The water world

Front matter

bo^-

H O o

A

Introduction

A/f ANY scientists and philosophers are somewhat exclusive in their habits, and not inclined to hold intelligible converse, with those who may have been less highly favored than themselves. Lectures are given and books have been written, but they so abound in technical terms, that, irrespective of the importance of the matter, the manner of conveying it is generally such as to make it of little interest to the average reader.

It has been our aim to write for the people, and to clothe the subject in such language as shall make it interesting, and easily comprehended by all.

Yery little, comparatively, has heretofore been written on this subject. This is most singular, when it is considered that this majestic ocean, whose mighty heart throbs in sympathy with the pulse of God, covers more than three-fourths of the whole globe, habitable and uninhabitable. And we may be certain that some good reason exists why this quantity of water should so greatly exceed that of the land.

We write about the ocean because the people are interested in it, and for the reason that a knowledge of its laws, phenomena, and inhabitants, is conducive to right living and enjoyment.

The subject we are discussing has naturally resolved itself into three main divisions, viz., the laws of the ocean, the phenomena of the ocean, and the life in the ocean.

6 INTRODUCTION.

"We have endeavored to fill these pages, not with dry and uninteresting facts compiled from the cyclopaedia, but with living, breathing thoughts, which, if rightly entertained, will lessen some of the weariness of daily life, give a greater impulse to right living, and cause us to revere and adore a Creator who has multiplied, everywhere in nature, countless objects and opportunities for our present and future well-being.

Of our fifty millions of people, many will live and die w^ithout ever having heard the voice of the sea. All want to see it ; all are interested in its majestic power and the life with w^hich it teems. To those who are denied the privilege of witnessing it for themselves, as well as to the dwellers on its border, do we send this pen picture. " God gave this beautiful world — the wliole of it — to subdue and enjoy.'' We have denied ourselves a great boon and benefit by heretofore confining our research too exclusively to the narrow earth. We see the sun rise, approach its meridian, and decline in the West; we are interested in the changing seasons, to know when to sow, to reap and to rest; we are interested in the beautiful flowers, growing shrub, fruitful vine, and majestic forests; we are interested in the animal species, both wild and domestic ; and this is right and reasonable, for such knowledge is enjoined and is necessary for our well-being and prosperity.

Moisture is as necessary to animal and vegetable life as is the heat radiated from the sun. The rain and the dew come not by accident. Over the whole world the rain-fall is about the same, year in and year out. So interesting and wonderful is the machinery that pumps out of the ocean, day by day, all the waters conveyed to it by the rivers, and distributes it over the land back to the sources of the rivers again, that the reader can but enjoy and be profited by a contemplation of the causes that produce such marvelous effects. This subject, together with the Gulf Stream,— that

INTRODUCTION. 7

wonderful equalizer of terrestrial climate — all the currents, aerial and oceanic ; the tides, trade winds, typhoons, monsoons, saltness and specific gravity of the sea, and other laws and phenomena, will be found described and treated in detail in their proper places in this book. Modern research hab defined absolutely many things that heretofore have been but imperfectly understood. Arduous and protracted though the labor has been, we have carefully examined and weighed the conclusions of the late scientists, and therefore write with more confidence than as if we had depended entirely upon our own unaided observations.

Under the divisions of Laws and Phenomena, quotations and conclusions will be found from a book entitled the " Physical Geography of the Sea/' by the late Capt. Maury. For this kindly courtesy we are indebted to Colonel Richard L. Maury, of Richmond, Ya., son and legal representative of the late Capt. Maury.

We have drawn to some extent from other sources for many of the incidents so graphically illustrating some of the subjects considered.

In the chapter entitled " The Frozen Ocean,^^ will be found something new respecting late expeditions, and much that is of varied and thrilling interest. In the consideration of the subject of " Deep Sea Dredging," and the " Beds of the Waters," we have taken advantage of researches prosecuted by late Government expeditions, in arriving at the conclusions presented to the reader.

We should be negligent did we not call attention to the subject of " Life in the Ocean," minute and mammoth.

We have called attention to those that must be objects of universal interest, not to the naturalist alone, from the tiny polyp, the wonderful rock-builder of the ocean, to the "monarch of the deep." Neither have we contented ourselves by giving a mere barren technical description, but we have Alluded to their habits, their uses in creation,

8 introduction:

methods, dangers and exciting incidents relative to their capture. The forests of the deep are infinitely more densely inhabited than the mountains of the earth. God has created nothing in vain. Each being has its use in the scale of creation, and nowhere can we see His works in such perfection as in the vast deep. Here we see perfect and marvelous adjustment ; we see such exquisite care displayed in the sustenance of an infinitesimal creature; we may also see what important agents are these little creatures in preserving the equilibrium of the ocean. Surely such contemplations must cause man to think more and better of himself, for he realizes that God thinks much of him. There is reverence in such thoughts.

We believe we have not exceeded the license of an author in the preparation of this volume. It has been a work of love and anxiety. We tread in a new path with hushed voice and modest mien. We trust the reader may be as much entertained and benefited by the perusal as has the author in the preparation of this book. If so, " The Water World '^ shall not have been written in vain, but may go forth on its humble mission of exalting the handiwork of the Creator.

J. w. y.

Mount Yernon, N. Y., February, 1883.

Chapter I. The Ocean— Its Laws And Elements

Page

Vastness and sublimity of creation — The sea a laboratory — The many wonderful objects it contains — The ocean essential to the existence of man and vegetation — If the existing waters were increased only one-fourth — There is perhaps nothing more beautiful — What is water? — The saltness of the ocean — Why was the sea made salt? — Currents — The Gulf Stream — Its influence on climate — Utilizing currents to carry messages — Brig towed by the undercurrent — Recent invention — Gulf Stream the great " weather breeder" of the North Atlantic — Its influence on commerce — Tides — Wind waves — The crossing of waves — Variety of color — Milky sea — Luminosity of the sea — Divisions of the ocean — Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic — Extreme breadth of Atlantic — Its relation to civilized countries — Mediterranean Sea — The central ocean of the ancients — Pacific discovered by Balboa — Indian Ocean 21-38

CHAPTER 11.

THE FROZEN OCEAN.

[nstances of extreme cold in the x\rctic regions — Human endurance of cold — McClure and Parry — Dr. Kane — Esquimaux — Arctic voyagers — Ice dwellings — Attempts to discover a shorter passage to India across the Northern seas — Sir John Franklin — His sad end — Relics of the expedition discovered — Discovery of the Northwest passage — Release from a perilous position — The Arctic and Antarctic circles — The reason of the cold in the polar regions — Dangers from floating ice — Fearful incident in the frozen seas- -Frozen to death — Expedition of Capt. Francis Hall — His search for Franklin — His appeal to Congress — The "Polaris"

Page sailed — Award of Paris Geographical Society — The Jeannette

expedition — The deplorable news — Return of the survivors —

Problems to be solved '. .39-53

Chapter III. Icebergs

Icebergs among the wonders of the ocean world — Grand and imposing — Imitating every style of architecture — Differ in color — Strange and sudden formations — Many of great height — Origin — Greenland — Glaciers — Their immense length — Birthplaces of icebergs — Moved by powerful currents — Dangers from icebergs on their floating voyages — Terror excited by them among the early navigators — Awful sublimity of the floating ice mountains — Hairbreadth escape — Supposed loss of the "President" and other vessels from collisions with icebergs — Danger of mooring vessels to icebergs — A picnic on an iceberg — The "Resolute" exploring ship — Formation and destruction of ice — Beautiful provision of Nature 54-62

CHAPTER lY.

LIFE IN THE OCEAN.

Sublime ideas of the infinite — Mystery of life — Two great powers — Death is the foster mother of life — Life maintains life — Exuberance of life — The ocean in its profound est depths — Sea influences — Seashore deposits — Source of greath wealth — Unity and diversity 63-67

CHAPTER Y.

MINUTE ANIMAL LIFE.

Vastness of organic life in the ocean — Food to the larger marine animals — Abundance in the Northern seas — Sea nettles — They color the waters — Microscopic determinations — A naturalist's calculation of the number of animalculse — Animals in a drop of water — ^^Illustrates the immensity of creation — Seaweeds — Animated worlds — Minute creation governed by the same laws as larger — Jelly-fish — Abound in the South Atlantic — Curious shapes — Sea-worms — Sea-mouse — Its beautiful color — Curious

Page

arms of marine worms — Nereids — Beautifully colored — White rag worms — Sea-leech — Leaping- worms — "Jumping Johnnies" — Butterflies of the deep .^ 68-77

CHAPTER YI.

CORAL— THE ROCK BUILDERS.

Beauty of color — Its curious form in the ocean — Formerly supposed to be marine plants — Discovered to be the work of minute animals — Coral wonders described — How their habitations are made — Coral examined under the microscope — Continents built by the polyps — Wonderful instinct of the coral workers by building walls on the windward side — Qualities and varieties of coral described — Manufacture of false coral — Superstitions respecting the changing of color — Perils of the coral reefs — An incident of shipwreck 78-89

CHAPTER YII.

PEARLS.

Rare and valuable objects of creation — Perilous employment of the divers — Condemned criminals formerly employed — Characteristics of the pearl divers — Shark charmers — Pearl fishing in the Gulf of Manaar — Off the Bahrem Islands — Cingalese divers — Separation of the pearl from the oyster — Extent of the pearl fishery in Ceylon — System pursued at the Pearl Islands — Oriental pearls — Their preparation for market — How pearls are formed in the oyster — Amusing account given by Pliny — Suppositions respecting pearls — Curious methods pursued by the Chinese — The pearl oyster not the only mollusk which produces pearls — Pearls found on the British coasts — Incidents — Extravagant fancy of the ancients — Names applied to various kinds — Largest pearls on record — Runjeet Sing and his string of pearls 90-98

CHAPTER YHI.

SPONGES.

Ancient use of the sponge for helmets, etc. — One of the most valuable spoils taken from the ocean — Long undecided whether sponges

Page belonged to the animal or vegetable kingdom — Ranked as

"zoophytes" or animal plants — Aristotle's definition of the

sponge — Finest qualities come from the Ottoman Archipelago —

Sponge fishery at the island of Calymnos — Numbers of persons

engaged in the sponge fishery — Depth at which sponges are

found — Methods pursued in diving — Average quantity taken —

Preparation for market — The sponge in its natural state — Growth

and increase of the sponge — Article of commerce — Digestion and

respiration — Preservation of the sponge fisheries 99-105

CHAPTER IX.

SEALS.

Arctic summer the proper season for seal fishing — Divisions of labor by the Esquimaux — Seal's fiesh their chief food — Ancient superstitions — Use of blubber — Methods of capturing the seals — Seal fishing the great employment of the Greenlanders — Dangers attending — Different species of seals — The sea-calf — Peculiar characteristics — Enemies of seals — The bearded or great seal — The hoop-seal — The fur seal — Description, habits, and use — Seals fond of music — Tame seals — Incidents — The marbled seal — Contrast between seals of northern and southern seas — Sea elephant — Sea lions — The sea leopard — The otories 106-11?

CHAPTER X.

THE MONARCH OF THE OCEAN.

Peculiarities in whales — Distinct from fishes and land animals, though resembling both — Description — Strength and utility of its tail — Size of the head — Smallness of the throat — Food of the whale — Whalebone — Tongue of the whale — The skin — The blubber — Quantity of oil taken from a whale — Ears, eyes, and fins of the whale — Age when they attain their growth — Anecdotes relative to the capture — Different species — The northern rorqual — The smaller rorqual — The sperm whales — The white whales — The deductor — Great capture of whales — Fight between a whale and a grampus — Other enemies of the whale — Anecdotes — Attachment of whales to their young , 118-129

CHAPTER XL

THE WHALE FISHERY AND ITS PERILS.

Page Description of ships employed in the whale fishery — Hard work in the Polar seas — Mode of fisliing — The harpoon — Struggles of the whale — Disappointment of a Dutch whaler — Dead whales — Cutting up the whales — Whale fishery in the southern seas — Incident to the Essex in the Pacific Ocean — Ship destroyed by a collision with a whale — Story of a Dutch harpooner — New Zealand Tom — Incident in the Pacific to the whaling vessel Independence — Paying out the rope — Incident to the whaling vessel Aimwell — Loss of the Princess Charlotte — Wonderful escape of the Trafalgar — Calamities of a whaling squadron — The Rattler— Tbe Achilles 130-143

CHAPTER XII.

THE PIRATE OF THE OCEAN.

Fossil sharks — Enormous teeth — The white shark — Its extreme voracity — Great tenacity of life — Its preference for human flesh — Horrible tragedy — Habit of bounding out of the sea — Punishing a shark — Manner of catching sharks in the South Sea Islands — Captain Basil Hall's account of the capture of a shark — Worship of sharks by the inhabitants — Rapacity of the shark — Hooks for shark fishing — Fearful incident to the crew of the "Magpie" — The liammer headed shark — The smooth shark — Dogfish — Angel fish — Greenland shark — Basking shark — Taken for the sea serpent — Pilot fish — Companion to the shark — Pilot fish described. . 144-159

CHAPTER XIII.

SEA-HORSES AND NARWAHLS.

The morse walrus or sea-horse — Description — Immense slaughter of them — For what purposes — Ferocity when attacked — Affection for its young — Battles between the walrus and the Polar bear — The sword fish a fierce enemy — Sea unicorn — Described — Color — Their habits — Mode of catching them — Herd in flocks — Playfulness— Its speed 160-167

CHAPTER XIV.

THE FLOATING NAVIGATORS OF THE OCEAN.

Page The nautilus " the ocean mab" and " fairy of the sea" — The fish described by Prof. Owen — Real method of its propulsion — The paper nautilus — Its supposed sails — Glaucus a real rover on the ocean — A wonderful builder — Intel lio^ence displayed — Pearly nautilus — Gem of the deep — The argonaut — Sea bladder or Portuguese man-of-war — Beauty of its colors — Appear like prismatic shells — Their stinging properties — Specimens of fossil nautili in the British museum — Ammonite — Most beautiful of all fossils — Petrified snakes — The cuttle fish — One of the feasts of fishermen — Their ink bags — Prodigious size of some species — Mode of fishing with the cuttle fish desciibed by Columbus — Belongs to a period before the flood 168-181

CHAPTER XV.

MODES OF FISHING IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES. Use of nets dates from the earliest times — Great improvements of late in the manufacture of nets — Variety of nets used by fishermen — Description of them — Fishing by electric ligiit — Birds trained to catch fish — Their wonderful sagacity — South Sea Islanders expert fishermen — Singular mode of taking the needle fish — Fishing by the light — Indians' method of taking the candle fish — The white porpoise — Fishing for the sea pike — The tunny fishery — Sturgeon fishery — Conger-eel fishery — Great conger-eel described — Sand-eel fishery — Mackeral fishery — Nets employed — Herring fishery — Modes of fishing — Curing herring — Dog fish — Hake — Pilcherd — Sprats and white bait, and how taken — The Sardine — Cod fishery on the banks of Newfoundland — The modern cod sinock — The haddock — The coal fish — Common hake — The turbot — The turtle — Modes of taking them — Crabs — Mode of taking them — Hermit crab — King crab — Prawns and shrimps — Mussels — Mussel farms — Oyster farming — Age at which the oyster is ready for the table — Its best qualities — The enemies of the oyster— Lobsters 183-227

CHAPTER XVI. .

ODDS AND ENDS ABOUT FISHES.

Strange and varied characters of fishes — The money of commerce in some countries — Form of fishes — The tail the great organ of

Page motion — Air or swimming bladder — Respiration — Baits made attractive by scents — Nostrils of fishes — Taste — Touch — Scales — Eyes — Teeth — Hearing — Brain — Eggs — Uses of fish — Curative properties of certain fish — The torpedo — Violent shocks — Electric apparatus described — Effects produced on fishermen — The electric eel — Its physical properties — The sting ray — Enormous fins — The great and little weever — Stinging powers of the physalis — Sucking fishes — Sea owl — Snail — Lumpsucker — The sea lamprey — Its powerful sucker — Lampreys fed on human flesh — The gunard fish — Peculiarities — Many species remarkable for beauty of colors — The sea scorpion — Sticklebacks — The flying gunard — Emits phosphoric light — Flying fishes — Musical fish — The devil fish — Its enormous size and strength — Devil fish taken in Delaware Bay — Monstrous skates — The fishing frog or angler — Description — Mode of attracting its prey — Capture of an immense saw fish — An East Indiaman attacked by a sword-fish — Dolphin — Atlantic species — Cat-fish — Sucking fish — Sea peacock — Blue fish — Th^ true dolphin described — Pursue the flying fish — The common mackerel a beautiful fish — The John Dory — The boar fish — The opah or king fish — The red mullet — Purchased at enormous prices — The basse or sea perch — The Mediterranean Apogon — The lettered seranus — The choetocion — The Archer — A favorite with the Chinese — The Riband shaped fish family — The butterfly fish — Wrasses, or old wives of the sea — The rainbow — Parrot fish — The scarus — The sea horse — The chimera or rabbit fish — Repulsive form — Beauty of colors intended for the admiration of man 228-273

CHAPTER XYII.

SHELLS.

Wonderful shaping and moulding of shells — Tlfe structure of shells adapted to the requirements of the inhabitant — Apparatus of two shelled animals — Power over the valves — Concho lo^y — Shells formerly regarded as toys — Shells of southern Europe — Greater portion of shell animals carnivorous — Shells of tropical America- Western coasts of Africa — The harp shell — The cockle — The eowry — Beautiful and rare shells found on the coasts of Australia — Deep sea shells — Lowest part of the earth consist of shell remains — Shells used for making roads — Helix or snail genus — The clam or bear's paw — Varieties of shells — Formation of

16 CONTENm.

Page shells — Sea shells perform an important part in die economy of

nature — Use of shells multifarious — Trumpet shell — Shell fish

as an article of food — Giant clams — Porcelain shells — Roaring

buckle harp shells — Fountain shells — Razor shells — Trough

CHAPTER XYIII,

>EA BIRDS.

Number and variety of marine birds — Roosting places — The gull family — General description — Some gulls expert in breaking the shells of mollusks — Tricks played by seamen on gulls — The skuas — The petrels — Among the most interesting of marine birds — The storm petrel — Sea swallows — The albatros — A great fish eater — The divers — Expert fishers — Tiie guillemots — The great ausk — Pufiing or sea parrot — The penguins — Darwin's description of the "jackass" penguin — The cormorant — Trained to fish by some nations — The pelican- -Peculiar pouch for storing fish — The ganet — Assemble at breeding times in myriads on the bass rock — The hooper or wild swan — The great sea eagles — The osprey and its fishing habits — The tropic sea birds — The frigate bird — Its tyrannical treatment of the booby 286-314

CHAPTER XIX.

SUPERSTITIONS CONNECTED WITH THE OCEAN.

Seamen naturally superstitious — Incidents regarded as prodigies — Phantom ship — Power of raising tempests at sea by witchcraft — Incident to James VI. of Scotland — Wind pillars — Double sight — Apparitions at sea — Rats leaving a ship — Omens for good or evil — Crows as guides to mariners — The ancient mariner — Carrying dead bodies in ships — Good luck — Bad luck — Curious reflections — Sea divinities of the ancient times 315-328"'

CHAPTER XX.

MARINE PRODIGIES.

The Krasken a wonderful sea monster — Able to pull men-of-war to the bottom of the ocean — The sea serpent — Marvelous stories re-

Page lated by our sailors — Account forwarded to the admiralty — Fislies of the ribbon family may give rise to what are called sea serpents — Mermaids and women — Icelandic description of a mermaid — P. T. Barnum's famous exhibition — The manatee — The dugong — The stellerus— A mermaid shown in London in 1822 329-338

CHAPTER XXI.

MONSTERS OF THE DEEP— SEA DRAGONS.

Gigantic reptiles inhabiting the ocean before the deluge — Huge sea lizards — Limestone rocks at Lyme Regis — Dragons in story books — Description of the sea lizard — Head like a crocodile — Numerous immense teeth — Enormous eyes — Body like that of a fish — The plesiosaurus — Peculiarities of this huge monster — Head like a lizard — Teeth of a crocodile — Neck of enormous length — Body rounded like that of a marine turtle — Its habits described — The teleosaurus — The great pirate of the ocean — Armed to the teeth — Its enormous jaws — Able to swallow animals as large as an ox — The moesusaurus — Thought to be a crocodile 339-343

CHAPTER XXII.

SUBMARINE SCENERY— ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE.

The earth has its counterpart in the ocean — Glory of submarine scenery — In the tropics — China seas — Deepest colors of fishes and marine vegetation in the tropical seas — The Indian Ocean — Splendid colors of tropical fishes — Flowers of the ocean — Abundance and beauty of marine fauna — Wonders of coral scenery — Coput medusae, or basket fish — Anemones the loveliest ornaments of sea-gardens — Sea anemones a hungry class — Clearness of the waters of the red sea — Sea slug and sea cucumber — Waters of the North Sea remarkable for its transparency — Submarine forests and meadows — A sea covered with weeds — Enormous expanse of the Atlantic Ocean covered with vegetation — Seaweeds brought from a great depth — The true seaweed — Beauty of smaller varieties — Marine plants vie with land- flowers — Seaweeds as food — Numerous applications of seaweeds 343-363

CHAPTEK XXIII.

THE BED OF THE OCEAN. DEEP SEA SOUNDINGS.

Page.

Beauty of the tropical ocean — Average depth of the sea — Long a difficult question — First determined by the U. S. navy — Mode of taking soundings — Brooks' sounding apparatus — The telegraph plateau — Ko currents below 3,000 feet — No decomposition at extreme depths — The sea a great nursery — Animal life at extreme depths— Preservation of marine life — Conclusions of Professors Bailey and Ehrenburg — Deep sea dredging expeditions — Food of deep water animals — Limestone formations 364-385

CHAPTEK XXIY.

PHENOMENA OF THE OCEAN.

Optical illusions in Arctic seas — The mirage — Vivid description by Dr. Hayes — Aurora Borealis, or "Northern Daybreak" — Origin supposed to be electrical — Other luminous meteors — Halos and mock suns — The ice blink — Tide rip and sea drift — Evaporation and precipitation — Formation of water-spouts — Perilous escape from a water-spout — Tornadoes and typhoons — The trade winds — Explanation of atmospheric currents — Their functions — The monsoon— Its beneficial effects — Hurricanes and cyclones — Description of the Bore and Egre — Sub-marine earthquakes and volcanoes — Islands rising from the sea — Cause — Red fog, or shower-dust 386-^vi3

CHAPTEE XXY.

TREASURES RECOVERED FROM THE DEER

Millions of coins lost — Whole cities and islands submerged — The diving-bell and how it is employed — James Phipps recovered great treasures — Loss of the "Royal George" — Great loss of life — What was recovered in later years — Smeaton's improved diving-bell — A fatal experiment by John Day — Diving dress and its adaptation — Loss of the "Lutine" — Recovery of "Lady Charlotte " — American enterprise — Immense amount of money recovered — Spanish banker — Freaks of nature— Experience of a diver and what is seen in the depths 4J .-4!39

CHAPTER XXYI.

OCEAN STEAMSHIPS.

Page.

History of shipbuilding — Ancient ships — Commerce — Crusades — Trying contests — American superiority — Fulton's "Clermont" — ' ' Savannah " — Problem solved — Speed in steamships — Rival lines and time made— " City of Rome," her remarkable dimensions — New motors 430-441

CHAPTER XXYIL

THE SIGNAL SERVICE.

Development of the system — Number of stations — Appliances — Patrol men on duty — Wreck of the "J. H. Hortzell" — The "Life Boat Coming" — A terrible journey — Relief at hand — The "shortcut" — The frightful spectacle — The perilous descent — Preparations for the rescue — The breeches-buoy — Life car attached — The crew saved — Wreck of the schooner "A. B. Goodman" — To the rescue — Sublime heroism displayed 442-467

CHAPTER XXYIII.

LIFE SAVING SERVICE.

The " Pharos " — The oldest lighthouse — One of the seven wonders of the world — Colossal statue of Apollo at Rhodes — Lighthouse on the Eddystone rocks — Originally built by Winstanley — His sad fate — The Bell Rock — The " Skerry vore" on coast of Scotland — Minot's Lodge lighthouse — Modes of signaling in fogs — Coal or wood fires formerly used — Later adaptations — The electric light — Life in a lighthouse — Appointments to position of keeper — How obtained — The sea veteran 468-489

CHAPTER XXIX.

LIGHTHOUSES AND BEACONS.

The world's dumb sentinels — Their influence on commerce — The means of saving human life — The famous * ' Pharos " — The "Eddystone" and its history— The "Bell Rock"— The great ' ' French " lighthouse — Lighthouses of America — ' ' Minot's Lodge " and its history — Lightships — Methods of Lighting — Code for lightkeepers — Reporting wrecks — Fog signals — Lightkeepers' qualifications — Life of lightkeepers 490-512

ILLUSTRATIONS

Frontispiece

^ Aurora Borealis 338

^ Arctic Chimaeridar. .242 "^ Basket Wor^c Covered WITH Mussels. . .220

^ Cramp Fish 7242

Common Conger 262

Devil Fish 181

Esquimaux Seal Hunters 108

"* Eddystone Lighthouse 494

^ Frozen to Death 47

"Flying Fish ^262

^ Fleet of Medusae. ... 72

^ Globe Fish 198

^Gigantic Cuttle Fish. 178

"^ Halibut V198

4 Ocean Cable 385

"'Ocean Waves 53 j

^ Pearl Divers AT Work 92

Punt or Pirogue of

the Marsh ^. 220

Pipe Fish \242

Plesiosaurus and Tel-

eosaurus 340

Sponge 100

''Sea Lamprey V242

^ Shark Fishing 152

Stratagem of a White

Bear 164

Steamship " City of

Rome " 440