Negroes and Negro "slavery:" the first an inferior race; the latter its normal condition

Front matter

Fig. L— Page 135,

NEGROES

AND

Preface

Since the first edition of this work was issued, startling and deplorable events have occurred. The great " Anti-Slavery" delusion, that originated with European monarchists more than fifty years ago, has culminated iu disunion and civil war, as its authors always predicted it would. A party strongly imbued with the false theories and absurd assumptions of British writers and abolition societies, is in possession of the Federal Government, which it stands pledged to use to reduce its assumptions to practice. It holds that the negro, except in color, is a man like themselves, and naturally entitled to the same liberty — that to deny him this liberty, is to enslave him — that, therefore, Southern society is wrong, and should be revolutionized, and it avows it to be its mission to accomplish this — to institute a policy that shall finally abolish or destroy the supremacy of the white man, and secure " impartial freedom" for negroes ! To this the South replies, that this government was created for white men alone, and their posterity, as declared in the preamble to the Constitution — that the Supreme Court has recently declared the same great truth — that, seizing the government by a mere sectional vote, and placing it in distinct conflict with the social order of the South, with the avowed purpose of penning up its negro population, in order to bring about some day the extinction or overthrow of the existing condition, is, therefore, an overthrow of the Constitution — that the object avowed necessarily involves their future destruction, and to save themselves from the wild delusion and malignant fanaticism of the North, they are forced, in

VI PREFACE.

self-defense, to withdraw from the Union, hitherto, or until this hostile and dangerous party entered the field, so beneficial to all sections of the country.

So stands the case between the sections. If the "anti-slavery" party was based on truth — if the negro, except in color, was a man like ourselves — if social subordination of this negro was wrong, and the four millions of these people at the South entitled to the same liberty as ourselves — and if the men who made this government designed it to include the inferior races of this continent, and it were really beneficial to equalize and fraternize with these negroes, then, though it may be doubted, if using the common government to bring it about were proper, the end in view would be so beneficent, and such a transcendent act of justice to these assumed slaves, that all honest, earnest, and patriotic citizens should promptly sustain the party now striving to accomplish it. But, on the contrary, if this party is based on a stupendous falsehood — if the negro is a different and inferior being, and in his normal condition at the South — and if the men who made this government, designed it for white men alone — then the length and breadth and width and depth of the " anti-slavery" delusion, and the crime of the " anti-slavery" party, which has broken up the Union in a blind crusade after negro freedom, will be fully comprehended by the American people. The whole mighty question, therefore, with all its vast and boundless consequences, hinges on the apparently simple question of fact — is the negro, except in color, a man like ourselves, and therefore naturally entitled to the same liberty ?

It is absolutely certain that neither the liberty, the rights, nor the interests of one single northern citizen is involved ; nothing whatever but a blind and foolish theory of " negro slavery" which is attempted to be forced on the South. If the people of the two great sections of the country could

PREFACE. VU

change places, the vast u anti-slavery" delusion would be exploded in sixty days. But as this is impossible, the next best thing is to explain the actual condition of things in the South to the northern mind. This great work the author has undertaken, not to defend an imaginary slavery, for it needs no defense, but to explain the social order — to demonstrate to the senses, as well as the reason, that the negro is a different and subordinate being, and in his normal condition at the South ; and thus to show the enormous and fathomless folly, crime, and impiety wrapped up in the great " anti-slavery" delusion of the day. The former edition of this work was put to press so hurriedly, that it contained many errors, but the present one has been carefully revised ; and, moreover, the introductory chapter has been rewritten, in order to present a more distinct history of the origin and progress of the great British " anti-slavery" imposture which is now working out its legitimate and designed purpose in the destruction of the American Union.

In conclusion, the author begs to say, that mere literary display or fine writing is with him quite a subordinate consideration. He only desires to be understood, and, that the grand and momentous truths described in this book shall be clearly comprehended by the masses, with the confident assurance that when they come to understand that their own liberty, welfare, and prosperity are all hazarded in a blind crusade after that which, could it be accomplished, would be the greatest calamity ever inflicted on a civilized people, the causeless and senseless, but frightful sectional conflict now raging will be speedily terminated by the universal uprising of the northern masses in favor of a government of white men, and union with the South.

Chapter I. Causes Of Popular Delusion

Page European Misconception of the Negro — Monarchical Hostility to American Institutions — Imposture or Delusion of Wilberforce — False Issue of a Single Human Race — Dictation of European "Writers — Subserviency of the American Mind 17

Chapter II. Laws Of Organization

Divisions of the Organic "World — Each Form of Being an Independent Creation — Harmony in the Economy of Animal Life — The Races specifically different from each other — A Single Species Impossible — Fallacies of Linnaeus and other European Naturalists — Ignorance of Educated Men on this Subject 34

Chapter III. The Human Creation

Subdivisions of Mankind— The Difierent Races of Men — Characteristics of each — The Caucasian — The Mongolian — The Malay — The Aboriginal American — Caucasian Remains in Mexico — The Esquimaux — The Negro Race ; its Origin ; Observations of Livingston, Garth, and others

X CONTENTS.

Page — Hybrids confounded with the TypicalNegro — The Dogma of a Single Eace — Mankind Created in Groups — The Bible Aspect of the Question — Inconsistency of the Advocates of the Single Race Theory 44

Chapter IV. Historical Outline

Origin of the Caucasian Race — Bible Accounts — Invasion of Egypt by the Master Race — The Caucasians in Assyria, Persia, and Babylon — Origin of the Mongolians — The Use of the Term " Barbarian" — The History of the Greeks — Not the Authors of Political Liberty — Athens not a Democracy — The Roman Republic and Empire — Citizenship a Privilege, not a Right — The Advent of Christianity the Advent of Democracy — The Dark Ages — The Races that Figured in that Era — The Crusades — The Asiatic Invasion — The Carthaginians — The Arabs — The Downfall of the Roman Empire — The Reformation — All the Numerous Varieties of the White Race Subsiding into Three Well-known Eamilies, the Celtic, the Teutonic and Sclavonic — General Review — The Intellectual Powers of the White Race the same in all Ages — Knowledge only Progressive — The Inferior Races Incapable of Acquiring and Transmitting Knowledge — The Chinese no Exception 63

Chapter V Color

The Cause of Color Unknown — The Caucasian Color the Index of the Character ; the Contrary the Case with the Negro Race — The Black Complexion a Sign of Inferiority — Misuse of the term " Colored Man" 88

Chapter VI. Figure

Differences in Form — The Negro Incapable of Standing Upright — Other Marks of Inferiority — The Relative Approximation of the Ourang- Outang to the Negro and the Caucasian 92

Chapter VII. The Hair

The Hair of the Caucasian and Negro Contrasted — The Beard of the Caucasian indicative of Superiority — The Negro and other Races have not the Flowing Beard of the Caucasian 98

CONTENTS. XI

Chapter VIII. The Features

Page The Features the True Reflex of the Inner Nature — "Variations of Size, Outlines, Complexion, etc., of the Caucasian Race — Resemblance of Negroes to each other in Size and Appearance — Inability of the Negro Features to express the Emotional Feelings peculiar to the Caucasian, etc., etc 105

Chapter IX. Language

Divided into two Portions— First Capacity of Expression— Second Arrangement into Parts of Speech — All Beings have a Language, each Specific and in Accordance with its Organism — The Vocal Organs of the Negro — No Negro can Speak the Language of the White Man Correctly — Negroes can be Distinguished by their Voices — A Negro Musical Artist Unknown — Musical Genius Requires a Drain of Corresponding Complexity — The Negro's Love of Music merely Sensuous, and Manifested by the Feet as much as by the Brain 109

Chapter X. The Senses

Organism of the Senses — Their Strength and Acuteness in Inferior Races —The Cause of Negro Indolence Explained — The Necessity of Governing the Negro — Incapacity of the " Free Negro" to Produce Sufficient for his own Support — His Ultimate Extinction Simply a Question of Time — Incapacity of the Negro for the Higher Branches of Mechanism =— Effect of Flogging on the Negro Senses, etc,, etc 115

Chapter XI. The Brain

Erroneous Impressions Relative to the Brain — What Constitutes the Brain — Its Size the True Test of Intelligence — General Uniformity of the Negro Brain — Its Correspondence with the Body — Its Size, when Compared with that of the White Man — The Folly and Impiety of Attempting to Equalize those whom God has made Unequal, etc 125 xii CONTENTS.

Chapter XII. General Summary

Page Eecapitulation and Review of the Outward Characteristics of the Negro — Color, etc., seen to be only a Single Pact out of the Millions of Facts separating Races — Inner Qualities necessarily Correspondent with the Outward ones — Conclusion 132

P A It T II.

Chapter XIII. Hybridism

The Laws of Interunion fully Explained — A fixed and well-defined Limit to Mulattoism — Prostitution in the North, and Mulattoism in the South — Amalgamation and its Consequences — The Physiological Laws governing Mulattoism and Mongrelism— Condition of the Negro in Jamaica, Hayti, etc.— The Negro, when Isolated, certain to Relapse into his Original Barbarism — Intellectual Difference between Negroes and Mulattoes — The Viciousness and Cowardice of the Mongrel — His Low Grade of Vitality, etc., etc 143

Chapter XIV. The "slave Trade," Or The Importation Of Negroes

General Review of the Subject — The Absurdity of Attempting to Civilize Africa — The Adaptability of the Negro to Tropical Labor — Las Casas and the Negroes and Indians — How the Spanish Government conducted " the Slave Trade" — Its Inhumanity, as practiced by the Dutch and English— The Benefits of the Original " Slave Trade"— The Reason why England is so Anxious to Abolish " Slavery," etc., etc... 168

Chapter XV. Normal Condition Of The Negro

The Law of Adaptation — The Natural Relation of Men to Animals, of Parents to Offspring, of Men of the Same Species to Each Other —

CONTENTS. Xlll

Page American Institutions based on the Natural Relations, or the Natural Equality of the Race — Political Equality the Normal Order of the "White Man — Disregard of the Natural Relations in Europe — Repression of the Natural Order — Result of the Employment of Force to Preserve the Existing Condition — Popular Ignorance of the Relations of Races — Juxtaposition of White Men and Negroes — Natural Inferiority and Social Subordination of the latter — The Natural, or Uneducated Negro of Africa, compared with the Civilized Negro of America — Free Negroism a Social Disease — Social Subordination, with the Protection of the White Man, the Normal Condition of the Negro 119

Chapter XVI. Chattelism

Historic Slavery — Its Origin — Its Character — All White People — Often Highly Educated Men — Their Abject Dependence on the Wih or Caprice of the Owner — Their Incapacity to Propagate Themselves — Their Restoration to Citizenship, etc. — Nothing whatever in Common with the Social Subordination of Negroes in our Time — The Industrial Capacity of the Negro all that the Master owns — Care and Kindness of the Master — Rapid Increase of the Negro Population when in their Normal Condition, etc 204

Chapter XVII

The Education of the Negro should be in Harmony with his Wants and Mental Capacity — The Folly of Attempting to Educate the Negro as we do the Caucasian — The Negro always a Child in Intellect — The Duty of the Master to set his " Slave" a Good Example — The Imitative Faculty of the Negro mistaken for Intelligence, etc 215

Chapter XVIII. The Domestic Affections

Love of the Caucasian Mother for her Offspring — Relative Capacity of White and Black Children — The Negress, after a certain period, loses all Love for, or Interest in, her Offspring — Affection for his Master the Strongest Feeling of which the Negro is capable, etc., etc 223

XIV CONTENTS.

Chapter XIX. Marriage

Page The Idea that Marriage does not Exist among " Slaves" Repugnant to the Northern Mind — Its Effect on Increasing the Anti-Slavery Delusion — New England Women — Their Domestic Education Admirable — Their Mistake as to the Pacts of Marriage at the South — Their Southern Sisters— "What is Marriage ?— Not Simply a Civil Contract— A Natural Relation — The Love of Negroes Impulsive and Capricious. 223

Chapter XX. Climatic And Industrial Adaptation

How the Earth is Divided — Its Fauna and Flora; — All Organized Beings have their Centres of Existence peculiar to Themselves — No such thing as the Creation of the same Species in Different Centres of Life — The more elevated the Organism, the less subject to External Circumstances — Incapacity of the Negro to Live in Northern

, Latitudes — Their Miserable Condition and Rapid Extinction in Canada — Industrial Adaptation of the Caucasian to Intemperate Latitudes — Why white Labor is worth more than that of the Negro at the North — Industrial Adaptation of the Negro to Tropical and Tropicoid Products — Absurdity of the Ordinance of 1181 — The Acquisition of Southern Territory always saves the North from so-called Negro Slavery — "Extension of Slavery" vital to both White and Black — Absolute Necessity of Negro Labor in the Tropics — Production, and therefore Civilization, otherwise Impossible 245

Chapter XXI. North And South The Origin Of The American Idea Of

GOVERNMENT.

The Progenitors of our so-called Slaves, though mainly Imported at the North, ultimately found their way South — Difference between the Early Colonists of both Sections of the Country — Virginia Mainly Settled by the Cavaliers — The Southern Leaders the Originators and Upholders of our Present System of Government — The Presence of

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Page

the Negro, in his Natural Condition, conducive to the Equality of "White Men — The Harmony of Southern Society — The Interests of " Slaveholder" and "Non-Slaveholder," and of Master and "Slave" are Indivisible — The Presence of the Negro in his Normal Condition the Happiest Event in Human Affairs, etc 270

Chapter XXII. The Alliance Of Northern" And Southern Producers

The Antagonism of Ideas after the Constitution was formed — The Two Opposing Leaders, Hamilton and Jefferson, in Washington's Cabinet — Hamilton's Financial Policy Wrong — The British System — The Alien and Sedition Laws — British " Liberty" — Conflict of Labor and Capital — The Producing Classes at the North without Leaders — The "Wealth and Power in the hands of the Federalists — At the South the Slaveholders were Producers — Mr. Jefferson's Declaration that they were the Allies of the Northern Laborers True — The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 the True Exposition of our Federal System —Civil Revolution of 1800 293

Chapter XXIII. The Future Of The Negro

The Number of Negroes on this Continent — The " Free" Negro — Impossibility of his Living out the Life of the White Man — The " Free" Negroes of Virginia and Maryland — The Drawback of the " Free" Negro Population — Its Dangerous Elements — Its Immoral Character — Its Tax on the Laboring Classes — Its Ultimate Extinction — Slavery in Brazil and Cuba — The White Man Degraded there— Social Danger — Tropical Civilization — Intellect of the White Man, and the Labor of the Negro Essential to it — The Condition of Jamaica — White Blood being Extinguished — The Tendency of the British System to Force Negroes to a Forbidden Level with White Men — Negro Officials — Knighting a Negro — The Effect of Legal and Social Equality — The Extinction of the White Race in the West Indies only a Question of Time — The Negro Returning to Savageism — Hayti — Terrible Results of the British Anti-Slavery Policy — An African Heathenism in America 309

XVI CONTENTS.

Conclusion

Page

Review of the Subject — Juxtaposition with the Subordinate Race has

Originated New Ideas in the Master Race, and Rendered Republican Liberty Practicable — Beneficent Union of Capital and Labor in the South — A Southern Majority and Northern Minority have Acquired all the Territory, Fought all the Battles, and Conducted the Nation in every Step of its Growth, since its Foundation to the Present Time — The Acquisition of the Gulf States has Secured Equal Rights to the Masses at the North — Final Acquisition of Cuba, Central America, etc., Essential to the National Development — Extension of so-called Slavery a Vital Law of National Existence, and Absolutely Essential to American Civilization 336

Chapter I. Causes Of Popular Delusion

" American slavery," though having no existence in fact, is a phrase which, for the last forty years, has been oftener heard than American democracy ; yet the latter is one of the great powers of the earth, and destined, in the course of time, to revolutionize the world. But in this prominence of an abstraction, and indifference, or apparent indifference, to the grandest fact of modern times, is witnessed the wide-spread and almost despotic influence of the European over the American mind. What is here termed " American slavery," is the status of the negro in American society — the jsocial relation of the negro to the white man — which, being in accord with the natural relations of the races, springs spontaneously from the necessities of human society. The white citizen is superior, the negro inferior; and, therefore, whenever or wherever they happen to be in juxtaposition, the human law should accord, as it does accord in the South, with these relations thus inherent in their organizations, and thus fixed forever by the hand of God. And were America isolated from Europe — did that sea of fire, which Mr. Jefferson once wished for, really divide the Old World and the New, and thus separate us from the mental obliquities and moral perversities of the former — then any other relation than that now common to the South, would be an impossible conception to the American mind.

The words "slave" and "slavery" were scarcely heard a hundred years ago, as indeed they will be unheard a hunclred years hence; and prior to the Revolution of 1776, the people of America were quite unconscious of that mighty " evil," now so oppressive to many otherwise sensible minds, though this imaginary slavery then spread over the whole continent. All new communities are distinguished by a certain advance in civilization over the elder ones, however rude the former may appear in some respects, or whatever may be the over-refinement, or seeming refinement, of the latter. Truth lives forever — "the eternal years of God are hers;" and all real knowledge, all true progress made by the race, is treasured up, and carried with it in all its wanderings, whether from the Nile to the Tiber, or from the Thames to the Hudson ; while the errors, the foolish traditions and vicious habits, mental and moral, that gather about it, and weaken, and sometimes so overlie and conceal the truth as to render it useless, are left behind. We see this even in our own energetic and progressive society. The younger States are the most enlightened States ; and the West, whatever may be its wants, or supposed wants among a certain class, is really more civilized than the East. That community which is the most prosperous — where there is the greatest amount of happiness — where there is relatively the greatest number of independent citizens — is per se and of necessity the most civilized; for the end of existence, the object of the All- wise and beneficent Creator — happiness for His creatures — is here most fully accomplished.

And when we contemplate the history of this continent, and compare the character of the early colonists, their history, and their influence over the present condition of things, it will be found that they remained stationary in exact proportion as they clung to the ideas and habitudes of the Old World ; or advanced towards a better and higher condition just as they cast off these influences, and lived in natural accord with the circumstances that surrounded them. The Spanish conquerors were often the pets and favorites of the court, and always the faithful sons of the Church, and brought with them the pomps and vanities of the former, and the rigid ecclesiastical observances of the latter. When Cortez and Pizzaro took possession of a province, they pompously paraded the titles and dignities of the emperor before the wondering savages, and added vast multitudes of " Christian converts" to " Holy Church" with a zeal and fervor that the Beechers and Cheevers of our times might envy, but surely could not equal. The English colonists, on the contrary, were almost all disaffected, or at all events, were charged with disaffection to the mother country. This, it is true, was masked under religious beliefs and scruples of conscience, but was none the less hostile to the political order under which they had been persecuted and suffered so long. As soon, therefore, as they found themselves in a New World, and relieved from the tyranny of the Old, they abandoned, to a great extent, the forms, as they already had abandoned many of the ideas, of the latter. They recognized the nominal sovereignty of the mother country, or rather of the Crown ; but from the landing at Jamestown, as well as at Plymouth, all the British colonists really governed themselves, made their own laws, provided for their own safety, and, except the governor, and occasionally some subordinate officials, elected their own rulers. The result was a corresponding prosperity ; for not only did the discipline of self-reliance strengthen the character, and call out a higher phase of citizenship among the English colonists, but in casting off the habitudes of the old societies, and adopting those that were suited to the circumstances surrounding them, they soon exhibited a striking contrast to those of Spain and of other European powers, who cluug to the ideas and habits of Europe.

But this drawback on American progress — this clinging to the habitudes of the Old World, which kept the Spanish and French colonies in abject submission to the mother country, and which England, at a later period, sought to force on her colonies — was not the sole embarrassment in the progress of the colonists. They were confronted by wild and ferocious savages, who disputed every step of the white European ; and though, previous to the independence of the colonies, the mother country united with the latter against the former, from the breaking out of hostilities in 1776 to the close of the War of 1812 the interests of monarchy and savagism may be said to have been inseparable, and to have formed a common barrier against the march of republicanism. Indeed, it is a truth, attested by the whole history of the past, and equally so by the circumstances of the present, that the subordinate races of this continent — the Indian, Negro, Mongrel, etc. — constitute the material, the very stock in trade, of European monarchists, to embarrass the progress of American institutions ; and in every instance where we have been engaged in Indian wars, that portion of our people who, in their ignorance and blindness, have condemned the course of their own government, have been the unconscious instruments of the enemies of their country, and in their sickly sentimentality and folly, they have sought to obstruct the progress of American civilization. Monarchy consists in artificial distinctions of kings, nobles, peasants, etc., or it may be defined as the rule of classes of the same race, and, from the inherent necessities of its organization, it is forced to make war on the natural distinction of races. Prior to the breaking out of the American Revolution, there was no necessity for calling in the aid of the Negro or the Indian to crush out the libertv of the white man. The colonists, as has been observed, were practical republicans, and substantially governed themselves ; but they had not

CAUSES OF POPULAE DELUSION. 21

questioned the European system or theory of monarch ism. When they did this, however, in that grand Declaration of Mr. Jefferson, that all men (meaning, of course, his own race) were created free and equal, the British monarchists instinctively and, indeed necessarily, resorted to the means at hand — to the subordinate races of America — to demoralize and break down this immortal truth. An English judge, anticipating the coming rebellion of the Americans, had already ruled that " slavery," or social subordination of the negro to the white man, was a result of municipal law — a creature of the lex loci / and though this was' in language that led vast numbers of people into error, its technical as well as absolute falsehood is apparent, when we remember that no such " law" has ever existed, either now or at any other time, in American history, from the Canadian Lakes to Cape Horn. But it served as a foundation and stand-point for that wide-spread imposture and world-wide delusion which has since so overshadowed the land, and, with the best intentions on their part, so deluded Americans themselves into a blind warfare against the progress, prosperity, and indeed the civilization, of their country and continent. In the seven years' war waged to crush out the rebellion of the Colonies, England subsidized the savage Indian tribes wherever it was possible to do so; and in the subsequent War of 1812, her agents partially succeeded in combining all the savages on our western border, under Tecumseh, with the design of shutting us out forever from the country west of the Mississippi.

The result of this monstrous alliance of European monarchists and American savages to beat back the advancing civilization of the New World, to hold in check, and, if possible, to defeat and overthrow republicanism, has ended in the destruction and almost utter annihilation of the North American Indians. General Jackson's campaigns in Florida, as well as those of Harrison in the West, and, to a certain extent, even the later Seminole War, all had their origin in the same causes, the open or secret intrigues of British agents, stimulating the savages to resist the onward march of American civilization. Nor was it anything like the former contests of the agents of England and France to enlist the aid of the savages against each other ; for, repulsive and iniquitous as it may be for men of the same race to employ subordinate races against their own blood, they were struggling for possession of a continent, and all means, doubtless, seemed legitimate that should give them victory. But in this case it was a war against Americanism — against a new order of political society — against a system based on a principle of utter antagonism to monarchism, and which if permitted to develop its legitimate results, to grow into a new and grander order of civilized society than the world had ever yet witnessed, the rotten and worn-out systems of Europe were doomed to certain and perhaps early overthrow. It is true, the agents employed did not know this — indeed, their European masters were ignorant, perhaps, of the principles involved ; but the instinct of self-preservation, the instinct inherent in hostile systems impelled them forward, while the ends to be reached, or the consequences of success, were always too apparent to be mistaken. But their savage instruments were destroyed in the conflict, in the uses to which they were applied by their European allies ; and whatever may be the future fate of the Aborigines in Spanish America, the North American Indian is virtually annihilated. A few wild tribes of the West and South-west, whose means for preserving existence are every day growing less, still remain, and some remnants of semi-civilized tribes, which are perishing even more rapidly than the former, are to be found on our Western frontier ; but the time is not distant, perhaps, when they will be wholly and absolutely extinct.

What might have been, it is useless to conjecture ; but the notion of a certain class of sentimentalists among us, that we have done the Indian great wrong, and that, had we treated him with kindness and justice, he might have become civilized, and a part of our permanent population, of course, is absurd ; for it is founded on that foolish dogma of a single race, which Europe has fastened on the American mind, and which supposes the Indian, as the Negro, etc., to have the same nature as themselves. Nor is the notion of others, that the Indian is incapable of civilization, and therefore destined to give way before the advance of the white man, worthy of any consideration ; for this involves the paradox of being created without a purpose, a supposition not to be entertained a moment ; for the most insignificant beings in the lowest forms of organic life have their uses, and the human creature, surely, was not created in vain. The simple truth is, that we need to know what the Indian is in fact, his true nature and true relations to our own race, and then, as we have done in the case of the Negro, adapt the social and governmental machinery to the wants of both races. But this employment and consequent destruction of the Indians of America by the monarchists of Europe, though often inflicting great temporary evil on our border settlements, did not retard our progress in the least, nor did England, to any appreciable extent, succeed in her objects. The theory or dogma of a single race, which her writers and publicists had set up about the time of the Revolution, produced, however, immense practical results both in Europe and America. The doctrines of the American Revolution, as was foreseen by British statesmen, soon became universally accepted in France, and threatened to overturn monarchy all over the Continent, and indeed in England itself. Dr. Johnson, Wilberforce, Pitt, and all the great writers and leaders of England, naturally enough adopted the notion that