — The Knees and Arms. — The Neck and Head, Eyes, Nostrils and Chest. — The Loins. — The Quarters and Buttocks. — Stallions and Foals. — Xenophon's Acute Observations. Section G. — Breeds of Horses, Thoroughbreds. — An English Writer's Testimony. — Anglo-American View.— American Thoroughbreds. Section 7. — The Trotting Horse. Section 8. — Saddle Horses. — Pacers. — Section 9. — Road or Business Horses. Section 10.— Draft Horses. — Cleveland Bay. — The Norman and Percheron. 39 t
CO^TTKI^-'IS.
CHAPTEK II.
VALUABLE BREEDS OF HOESES COMPARED.
Soetion 1.— Frcncli Breeds.— Porclicroii vs. Normau.— Tlic rcrcheron Stud Book.— Medium French norses.- Tlu; Horse of Ardcn. Scctiou 2.— English Breeds.— Tlie Thoroughbred Impress. Section Ji.- Brccnls Vahiiiblc. in America. — Draft Hor.ses. Section 4. — The Thoroughbred and its Uses. Section 5. — Tlie Trotting Jlor.si; and its Uses. Lowering Records. Section (J. — Pacing and Pacing Horses. Section 7. — Draft Horses Compared. Section S. — General Purpose Horses. Section 9. — Carriage Horses. Section 10. — Driving Horses. Section 11. — Piu-e Bred vs. Thoroughbred. 45
Chapter III. Thoroughbred Horses
Section 1. — Derivation of Thoroughbreds. Section 2. — The Modern Thoroughbred. Section 3.— The American Tlioroughbrcd. Section 4. — Northern and Southern Rivalry on Turf. — The Settlement of the Question. Section 5.— Influence of Cattle on Thoroughbreds. Section G. — The Practical Value of Thoroughbreds. Section 7. — Saddle Horses. 49
CHAPTER lY.
TROTTING AND ROAD HORSES.
Section 1.— Prepotence. Section 2. — The Road Horse. Section 3. — Adaptation of the Means to an End. Section 4. — Double Teams. Section 5. — Single Driving Horses. Section C— Fast Trotting Horses. Section 7.— A Horse of Many Uses. 52
Chapter V. Draft Horses
Section 1. — Clydesdales. — Points of the Clydesdale Horse. Section 2.— English Shire Horse. Section 3. — English
Cart Horse. Section 4. — The Norman-Percheron Horse. Section 5.— French Horses in the United States.
Mr. Klippai-t on French Horses. Section 6. — The Flemish Horse. — Section 7. — Modified Draft Horses. 5G
Chapter VI. Draft And Show Teams For Cities
Section 1. — Trained Teams. Section 2. — Requirements for City Teams. Section 3. — "Weight Carriers. Section 4. — Heavy Draft for Cities. Section 5. — Light Draft Horses in Cities. 60
Chapter VII. Some Facts About Breeding
Section 1. — Variation from Changed Conditions. Section 2.— Variations in Animals by External Influence. Section 3.— Opposite Characteristics between Horses and Cattle. Section 4.— Natural Characteristics of the Horse. Section 5. — Training vs. Breaking. Section (J. — About Driving Horses. Section 7.— An Arab Maxim in Breeding. G2
Chapter VIII. Requisites To Successful Horse Breeding
Section 1.— A Study of Principles. Section 2. — Stonehenge's Theory of Generation. Section 3.— Breeding for a Purpose. Section 4. — The Breeder's Art. Section 5. The Farmer as a Breeder. Section G. — How to Select a Mare. — Important Qualifications. Section 7. — The Stallion in Breeding. 66
< ; o :x 'no N T s .
Chapter IX. Iioese Barns And Stables
Section 1. — Dinn'iisions ol Stii))lc. Section 2. — Stable Ventilation. — Ventilation in City Stables.— The Necessity of Ventilation. — A Sunuiiary of Points. Section 3. — Stable Drainayi-. — Eai'tli Saturation and Stable Drainage—Stable Drainage and Welfare of Animals. — Deodorizatiou in Stables. Section 4. — Combined Barn and Stable. Section 5.— Arrangement of Stables. Section 6. — Stable Furniture. Section 7.— The Stable Shed.
Chapter X. Anatomy And Physiology Of The Horse
Section 1. — Value of a Correct Knowledge of Animals. Section 2. — Muscular Development. Section 3. — Cutaneous Muscles. Section 4. — The Limbs and Feet of the Horse.— The Hoof. — The Wall. — The Quarters. — The Bars. — The Frog. Section 5.— The Movement of the Foot. — Tendons. Section G. — Dissection of the Foot. Section 7. — Ligaments, Tendons and their Uses.— Blood Vessels. — Nerves. — Movements of the Joints.
Chapter XI. Internal Economy Of The Horse
Seclion 1. — The Vital Organs. Section 2. — Organs of Sensation. — Functions of the Nervous System. — Influence of the Nervous System Avith Reference to Disease. Section 3. — Arterial and Venous System. — Section 4. — The Breathiiig Organs. Section 5. — The Digestive Organs. — Office of Dupuration in the Animal Economy. Section G.— The Organs of Generation. 88
Chapter XII. External Examinations Of The Horse
Section 1.— TlieHead and Neck. — Section 2. -Body of the Horse. Section 3. — The Points of the Horse. — The Back.— The Tail. — Tne Hind Quarters. — Rear View of Limbs. — The Fore Quarters. — Side View of Front Feet.
Chapter XIII. The Teeth— Their Wear And Peculiarities
Section 1. — Why Horses' Teeth Differ. — Other Guides to Age. — Structural Alterations of the Teeth. — Bishoping. — Illustrating the Wear of the Teeth. Section 2. — Structural Changes of the Teeth. — The Back Teeth, called Molars or Grinders. —The Anterior Teeth or Incisors. — Distinction between Temporary and Permanent Incisors. — The Temporary or Milk Incisors. — The Permanent Teeth. — Drawing of Milk Teeth. — The Mark cf the Teeth. — The Faug-Hylo or Secondary Mark. — Further Changes Indicating Age. — Triangularty. — Slope.- - The Tusks, 98
Chapter XIV. Disabilities And Unsoundness
Section 1. — What Constitutes Unsoundness. — Defination of Unsoundness. Section 2. — Disabilities. Sections. — Unsoundness. Section 4.— How to Examine a Horse. 107
Chapter XV. Mules And Asses And Their Breeding
Section 1. — Difference Between the Horse and Ass. — The Ass and his Relatives. — A New Wild Species. Section 2. — What is a Mule? — Crosses vs. Hybrids. Section 3. — Special Uses of Mules. Section 4. — Climates .\daiited to Mules. Section 5.— How to Breed Mules. — A Breeder's Experience. — Selection of the Jack. Section G. — Treatment and Training. — l''ocding. — General Care. Section 7. — Training to Labor. 1 10 t
CO 2^ T K >r T tf .
CHAPTEE XVI.
PAKASITES OF THE HOUSE.
Section 1.— Flies and Mosquitoes.— Ear Flies. Section 2.— Skin Parasites, Lice, Etc.— Mange Insects.- The Horscloiise.— About External Para-sites Generally.— Ring-worm. Section 3.— Parasites Under the Skin. Section -1. — Internal Parasites. — Bots. — Tape-AVornis. — Pin- Wormy. 115
Chapter XVII. Common Diseases And Treatment
Section 1. — Contagious Diseases. — Glanders and Farcy. — Tlic Test for Glanders. — Cbarbon, Spotted Fever or Malignant Typhus.— Strangles or Colt Distemper. Section 2. — Epidemic Diseust's. — InHucu/a.— I'iiik-Eyc or Catarrhal Fever. — Treatment of Influenza. Section ;j. — General Diseases. — Inllummalion of the Lungs. — • Coughs, Colds. Catarrhs, Sore Throats, Etc. —Bronchitis or Chronic Cough. — Chronic Cough.— Sore Throat. — Heaves, Broken Wind or Asthma. — Local Inflammation in and around the Mouth.— Lampass. — " Vivos. '— Barbs and Paps.— Tender and Bleeding Gums.— Decayed Teeth.- -Disorders of the Teeth.— Tooth Cough.— Inflammation of the Bowels and Colic- Inflammation of the Bowels. ^Peritonitis and Enteritis. — About Bleeding. — Colic. — Symptoms of Colic. — Sjinptoms of Inflammation of the Bowels. — Scratches, "Weed, Grearjo. — Decided Grease. Section 3. — Injuriesand Wounds.— Incised Wounds. — Contused Wounds. — Lacerated Wounds. — Punctm-ed Wounds.— Puncture of the Foot. — Injury to the Bone. — Penetrating Wounds. — Spr .ins. — Slioulder Lameness. — Callous Enlargements. — General Treatment of Wounds.— To Check Bleeding. — To Sponge and Dress a Wound. 117
Chapter XVIII. Various Diseases And Treatment
Section 1. — Symptoms and How to Know Them.— Abscess of the Brain. — Abdominal Injiiries. — Acites, or Drop.'-y of the Abdomen. — Acixte Dysentery. — Acute Gastritis, Generally from Poisoning. — Acute Laminitis.- -Albuminous Urine. — Aphtha. — Bog Si^avin.— Broken Wind. — Broken Knees. — Bronchocele. — Bruise of the Sole. -- Canker. — Cajiped Elbow. — *Capped Hock. — *Capped Knee. — *Cataract. — *Choking. — Chronic Dysentery. — *Chrouic Gastritis. — Congestion in the Stable. —Cracked Heels. — Curl). — *Cj'stitis, or Inflammation of the Bladder. — *Diabetes In.sipidus, or Profuse Staling. — *Enteritis. — Excoriated Angles of the Mouth. — False Quarter. — *Farcy and Farcy Buds. — *Fistulous Withers. — Fungoid Tumors in the Eye. — Glanders. — Gutta Serena. — *Hematuria, or Bloody Ui'ine. — Hj'dro25hobia. — *Luxation of the Patella. — Mallendcrs and Sallenders. — *Laminitis (Sub-Acute). — Megrims. —Nasal Gleet. — Navicular Disease. — Partial Paralysis. — Phrenitis. — Pleurisy. — Poll Evil.— Prurigo. — Pumice Foot. — Purjiura. — *Hemorrhagica, or Universal Congestion. — *Quittor. — Rheumatism. — Sand Crack. — Seedy Toe. — Simple Ophthalmia. — Sitfast.—* Spasmodic Colic. — Fret. — Grilles. — *Spavin. — *Speciflc Ophthalmia. — *Splint. — *Spraiu of the Back Sinews. — Staggers. — Strain of the Flexor Tendons. — Stringhalt. — Surfeit. — *The Teeth.— *Thorough-Pin. — Thnish. — Tumors. — Warts. — Windy Colic. — General Specific Treatment of Wounds. 131
Chapter XIX. Designation Of Remedies And Preparations
Section 1. — The Collection of Formidas. Section 2. — Alteratives. — Section 3. — Ana-sthetics. — Anodynes. — Antacids. Section 4.— Anthelmintics. Section 5. — Axserients. Section G. — Astringents. Section 7. — Blister, or Vesicants. — Section 8. — Caustics, or Cauteries. Section 9. — Charges. Section 10. — Clj^stcrs, or Enemata. Section 11. — Cordials. Section 12. — Demulcents. Section 13. — Diaplioi-etics. Section 14. — Digestives. Section 15.— Diuretics. Section IG.— Embrocations. Section 17. — Emulsions. Section 18. — Expectorants Section 19. — Febrifuges. — Section 20. — Lotions for Washes. — Narcotics. — Refrigerants. Section 21. -Sedatives. Section 22. —Stimulants. Section 23.— Stomachics. Section 24. — Styptics.- -Tonics. — Vermifuges or Worm Medicines. 143
Section 1. — Veterinary Drugs, with their Actions and Doses. 151 cj o isT T js: 3sr 'r s , CHAPTEK XXI
SOMETHING EVERY HORSEMAN SHOULD KNOW.
Section 1. — The Piilsc as Iiuliciitiiig Disease— Variations of the Pulse. Section 2.— On Bleeding. Section 3.— About Clysters or Injections. Section 4. — Deodorizers and Disinfectants. 154
CHAPTEE XXII.
ANATOMY AND POINTS OF THE HORSE.
Section 1. — The Points of the Horse. Section 2. — The Bones and tlieir Places. — Explanation of Bones of the Horse. Section 3. — Structural and Historical Points. — Structural Points. — Historical Points. 15G
CHAPTEK XXIII.
BREEDING OF SOME FAMOUS HORSES.
Section 1. — The Study of Pedigrees. Section 2.— Breeding of Famous Racers.— Hambletonian. — Blue BiiU. — Some Trotters in 2: 20 or Better. Section 4. — In-Bred, Out-Bred and Line Breeding. — In-Breeding. — Out- Crossing. —Summing Up. — What is a "Nick?" — Section 5. — Consanguinity. 159
CHAPTEE XXIY.
DICTIONARY OF HORSEMEN'S TERMS IN COMMON USE.
Section 1. — Terms in Use by H jrsemcn and tlieir Explanation. Section 2. — Glossary of Terms in use on the Turf and their Definition. 166
CHAPTEE XXV.
EXPLANATION OF SOME VETERINARY TERMS. 171
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SHOEING.
CHAPTEE I.
THE HOOF OF THE HORSE.
Section 1.— The Hoof in Relation to Shoeing.— The Toe of the Horse.— The Crust or AVall.— The Natural Hoof. Section 2. — Hot Fitting of Shoes. Section 3. — Structure and Processes of the Foot of the Horse. — Distribution of Blood in the Foot. — Cartilage and Bone. 175
CHAPTEE 11.
THE PRACTICE OF SHOEING.
Section 1. -What We Shoe For. Section 2.— Breadth of the Fore Shoe. Section 3.— The Weight of Shoes. Section 4.— The Upper Surface of the Shoe. Section 5. — The Ground Surface of the Shoe. Section 6. — Length and Heels of the Shoe. Sec'.ion 7. — Fitting the Shoe. Section S. — About Horse-Shoe Nails. — Number and Size of Nails in a Shoe.— Clenching the Nails. — Section 9.— Fullered Shoes. Section 10.— The Hind Foot and Shoe. Section 11. — Calkins. Section 12.— Roughing Shoes. Section 13. — Farmers' WorL and Tips.— Bar Shoes. 177 t co:N'rjKjyrs.
CHAPTER III.
WHAT GOOD AUTHORITIES SAY.
Section 1.— A Competent English .\ntliority on Shoeing. — Directions for Shoeing Ordinary Fore-Feet.— Directions for Shoeing Horses witli Ordinary Hind Feet.— Form of the Toe of tlie Fore Shoe.— Fitting of Turned up Shoes. Section 2. — Mr. Tlionias Leggett's Practice in Shoeing. S(>ction .3.— Mr. A. S. Beamish on Fitting Shoes. Section -1. — To Shoe a Kicking Horse. Section 5. — Interfering and Corns. 183
CATTLE BREEDING AND CATTLE FEEDING.
Chapter I. Introduction Of Cattle Into The United States
Section 1. — Origin of American Cattle.— Canadian Cattle. — The Cattle of Spain. Section 2.— latroduction of Superior Breeds West. — The Kentucky Importation. — The Ohio and Illinois Importation.— Herefords in the West.— Daily Cattle. Section 3.— Our Native Cattle. 187
Chapter II. Imtroved Breeds Of Cattle
Section 1. — The four Great Divisions of Cattle. Section 2. — Long-Horned Cattle.— Irish Cattle. — English Long- Horns. — Lancashire Cattle. Section 3. — Middle-Horned Breeds. — The North Devons. — The Herefords. — The Sussex. — Native Welsh Cattle. — Native Scottish Cattle. Section 4. — The Short-Horned Breeds. — Ayrshire Cattle. — The Yorkshire Cow. — Dutch, Holstein, or Friesian Cattle.— Channel Islands Cattle. — Jerseys Forty Years Ago. — The Alderney. — The Guernsey Cow. Section 5. — The Old Polled Breeds. —Galloways.— Improved GaUoway Cattle. — Polled Angus. — Suffolk Cattle. Section G. — A Summing-up of British Breeds. — Long-Horns. — Short-Horns. — Middle-Horns. — Polled, or Hornless Breeds. — The Ayr.shire Dairy Cow. — Scotch Cattle. — Welsh Cattle. — Alderneys, Irish Cattle. — English Wild Cattle.— Old EngUsh Judgment of Cattle. Section 7. — How Breeds are Formed. — Forming a Breed vs. Breeding Up. 188
• CHAPTER III.
DISTINCTIVE BEEF BREEDS.
Section 1.— Favorite Beef Breeds of the United States and Canada. Section 2.— Short-Horns.— Rating Short- Horus by Points. — Points of the Short-Horn Bull. — A Summary of Points. Section 3. — Herefords. Section 4.— Polled AngTis. — Galloway vs. PoUed Angus.— Angus and Texan Cross. 211
Chapter IV. Distinctive Milk Breeds
Section 1 .—Characteristics of Milking, Breeds. Section 2.— Channel Islands Cattle.— The .Jersey Cow.— Points oi the Jersey Cow.— GroAvth, General Appearance and Condition.- Guernsey Cows. Section 3.— Ayrshire Cattle.— Dairy Points.— Ayr.shire Colors. Section 4.— Dutch Cattle (Holstein, Friesian, etc.)— Selection for Milk.— Dutch or Holstein Colors.— Section 5.— Other Milk Bi-eeds. 215
Chapter V. Breeds Combining Labor, Beef And Milk
Section 1.— The Question of Mixed Qualities. Section 2.— Devon Cattle. Section 3.— Sussex Cattle. Section 4.— PoUed Cattle as Milkers. 222
Chapter VI. Eeeeding Cattle For Definite Use?
Section 1.— Tlio Tmo Aim in Breeding.— Prepotency. Section 2.— A Comparison in Breeding.— The Breeding Age.— Higli Gnid(^M.— Starting with a Grade Bull. Section :3.— Good Breeding irom a Cash Basis.— Increasing Profits. Section 4.— Breeding Pure Cattle.— A Profitable Increase.- -Common Sen.se Practice. Sectiou 5.— Practical Study of Principles.— Deci.sion of Important Questions. Section G.— Climate and Breeding.— Some Facts and Clompavisons. —Limits of Successful Breeding of Short-Horn.'S and Herefords. — The Dairj^ Eegion of the United States. Section 7.— Bakewoll's Eules of Breeding.— Bakewell's Ten Eules. 226
CHAPTEE VII.
FEEDING AS CONNECTED WITH BEEEDING.
Section 1. — About Digestion. — The Office of the Saliva. Section 2.— The Neces.sity of Strong Feeding. Section :j. — The Feeding of Breeding Stock. Section 4.— Feeding of Fattening Stock. — The Feeder's Art. Section 5. — Feeding from Calfhood. — Tables Showing Increase of Age, Weights, Etc. Section (>. — Cooked, Steamed and Mixed Food. — Mixed Eations and Formulas. Section 7. — Stall Feeding. Section 8. — Feeding in the Open Air. Section 9. — Feeding for Milk. — Care after Calving. 229
Chapter VIII. Shelteeing Stock
Section 1. — Economy of Shelter. Section 2. — The Value of Windbreaks. — Trees for Windbreaks. — Fence and Wall Protection. Section 3. — Eough Sheds. Section 4.— Cattle Barns. — Basement Barns. — The Basement. Section 5. — Internal AiTangements. Section 6. — Cattle Fastenings. Section 7. — The Water Supply.— Importance of Water. 238
Chapter IX. Anatomy And Physiology Of Cattle
Section 1. — Bones and their Economy. Section 2. — Muscular Development. Section 3. — The Breathing Organs. Section 4. — Digestive Organs. — Digestive Organs of the Ox. Section 5. — Anatomy and Physiology by Points. — Mr. .lames Dickson on Points. — Judging by Points. — The Carcar:;s. — Judging a Lean Ox. — The Skin. — The General Appearance. — Distribution of the Flesh. Section G. — Teeth and the Age of Cattle. — Judging by the Teeth. — Judging by the Horns. Section 7. — Flesh Points of the Ox Illu.strated. 245
Chapter X. Contagious And Epidemic Diseases Of Cattle
Section 1. — Contagious Pleuro-Pncumonia. — Kill and Bury. — Isolation and Disinfection. — Government Intervention. Section 2. — How to Know Pleuro-Pneumonia. — AiDpearance of Infected Animals.-^ Diagnosis of Prof. Law. — ^Pronounced SymiDtoms. — Tests by Percussion. Section 3. — Violent Symptoms of Pleuro-Pneumonia. — What to Do. Section 4. — Texas (Splenic) Fever.— The Symptoms of Splenic Fever. Section 5. — Abortion in Cows. — The Symptoms. — The Eule in Contagious Disea.ses. Section G. — Other Contagious Diseases. — Epizootic Aphtha, or Foot and Mouth Disease. — Symptoms of Vesicular Aphtha, or Foot and Mouth Disease. — Treatment. — Sore Throat. Section 7. — Epidemic Diseases. — Influenza, or Catarrh. — Symptoms of Catarrh, or Influenza. — Treatment. 250
CHAPTER XL
PAETUEITION AND MAMMAEV DISEASES.
Section 1 . — Parturition. Section 2.— The Various False Presentations. Section .3. — Eetention of the Placenta. Section 4. — Flooding. Section 5. — Diseases following Parturition. — Inversion of the Womb. Section G. — Piierperal Fever. Section 7. — Parturient Apoplexy. Section 8. — Nervous Debility. Section 9. — Mammitis
or Garget. — The Symptoms. — Treatmont. 258
4 U
Chapter XII. Parasites Of Cattle
Swtioii 1.- Skin Diseases. Section 2. — Unvrowing Parasites. Section 3.— In ostiiml Worms. Section I. — Uin^^- worin in Cattle. 2()3
Chapter XIII. The Common Diseases Of Cattle
Section 1. — About Bleeding. Section 2. — Cancerous Ulcers. Section 3. — Anthrax, or Carbnncnlar Fever. — Symptoms.— S(>cond Stage. — Third Stage. Section 4. — Gloss .\.utluax, or Blain. Section 5.— Pleuro-Pnennioiiia. or Lung Fever.— Sporadic vs. Epizootic Pleuro-Pnenmonia. Section G. Specific Symptoms of the Contagious Form. Section 7. — Treatment of Non- Contagious Pleuro-Pneuraonia. 2G4
Chapter XIV. Diseases Of The Digestr'e Organs
Section 1. — Tympanitis, Ho von, or Blain. Section 2. — Impaction of the Rumen. Section 3.— Impaction of the Third Stomach. Sectimi 4. — Ergotism. Section 5. — Rod Water, or Hicmaturia. — Treatment. . 269
Chapter XV
INJURIES, SPRAINS AND DISLOCATIONS. Section 1.— Injuries from Wounds. Section 2.— Sprains. Section 3.— Dislocations. — Treatment. 272
SHEEP AND WOOL INDUSTRY.
Chapter I. Some History Of Breeds
Section 1. — Original Country of Sheep. Section 2. — Breaking up Inter-Breeds. Section 3. — Value of tlie Sliecp Industry. Section 4. — Improvement of Sheep. Section 5. — Range of Climate of Sheep. 275
Chapter II. Fine Wooled Sheep
Section l.-Merino Sheep.— Fine Wooled Sheep of Europe.— Spanish Sheep.— French Merinos.— Saxon Merinos.- Silesiau Merinos. Section 2.— American Merinos.— Improved Infantados.— Improved American Panlars. Secion 3.— Other Fine Wooled Breeds. 27G
Chapter III. Breeds Valuable For Mutton And Wool
Section 1.— Characteristics of Various Breeds.- Long-Wooled Sheep.— Texel Sheep. Section 2.— Hampshire Downs. Section 3.— Oxford Downs.— Characteristics of Oxford Downs. Section 4.— Shropshire Downs. Section 5.— Southdowns.— The Original Southdown.— The Improved Form. Section G.— Other Middle Wooled Breeds.— Black-Faced Hilands.— Irish Sheep.— Shetland Sheep.— Hebridean Sheep.— Dorset Sheep.
Chapter IV. Long Wooled Sheep
Section 1.— About Combing and other Wool. — Forms of Hair on Sheep. — Varieties and Variation in Wool. — Classes of Wools. Section 2. — Lincohi Shec}!. Section 3. — Leicester Sheep.— Border Lcicestcir. — Characteristics. Section 4. — Cotswold Sheep.— Three Marked Grades of Long AVool. Section 5. — Other Long-Wooled Breeds.— How to Breed Grades.- How Long Avill it Take?— Eomney Marsh Sheep. 286
Chapter V. Caee And Management Of Sheep
Section 1.— A Wool and Mutton Problem.— Guiding Principles. Section 2.— Small Flocks. Some Fact.« in Sheep Hiisbandry. — Examination for Disability. — Slimmer and Winter Management.— Management of Kams.- Eations for Sheep. Section 3. — Management of Large Flocks. — Fine-Wooled Flocks. — Summer Management of a Large Flock. — Eange. — Turning out in Spring. — Herding. — Lambing. Section 4. — The Shepherd's Art. — Foster Mothers. — Watchfulness Necessary. — Docking and Castrating. — Washing. — Washed versus Unwashed Wool. Section 5.— Wintering the Flock.— Mr. Grinnell's Advice— Winter Shelter.— Vary the Food.— Do not Turn out too Early. Scctiou G. ■ Shearing and Marketing Wool, Section 7.— A Shepherd's Eules. 294
Chapter VI. Sheaefng And Maeketing Wool
Section 1.— Washed vs. Unwashed Wool. Section 2.— Shearing. Section 3.— Sorting and Tying Wool.— Tying the Fleeces. Section 4.— Storing and Baling. Section 5.— Marketing Wool. 301
Chapter VII. Anatomy And Physiology Of Sheep
Section 1.— The Bony Structure. Section 2.— Physiology of the Sheep.— The Skin of Sheep. Section 3.— The Teeth of Sheep.— The Age of Sheep and the Teeth. 302
Chapter VIII. Paeasites And Diseases Of Sheep
Section 1.— External Parasites.— Scab or Mange.— Eemedies.— Arsenic Sheep Dip.— Tobacco Dip.— Sulphurized Tobacco Dip.— Colorless Sheep Dip.— Ticks, Lice, etc. Section 2.— Internal Parasites and Diseases thereof.— Grub in the Head.— Erysipelas.— Liver.— Eot.— The Screw Worm.— Paper Skin.— Worms. Section 3.— Contagious Diseases.— Foot Eot.— Treatment.— Sheep Eot.— Sheep Distemper.— Epizootic Catarrh. Section 4.— Common Diseases of Sheep.— Garget in Ewes.— Constipation in Lambs.— Diarrhoea.— Eheumatism, or Pal.sy.—Braxy.— Apoplexy and Inflammation of the Brain. 303
»ft-
("ON'r JOIST 'rw.
SWINE AND SWINE BREEDING.
CHAPTEK I.
OEIGIX, IIISTOEY A\D CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPR0M2D BREEDS.
Section. 1— Xativo Conntiy of Swiuo. — All Swino Prolific with each Other. Section 2.— English Breeds.— Black Dor.sct. Section ;>.— English and American Modifications. Section 1. — Distinctive American Breeds. Section 5. — Classification and .Tndgmcnt of Swine. — Thoronghbred Swine. — Classification'at Fairs. Section (i. — Characteristics of oin- English Breeds. — Berkshires. — Neapolitan Swine. — Disqualifications.— Suffolk Breed. — Essex Breed. Section 7. — Historj' and Characteristics of American Breeds. — Poland China.^Charactcristics of Poland China. Section 8. — Chester White.— Characteristics. Section 9. — Duroc. — -Jer.sey.— Characteristics. Section 10. — Cheshire Swine.— Characteristics. Section 11.— Victorias. — Characteristics. Section 12.— The Perfect Hog.— A First-Class Hog. 309
CHAPTEE II.
BREEDINCr AND FEEDING OF SWINE.
Section 1.— Principles of Swine Breeding. Section 2.— Cross Bred and Grade Swine. Section ,3.— Slielter for Swine. — Range for Swine.— Hog Barns. Section 1. — Summer Feeding.— The Groundwork of Bone and ]Mnscle. — Summer Food.— Economy of Cooked Foods. Section .5.— AVinter Feeding.— Economy of Artichokes. — Boiling Feed. 316
CHAPTEE III.
C;ARE and MANAGEMENT OF SWINE.
Section 1. — The Farrowing of Sows. Section 2.— Care of Sows. Section 3. — Care of Pigs. Section 4.— Weaning Pigs. Section."). — Feeding for Pork. 319
CHAPTEE IV.
DISEASES OF SWINE.
Section 1. — Prevention of Disease. Section 2. — Breeding Infection. Section 3.— Preventing the Spread of Infection. — Application of Common Sense. 321
CHAPTEE V.
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF SWINE.
►section 1.— On Contagion. Section 2. — Hog Cholera. — Contagious Pneumonia. — Enteritis. — Charbon on Malignant Anthrax. — Malignant Ejiizootic Catarrh. Section 3. — Common Diseases of Swine. — Internal Parasite, Mea.sles, etc. — Lard Worm. — Mange or Scab. — Quinsy or Strangles. — Snuffles. — Common Cold. — Inflammation of the LunKS. — DiaiThcea. 321 t coN"'r-H:>ra's.
POULTRY AND POULTRY MANAGEMENT.
CHAPTEK I.
DISTINCTIVE BREEDS.
Section 1. — Br(>o(l.s lor Eggs. Section 2. — Distinctive American BreecLs. Sections. — Games. Section 4. — Fancy Broecls. ,327
CHAPTER II.
FOEEIGN BEEEDS.
Section 1. — Bralima Fowls. Section 2. — Cocliin China Fowls. Section 3.— English Breeds. Section 4.— French Breeds. 333
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