The comprehensive question and answer book for review and study in school and home; a practical guide to success in civil service and teachers' examinations

Front matter

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Preface

The Comprehensive Question Book is the result of an experience of several years in the public schools of New York City, in both the day and the evening sessions. The work of selecting questions that would be comprehensive and practical, yet would not include any of the unnecessary detail in the various subjects of the elementary school, led to the examination of several thousand question papers prepared by the civil service and examining boards throughout the country.

The questions have been selected for their utility and their disciplinary value. They are arranged logically, following the general order of cause and effect. They should encourage thought. The answers are supported by the authoritative text-books in the respective fields of knowledge.

The book has been tested in the classroom. It is comprehensive without the burdensome and unessential details usually found in books of this nature. It reviews the necessary subjects in the curricula in use throughout the country, and those called for in the special and civil service examinations for teachers and others.

The purpose of the book is twofold : for the teacher and examiner it furnishes a wide range of questions suitable for drill, test and review ; for the student it supplies an exhaustive and analytic quiz of the subjects that will aid in the preparation for the many examinations that he takes, not omitting the encouragement of original thought.

I desire to acknowledge my deep appreciation for the valuable suggestions and criticisms made by Ossian Lang, editor of School Journal, without which many valuable features of the work would be lacking. To the principals and teachers whose criticism of the manuscript and reading of the proof have helped to make this a successful book, my thanks are als. due. That the readers will derive material benefit from uiis book is the earnest wish of the author.

Isaac Price.

Chapter I. Questions In Anatomy, Physiology And Hygiene

1. What is meant by (a) physiology, (b) anatomy, (c) hygiene?

2. Name the different materials entering into the formation of the human body.

3. What is a tissue? State its importance.

4. Define organ.

5. What is meant by the statement that " man is a vertebrate animal " ?

6. What is man's position among vertebrate animals?

7. Give your reasons for placing man among the mammals.

8. Define (a) cell, (b) cell body, (c) nucleus, (d) nucleolus.

9. (a) What is the chemical composition of the body? (&) Name some of the more important chemical elements entering into its composition.

10. Name the three chief kinds of organic constituents of the body.

THE BONES AND THE SKELETON.

11. (a) What is a skeleton? (b) Of how many bones is it composed? (c) What is the importance of the skeleton ?

12. (a) What is bone? (b) Of what importance is bone?

13. (a) Explain what is cartilage. (b) State its importance.

14. What is meant by connective tissue or ligaments?

15. (a) Name the three natural divisions of the skeleton, (b) What is meant by the extremities?

16. (a) What is the skull? (b) Name the parts of the skull.

17. How many and what are the bones of the skull?

18. What peculiarity have the bones of the skull?

19. What are cranial sutures?

20. How many and what are the bones of the trunk?

21. (a) What is the axis? (b) Of what use is it?

22. What is the pelvic arch?

23. (a) How many dorsal bones in the vertebra? (b) State their importance.

24. (a) What are the ribs? (b) How many are there?

25. Explain the value of the structural arrangement of the spinal column.

26. (a) Name the parts of the upper extremities, (b) Name the bones forming them.

27. Name the parts of the lower extremities and the bones that compose each part.

28. (a) What is the composition of bone? (b) Show how to prove this.

29. Classify bones according to their shape or form.

30. Explain why bones are hollow.

31. What is the difference between the bones of the adult and those of the child?

32. (a) What is a fracture? (&) In whom is a fracture of the bone likely to occur more readily, in a child or in an adult? Why?

33. What is the periosteum? What purpose does it serve?

34. (a) What is a joint? (b) Name the different kinds of joints. Give examples of each.

35. Name the four kinds of movable joints.

36. Enumerate the movements allowed by the different kinds of joints.

37. What is a (a) dislocation, (b) sprain?

38. (a) What is the patella? (b) What special purpose does it serve?

THE MUSCLES.

39. (a) What are muscles? (b) What is their use or function ?

40. (a) Distinguish between voluntary and involuntary muscles, (b) What are striated muscles?

41. Give the characteristics of the voluntary and involuntary muscles.

42. What is the origin and the insertion of a muscle?

43. Name the different varieties of muscles.

44. (a) How are muscles controlled? (b) Describe the general structure of a muscle.

45. (a) What is the chemical composition of muscle? (b) How many muscles are there in the body?

46. Name the principal muscles of the trunk.

47. Enumerate the principal muscles of the head and the trunk.

48. (a) Give a list of those of the upper extremities. (&) How many and what are the muscles of the lower extremities?

49. (a) State the chief constituent of muscle substance, (b) What is the effect of alcohol on muscle substance ?

50. State the relation of exercise to muscular development.

51. Give a scheme of exercise that should be practiced daily in order to insure general muscular development.

52. Name several causes of muscular contractility.

DIGESTION.

53. What is meant by digestion ?

54. (a) What is the alimentary canal? (b) Name all the parts of the alimentary canal.

55. Name the organs of mastication and swallowing.

56. (a) What are glands? (b) Name the different kinds of glands, (c) Name the secretive glands.

57. What is the mouth?

58. What is the palate?

59. (a) How many teeth has an adult person? (b) What is the difference between the milk teeth and the permanent set of teeth?

60. (a) Give the general structure of a tooth, (b) Name the different kinds of teeth and tell their uses, (c) Give the number of the different kinds of teeth.

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61. Why should teeth be thoroughly cleaned after eating?

62. (a) What is the tongue? (&) What is its importance ? >

63. (a) What is meant by a "furred tongue"? {h) What does it indicate?

64. (fl) What are the salivary glands? (&) State the effect of the saliva upon food.

65. What is the fauces?

^Q. Where and what are the tonsils?

67. (a) Describe the pharynx. (&) What is the oesophagus ?

68. What is a mucous membrane?

69. Describe the stomach.

70. What is the function of the stomach?

71. Name the glands found in the stomach.

«^ 72. (a) What are the properties of the gastric juices? (&) Describe the effect of alcohol on the gastric juice.

73. Name the muscles aiding the stomach in its work.

74. What is the appendix?

75. (a) Describe the small intestine. (6) Name the three parts into which it is usually divided.

76. (a) What are the villi? (&) What are the lacteals?

77. (a) What is chyme? (&) chyle?

78. Describe the large intestine.

79. (a) Where is the liver situated? (&) Describe the liver, (c) What office does the liver perform?

80. (a) What is bile? (&) What are the uses of bile?

81. (o) What is the pancreas? (&) State its importance.

82. Name all the digestive juices.

83. (a) What are the uses of saliva? (&) Describe its chemical action, (c) Show how saliva promotes digestion in the stomach.

84. (a) Tell of the action of the gastric juice. (&) What are peptones ?

85. Trace a mouthful of food through the alimentary canal showing the changes it undergoes in its course.

86. What is dyspepsia?

87. (a) Where does the absorption of nutriment take place most? Least? (b) How does this absorption take place?

THE BLOOD AND ITS CIRCULATION.

88. (a) What is blood? (b) Why do human beings need red blood?

89. Of what is blood composed?

90. Describe (a) red blood corpuscles, (b) colorless blood corpuscles, (c) What is the use of each?

91. (a) What is haemoglobin? Of what use is it? (b) What is meant by coagulation of the blood? To what is this due?

92. Has coagulation any value?

93. What is blood serum?

94. Name the gases carried along by the blood.

95. What is the proportion of blood to the entire body weight?

96. Define anemia and state its relation to health.

97. What is the connection of exercise to good blood?

98. (a) What is lymph? (b) Of what importance is it?

99. (a) What is circulation? (b) What are the organs of circulation?

100. Draw a diagram of the circulatory organs.

101. To whom are we indebted for the discovery of the circulation of the blood?

102. Distinguish between (a) veins, (b) arteries, (r) capillaries.

103. (a) What is the heart? (b) Where is its position? (c) Describe it.

104. Tell what the pericardium is.

105. What are the cavities of the heart called?

106. What is the aorta?

107. Trace the course of a drop of blood from the head around the body.

108. What are the venae cavae?

109. Tell how the heart is nourished.

110. Explain why the large arteries lie deeper than the veins.

111. Show the importance of the valves of the heart.

112. What is the connection between the heart and the hing?

113. Give reasons why special care should be taken not to develop heart disease.

114. (a) What is the pulse? (b) What may be learned from it?

115. Tell how good circulation may be promoted.

116. Discuss the effect of alcohol on the circulation.

117. What is the effect of alcohol on the heart?

118. Show the influence of tobacco on the heart.

119. What is the pulse in (a) a child, (b) a healthy adult?

BREATHING AND THE LUNGS.

120. (a) What is respiration? (ib) Name the organs of respiration.

121. What is the purpose of respiration?

122. Describe the lung.

123. What is (a) the trachea, (b) the pleura, (c) the thorax?

124. Tell what takes place in the lungs.

125. State the changes produced in air by being once breathed.

126. (a) Show the connection of ventilation to good breathing, (b) How much fresh air should be allowed for each person in a room?

127. What are the effects of alcohol and tobacco on the air passages?

128. (a) By what means are waste matters excreted from the body? (b) Name the organs of excretion.

129. What do the lungs do?

THE SKIN.

130. Describe the skin?

131. What sense resides in the skin?

132. Describe the hair.

133. Tell about the nails and what they are.

134. Name the kinds of glands in the skin, and their uses.

135. Why should the skin always be kept clean?

136. Give the hygiene of bathing.

137. Show the effect of smoking on the skin.

138. (a) Describe the kidneys, (b) State their special use.

THE BRAIN AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

139. (a) What is meant by the nervous system? (b) Show its importance.

140. Name the parts of the nervous system.

141. Describe the brain. Of what importance is it?

142. Describe the spinal cord.

143. What is the connection between the brain and formation of habits?

144. Show the connection of the brain and the nerves.

145. What is a nerve?

146. Define reflex action. Show its importance.

147. What is the effect of alcohol on the nervous system.

148. Show the effect of tobacco on the nervous system.

149. (a) Name the different kinds of nerve tissue, (b) Which is the more important, the white or the gray matter?

150. Describe the cerebrum and its hemispheres.

151. What are ganglia?

152. What are the three coverings of the brain and the spinal cord?

153. Which nerves convey (a) sensation? (b) motor impulses?

154. When are reflex actions noticed by the persons in whom they occur?

155. What is the medulla oblongata? "

THE SENSES AND THEIR ORGANS.

156. (a) Name the special senses and their organs. (&) Define sensation.

157. Describe the eye. Draw a diagram.

158. State the importance of the retina.

159. (a) How is the eye protected? (b) What governs the movements of the eye?

160. (a) What is the blind spot? (&) Define color blindness.

161. (a) What is meant by myopia, (b) hypermetropia, (c) astigmatism?

162. Give a few suggestions as to taking care of the eye.

163. State the effect of alcohol and tobacco on the eye.

164. Name the three parts of the ear. Which is the most important? Why?

165. (a) Describe the outer ear. (b) Of what does the middle ear consist? (c) Describe the internal ear.

166. (a) Show the importance of the tympanum. (&) Show how sound is recognized.

FOODS.

167. What is meant by albumens or proteids? Give examples.

168. What are fats? Name some foods that are fats.

169. What are carbohydrates? Exemplify.

170. (a) What are the chief chemical constituents of food? (b) What is the difference between organic and inorganic food substances?

171. State the importance of (a) iron, (b) water, (c) salt, (d) lime as foods.

172. Show the need for food.

173. Why is oxygen so essential as a food element?

174. (a) Name the principal chemical wastes in the body. (b) What is meant by waste in the body?

175. (a) What is the value of proteids? (b) of fats? (c) To what extent are carbohydrates valuable as body food?

176. (a) Name the most important inorganic foods. (b) Name the most perfect food. Why?

177. Show in what way the following foods are particularly nutritious: meats, cheese, rice, corn, beans, fruits.

178. How far does alcohol rank as a food?

179. To what extent should coffee and tea be used as a food ?

180. What is the importance of good cooking?

181. State the advantages of a mixed diet.

182. Show the relation of diet to work.

ANSWERS IN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.

1. (a) Physiology is that branch of biology that treats of the uses or functions of the various parts of the human body.

(b) Anatomy treats of the form, structure, purpose and connections of the various parts of the human body.

(c) Hygiene treats of the preservation and improvement of health.

2. Bone, cartilage and connective tissue.

3. A tissue is one of the primary fabrics necessary in building up the various parts and organs of the human body. It consists of cells arranged in regular order. Each tissue is built up for certain use and varies from all others.

4. Any distinct portion of the body designed for specific use or function is called an organ; as, the eye, ear, etc.

5. Along the back of man there is a solid column of bone which separates the dorsal from the ventral cavities and thus divides the human body into two general parts.

6. Man is intellectually superior to all other animals, can reason and form judgments. He can rise superior to and conquer all other vertebrates.

7. (a) His body is covered with hair: (b) the female has the mammary organs for the production of milk to nourish the young; and (c) he has a diaphragm which divides and separates the thorax from the abdomen.

8. (a) See 3; (b) the soft granular substance that forms the principal part of the cell; (c) the central mass of the protoplasm; (d) a tiny dot lying within the nucleus.

9. (a) All the parts of the body, such as tissue, muscle, etc., are made up of elements and compounds in varying proportions. (&) The elements found in a body of normal health are principally, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, prosphorus, calcium, sodium, iron and Hthium.

10. (c) Albumens or proteids ; (b) fats; (c) carbohydrates.

THE BONES AND THE SKELETON.

11. (a) The bony framework of the body, (b) It is composed of about 300 bones.

(c) To give firmness to the body and to protect the important internal organs.

12. (o) Bone is a solid tissue designed for the support and protection of other tissues. (&) It aids locomotion and gives form to the body.

13. (a) A tough tissue, the gristle of the body, with uses similar to those of the bones.

(b) It precedes bone in a greater part of the body, it forms cushions between the bodies of the vertebrae, and in a number of important joints; it forms the windpipe, external ear, etc., and unites the ribs to the breast bone and also the two pelvic bones.

14. A tissue in the form of stout cords, as ligaments or tendons, serving to bind bones together and to attach muscles to the bones ; it also covers bones. It is found almost everywhere in the body, from the skin to the lining of the alimentary canal.

15. (a) Skull, trunk, and extremities. (&) The limbs or locomotive organs.

16. (a) The skull is the upper part of the human body, above the trunk, holding and protecting the brain and the organs of sight, hearing, tasting and smelling, (b) The cranium and the face.

17. (a) The facial bones are fourteen in number; viz., two each of the nasal, superior maxillary, lachrymal, malar, palatal, turbinated and one vomer and one inferior maxillary or jaw bone.

(b) The cranial bones are eight in number, viz., the frontal, ethnoid, sphenoid, occipital, two temporal and two parietal.

(c) There are also bones in the ear, the teeth, and sometimes wormian bones.

18. They are prolongations and divisions of the spinal column.

19. All the bones of the skull, except the inferior maxillary or lower jaw bone are immovably joined together by means of joints like those of the dovetail carpenter's joint; these fit in accurately and are called sutures.

20. Seven cervical, twelve dorsal (in the back), five lumbar (in the small of the back), five to form the sacrum and four pelvic to form the coccyx.

21. (a) The axis is the backbone, spinal column or spine, on (&) which the rest of the body is carried.

22. The pelvic arch or pelvis is a single bone firmly fixed at the lower end of the spine, and has deep sockets into which the upper ends of the thigh bones fit.

23. (a) Twelve, (b) The twelve pairs of ribs are attached to it.

24. (a) A bony or cartilaginous strip attached to the spinal column and extending around to the front of the body, (b) Twelve pairs, (c) They serve to form a protective box for the organs in the thorax.

25. The spinal column presents four curvatures, one in the neck, followed by another in the opposite direction in the dorsal region, another opposite to the former curve in the loins and in the sacrum in the direction opposite to the third curve. This allows the column to be bent in any direction and the body to stand in a vertical position.

26. (a) The shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand.

(&) The shoulder blade and the collar bone (clavicle) in the shoulder; the arm bone (humerus) in the arm; the outer and inner bones (radius and ulna [funny bone]) in the forearm; and the wrist or eight carpal bones, the five metacarpal bones forming the palm and the fourteen phalanges in the fingers.

27. The hip consisting of the three bones, the ilium, ischium and pubic bone in the child, and one bone only in the adult ; the thigh (femur) ; the knee-cap (patella) ; the leg (the tibia and the fibula) and the foot (seven tarsal bones).

28. (a) Bone consists of one-third animal matter (chiefly gelatin and vessels) and two-thirds mineral (chiefly calcium or lime). (&) Place a bone previously cleaned of all muscular attachments into diluted hydrochloric acid, and only the animal or gelatinous matter will be left. The mineral portion may be obtained by burning the bone in a bright fire. Only the calcareous matter will be left.

29. Body with sides and angles ; shaft with extremities ; rough surfaces; smooth surfaces for joints, openings, etc.; long, short, flat or irregular.

30. The hollow bone will bear a greater strain than would a solid bone; the openings are also used for vessels and nerves.

31. The bones of the child contain more organic matter and are softer and more pliable, tougher and not so easily broken. The bones of the adult are principally of the calcareous matter, and thus rendered more easily breakable.

32. (a) A break in a bone. (&) In the adult. See 31.

33. The covering of the bones, serving as a protection and as a means of attachment for the musch ligaments and tendons.

34. (a) Attachments which permit one bone to move around another so as to give certain movements. (b) Movable — as at wrist, jaw, hip, etc. Immovable — between the bones in the skull. Mixed — as the ribs to the breast bone.

35. Movable, (a) sliding — wri^ patella; (b) hinge — jaw, elbow, knee; (c) rotating — skull and atlas around axis; (d) ball and socket — shoulder and hip.

37. (a) Any bone displaced at a joint, the ligaments being more or less torn, is called a dislogation.

(b) A sprain is an injury to a joint, accompanied by a straining, twisting, or tearing of the ligaments, without a dislocation of the bones.

38. (a) A flat three-sided gristly bone fitting over the knee-joint in front, (b) It prevents the joint from being injured when we fall, and protects the tendons and muscles meeting there.

THE MUSCLES.

39. (a) Organs composed of fibres through the contraction of which motion is afforded.

(&) To give motion; to protect and give warmth to the vital organs ; give shape to the body.

40. (a) Those which can be controlled by the will are called voluntary; those not under the control of the will are involuntary muscles.

(&) The muscle of the heart is involuntary, with a slower contraction than the other involuntary muscles ; but in structure it is similar to the voluntary muscles. This muscle is called striated.

41. Involuntary or striped muscles are plain, light in color, composed of spindle-shaped cells, interlacing to form layers in the walls of organs, as stomach, etc.

Voluntary or striped muscle — commonly called flesh — is of a red color, composed of long fibres, bound in bundles, and a number of these bundles tied together to form the muscle. They are attached directly, or by tendons, to the bone, ligament, etc., and have a variety of shapes. Added to the skeleton, they give shape to the body.

42. The part of the skeleton to which the inner end of the muscle is attached is the origin, and that to which the outer end (the end farther from the center of the body) is fixed is called the insertion.

43. Two-headed (biceps), three-headed (triceps), feather-like (digastric or two-bellied), flat.

44. (a) Most of the muscles are paired, having a corresponding muscle of the opposite side, and opposing the other. They are controlled by the working of the brain and spinal cord, with the aid of the nerves.

(b) Composed of fibres, covered and supported by connective tissue, and intertwined with blood and lymph vessels, and nerves. All of these are covered by a sheath.

45. (a) About three-fourths water and a quantity of salts ; proteids or albuminous substances form the rest.

(b) About four hundred.

46. Pectoralis major and minor (chest muscles), latissimus dorsi (broad of the back), intercostal^ (between the ribs), diaphragm, rectus abdominalis (abdomen), obliquus externus and internus, transversaTTs, lumburum (loins), erector spinas (up the vertebral column). The rectus abdominalis and the obliquus externus and internus with the transversalis compress the contents of the stomach.

48. (a) Deltoid (shoulder), biceps and triceps (arms and forearms), flexors and extensors (hands and fingers), pronators, suppinators.

49. (a) Myosin and a number of proteid substances.

(b) It changes the muscles into fat, making them flat and flabby and not strong enough for their proper functions.

50. Exercise strengthens the muscles, develops them, to keep them in good quality. Exercise should be taken judiciously; it must not be too violent and spasmodic, causing waste and fatigue.

51. Raising weights with the arms; pushing or punching the bag; bending forward till the fingers touch the floor; rising upon tiptoe and stretching the arms upward ; bending the knee systematically ;

lying upon the back and raising body to a sitting position; swinging the arms in a circle.

52. The will ; drugs ; electricity ; mechanical means or agents.

DIGESTION.

53. The preparation and change of the food taken in so that it can be absorbed into the body.

54. (a) The alimentary canal is a tube which runs through the body from the lips to the posterior end of the trunk.

(&) The mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.

55. The tongue and the teeth.

56. (a) Hollow organs which are imbedded in the mucous membrane, and which prepare liquids that make chemical changes in the food so that it may be taken into the system.

(b) Excretive and secretive, according to their work. According to their shape, they are tubular, capillaries, racemose, papillae, villi, follicles, and simple. They may also be ductless or with a duct.

(c) The mouth glands (parotid, sub-maxillary, tonsils), stomach follicles, liver, pancreas, intestinal glands, lymph glands.

57. The initial cavity of the alimentary canal, bounded by the lips and cheeks, the tongue and the palate.

58. The roof of the mouth, consisting of the hard palate and the soft palate.

59. (a) Thirty-two.

(b) The milk teeth are the temporary set consisting of only twenty teeth, no molars. The permanent set replaces the milk teeth and adds twelve molars.

60. (a) The greater part of the tooth is made of dentine or ivory; the crown or that part of the tooth above the gum is covered with the hard material, enamel. The fang, the part within the gum, is covered with a cement; the pulp cavity contains the vessels, nerves, and tooth cell to the cells lying against the dentine.

(&) The incisors or cutting teeth; the canine or tearing teeth; the molar or grinding teeth and the bicuspids or premolars, which are also used for grinding and crushing food.

(c) Eight incisors, four canines, eight premolars (or bicuspids) and twelve molars, thirty-two in all.

61. Food that is not removed from the teeth decays and forms acids, which act upon the limes in the teeth, causing the teeth surely but slowly to decay.

62. (a) The tongue is a muscular organ, covered with mucous membrane and attached to the inferior maxillary and hyoid bones. (b) It aids in the mastication and swallowing. It has the sense of taste located in the back portion. It is part of the mechanism of speech.

63. (a) The tongue is moist and covered by little " fur." In health they are rei (b) A change in the color indicates disease.

64. (a) The three glands, the parotid, sublingual and submaxillary, which secrete the saliva.

(&) It keeps the mouth moist and allows us to speak with comfort. It also enables us to swallow dry food, and dissolves such bodies as sugar and salt when taken in the solid form, enabling us to taste them.

65. A passage leading into the pharynx, below the soft palate.

66. A gland lying in the folds of the fauces that becomes enlarged during a cold or sore throat. It contains numerous glands making mucus.

67. (o) A conical bag with its broad end turned up toward the skull and the narrower end leading to the oesophagus.

(b) The oesophagus or gullet is a tube commencing at the end of the pharynx and passing through the neck and chest, ending in the stomach, just below the diaphragm.

68. The membrane secreting the mucus to moisten the passages in the alimentary canal, etc.

69. A curved, conical bag, very elastic, placed in the upper part of the abdominal cavity. It lies just beneath the diaphragm. At one end the gullet enters, and at the other end is the pyloric orifice, leading directly into the small intestine. Its usual holding capacity, when moderately stretched, is three pints (and can hold at the most two quarts). It is about twelve inches long and four inches wide at its widest part when moderately distended.

70. It is the great organ to aid the digestion of the food.

71. The gastric glands which secrete the gastric juice, containing the pepsin.

72. (a) The gastric juice dissolves that part of the food that contains the albumen, and makes peptones out of the albuminous foods as lean meat, gluten of flour, etc.

(b) Alcohol irritates the membrane of the stomach and dilates the blood vessels, makes the gastric juice flow, but lessening the power of the juice to do its work.

73. The rectus abdominalis, the obliquus externus and internus and the transversalis.

74. A small tube about four inches long opening out from the large intestine, no longer of any value to man, but of importance in the lower animals.

75. (a) The small intestine commences at the pyloric end of the stomach and after many windings ends in the large intestine. It is about twenty feet long and about two inches wide at its greatest width.