The miller, millwright and millfurnisher

Preface

J7

sN preparing this book for a large class of practical men, only slightly \ represented in technical literature, the author has aimed to give it i

t a wider range than any work of the kind yet presented.

The material has been gathered from various sources. Many mills have been visited ; interviews and extended correspondence have been held with practical and successful millers, millwrights and millfurnishers. The author has adapted and freely quoted from standard works, and from his own and other articles in the principal milling journals.

Much of the information given answers questions asked by those interested.

A large part of the work has been verified by competent specialists, whom the author heartily thanks.

Some of the subjects are mooted questions among the most skilled in the art ; and in many such instances the claims of both sides are stated.

This book is intended not only for occasional reference, but for daily use. Many of the calculations and tests have been made specially for it.

It is not offered as infallible ; but should be convenient and useful, and may serve as a basis for something better.

Philadelphia, May i, 1882.

PUBLISHER'S NOTICE,

|HE Publisher, in offering this work to the milling public, wants to

'^i^' sa)' that, recognizing the desirability of a practical and useful handbook in the arts of milling, millwrighting and millfurnishing, he engaged the services of an unbiased author, already well known in technical literature, with instructions to spare neither care nor expense in producing a correct and useful work. The task — which was a long one — is finished. The amount of matter as here presented is about three times greater than that in the largest prior work on the subject in the English language, and the illustrations are numerous and interesting. The style is clear and concise, and the work proves to be so comprehensive, that it has been thought advisable to print a much larger edition than was at first intended. The price has been made low so as to meet the demands of a large number of readers.

Chapter I.— MILL CONSTRUCTION. Page

Site— Plans— Cost of Excavation— Foundations — Frost — Walls (Stone)— Bricks— Mortar— Batter— Partitions— Chimneys— Beams — Floors — Doors and Windows — Sheathing— Plastering — Roofs— Leaders — Skylights— Ventilation — Lightning Rods, etc.— Paints — Fire-Proof Construction — Fires and their Causes — Artesian Wells— Tanks — Pumps — Hose — Hydraulic Ram— Chemical Extinguisher — Fixed Water Pipes — Steam Pipes — Heating— Lighting — Estimates, ............. 9,

Chapter II.— MILL PLANS

Roller and Burr MUls — New Process Burr Mill — Three-Run Mill— Two-Run Low Grinding Mill — Niagara Falls Mill— Burned Yaeger Mill— Deseronto Mill— Five-Run Eurr Mill— Two-Run Burr Mill— Mill Office— Seven-Run Mill— Oliver Evans' Mill, ... .41

Chapter IX.— BOILERS

Combustion— Fuels— Waste of Fuel— Material for Boilers— Effects of Heating— Testing Plate- Boiler Shapes— Laterally Fired Horizontal Boilers— Internal Firing— Tubular— Water Tubes— Elephant— Proportions— Draft Area of Tubes— Steam Room— Weakening EfCects of Common Steam Domes— Flues and Tubes— Grate Bars— Setting— Smoke Consumers- Chimneys- Cowls-Steam Pipe- Dry Pipe — Safety Valves — Fusible Plugs- Pressure Gauges-Glass Water Gauge— Draft Regulator— Feed Pipe— Feed Pump— Injector-Steam Traps— Blow-Off Valve— Blowers— Heating and Filtering Feed-Water— Corrosion, External, Internal— Grooving—Incrustation — Character of Scale — Scale Preventatives— Management, ......••• .114

CONTEXTS.

Chapter X.— THE STEAM ENGINE. Page

Steam — Mechanical Effect — Expansion — Throttling and Wire-Drawing — Back Pressure — Economy of High-Pressures— Condenser— Compression— Speed — Superheated Steam — Steam Jacket— Lagging — Governor — Gardner's Governor — Foundation— Steam Cylinders—Fly-Wheel — Stroke— Steam Chest— Area of Steam Ports— Piston Head- Piston Rod — Slides— Cross-Head— Connecting Rod— Crank Pin— Crank— Piston-Head Packing— Piston-Rod Packing — Care of Steam Engine— Pounding— Cylinder Lubrication— Indicator Diagrams and Expert Tests — Wheelock Engine — Computation of Horse-Power— Power and " Duty "—Cost of Putting in Steam Power— Cost of Fuel per Barrel of Flour, . . 157

Chapter XI.— TRANSMISSION— SHAFTING

Shafting— Turned Shafting— Cold Rolled— Hot Finished— Hollow Shafts— Hangers-Bearings —

Torsion — Couplings — Friction Clutch — To Line Up Shafting— Keys, . . . .188

Chapter XII.— TRANSMISSION BY BELTING

Belts; vs. Gears — Elements in Belt Transmission — Rubber Belts— Cotton— Rawhide— Leather — Duration— Requisites for Successful Belt Transmission— Tension — Sag— Tightening Pulleys—Lacing—Putting on Belts— Testing Strength and Grip— Laying Out— Carrying Power aroTmd a Corner by a Belt— Shifter, ......... 199

• Chapter XIII.— TRANSMISSION BY CHAINS.

Detachable Link Chain, ............ 216

Chapter XIV.— TRANSMISSION BY GEARING

Gearing— Loss of Power through Gears— Laying out Gear Teeth— Mortise Gearing — Laying out

the Teeth of Mortise Wheels— Gear Wheels, ........ 280

Chapter XV.— TRANSMISSION— PULLEYS

Pulleys— Stepped Pulleys— Split Pulleys— Loose Pulleys— Idle Pulleys— Tractive Force— Lagging

—Bevel and Mitre Friction Pulleys, ......... 229

Chapter XVL— ROPE TRANSMISSION.

Location of Power— Transmission of Power by Wire Ropes — Distance of Transmission— Driving Ropes — Sheaves for Wire Rope — Deflection of Ropes— Long Transmissions— Rope Connecting Rods, ............ 837

Chapter XVII.— FRICTION AND LUBRICATION

Friction — Function of Lubricant — Hot Bearings — Lubricants — Compounded Oils — Evaporation- Spontaneous- Combustion — Purity — Action of Oils on Metals — Bearing Metals — Proportions of Bearings, ........... 241

Chapter XVIIL— BACKLASH AND SIDE PULL.

Backlash— Coil Spring— Side Pull, . . . . • . . . . - .251

Chapter XIX.— GRAIN CLEANING

Cleaning — Ending — Screens— Grading and Separation— Hungarian System of Cleaning— Cockle — Cockle SeparatiOB— Oat Separation— Grader and Dustless Separator— Smutter and Separator — Wheat Brush. .......... 354

Chapter XX.— WHEAT DRYING AND HEATING

Drying Wheat— Heating WTieats— Generators for Wheat Heaters in Water Mills— Thermometer

Attachment for Wheat Heaters, ........ 279

COXTEXTS.

Chapter XXL— GRANULATION AND GRINDLNG.

Page.

General Classification of Granulating and Grinding Devices — Disc Milling — Material of Discs- Burr Millstones— Oscillating Upper-Runner Horizontal Mill— Oscillating Under-Runner Horizontal Mill— Rigid Runner Horizontal MiUs—Under-Runners— Vertical Mills— Iron Discs— Iron Cones— Methods of Driving Rolls— Cylindrical Rollers— Single Roller Working against a Curved Face— Materials of Rollers— Surface of Rollers— Grooved ChUled Iron Rolls— Smoothed Chilled Iron Rolls— Smooth Porcelain Biscuit Rolls, . . .283

CirAPTER XXIL— THE BURR-STONE.

Various Stones used for Grinding — Burr-stone Proper — La-Fert6-sous-Jouarre— Ordinary Millstones, ............. 288

Chapter XXIIL— MOUNTING THE BURRS.

The Millstone— Building Up the Burrs— Size and Weight of Stones— Hurst Frames — Hoppers and Hopper Frames— Pinion Jack— Size of Pulleys— The Spindle— Different Forms of Cockheads— Setting the Bed— Tramming and Bridging— Iron Jackstick with Level — To Make a Tram— Bush— Tram-Pot—Stiff vs. Oscillating Drive— The Balanced Bail— Ordering a Bail — Drivers — The Dane Driver — Equilibrium— Balancing the Runner — Standing Balance — Running Balance— Centrifugal Force— Radius of Gyration— Putting in Running Balance—Point of Suspension — The Damsel Feeders — Automatic Stone Lift — Iron Burr Crane- Oiling MiU Spindles— Fitting a New Back— Cost of Building Up, . . .295

Chapter XXIV.— VARIOUS MILLSTONE DRESSES.

The Dress— Choice of Dress— Path of Material— Elements of Dress— Eye— Bosom— Face— Proportion of Land and Furrows— Duties of Furrows— Number of Quarters— Number of Furrows— Outline of Furrows— Circle Furrow— HoUandish Circle Dress — Improved Circle Dress— Logarithmic Spiral Dress— Angle of Furrow Crossing— Laying Out Circle Furrows—Direction of Furrows— Draft-Depth of Furrows— Furrow Section— Smoothness of Lands and Furrows Old Quarter Dress— The Hughes Dress — Compromise Dress- Pennsylvania and New Jersey Dress— Old Style Equalizing Dress— New Style Equalizing Dress- Combination Dress— Dickson Dress— Southern Dress— Jones Dress — Bowman Dress— Amdt's Dress— Ward's Millstone Formula— Dressing for Regrinding— Other Dresses (for Old and New Process, for Middlings, for Corn, for Wheat, etc.) 319

Chapter XXV.— DRESSING THE BURRS.

First Dress— Picks- Tempering Mill Picks and Chisels— Position in Dressing— Paint Staff— Proof Staff— Staffing— Direction of Furrows— Draft Square— Furrow Strip— Redressing and Cracking- Cleaning Millstones — Mending Burr Faces— Pick Burr Dresser — Diamond Dressing— Benton Dresser— Hand Tools. ........ 344

Chapter XXVL— OPERATION OF THE BURRS,

Operation of Grinding- Diameter of Burrs — Table of Rim Speeds— Speed of Grinding— Dress and

Quality of Stone -Trouble in Grinding— Quality of Burr Flour, .... 35?

Chapter XXVIL— COOLING THE CHOP.

Millstone Ventilation— High-Pressure Aspiration, ........ 361

Chapter XXVIII. —ATTRITION BY AIR-BLAST.

Attrition by Air-Blast, ............ 366

Ch.^pter XXIX.— IRON DISC MILLS.

Iron Disc Mills — Raymond Brothers' Mill — Jonathan Mills' Disc Machines, . . 367

Chapter XX.X.— DETAILS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BURR MILLS.

Classificaiion of Mills— Usual Type of Mill.— Munson's Geared Under-Runner Mill— Munson's

Portable Mill Spindle— Plantation Mills, ........ 378

Chapter XXXI. —SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES.

Progress of Modern Milling— Hungarian Roller System— Why Hungarian System is Complicated-Details of 150Barrel System— A 450-Barrel Roller Mill, . , .379

Contents

Chapter XXXII.— DETAILS OF ROLLERS AND FRAMES.

Page.

Roller Milling— Varieties of Roller Machines— Number of Rolls, Single and Three High— Jones'/ Single Roll Frame— Roll Pairs— Method of Driving— Length of Rolls— Diameter of Rolls- Surface of Rolls— Materials of Rolls— Soft-Irou Rolls— Forms of Corrugations— Stevens' Patents— Number of Corrugations— Twist of Corrugations— Feed and Pressure— Axial Pressure— Differential Speed— Speed Ratios— Capacity 9f Round Rib Rolls— Yield from Roller Milling— Amount of Break Flour— Color— Strength of Roller Flour— Power Required by Rolls— Labor Required with Rolls— Coolness with Roll Work— Rolls on Soft Wheats— Break Rolls for Soft Wheats— Break Rolls for Mixed Wheats— Rolls on Middlings—Bran Cleaning by Rolls— Gray's Roller Frame, . . . . .386