A rhetorical grammar of the English language, arranged in a subjective and analytic second course

Front matter

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Chapter I.— Introductory. Page

Sc'ence of Language— Outline 9

Definitions of Language. Essential,

Literal, etc 9

General Names of Language— Narrator, Narration, Narratee, Subject of

Narration 10

Unit, Element, Ultimate Element,

Immediate Element, 11

Intermediate Element, Analysis, Synthesis, Syntax or Composition . . 12 E: sentials of Language — Moods (Feelings, Passions, Emotions). 13

Ideals— Ideas, Notions, Perceptions 14

Ideas, Classification of 15

Unrelated 15

Related 16

Principal, Subordinate 16

Co-ordinate, Primary. IT

First, Second, Third Primary. . . 18

Relations of 18

Natural, Artificial, Incidental. 19

Groups of — Elements 20

PAGE.

Essentials— Ideals (Continued)

Thoughts— Definitions 22

Elements— First Primary 23

Second, Third Primary, Subordinate 24

delations in Thought 25

Idea of Connection 26

Classification as to Formation. 27 Simple. Compound, Connected, 28 Complex, Degrees of Compound 29

Class'n according to Relations. . 30

Dependent, Independent 30, 31

Classifications of Language 32

Mood Language 32

Elements -Bodily, 32

Vocal— Key, Quantity, etc 33

Syntax — Exclamative, Imper. 34

Interrogative, Responsive, etc. 35

Emphasis of an Expression]. . . 36

Thought or Essential Language 37

Logical, Rhetorical and Grammatical

Uses of Language 37, 38

Chapter Ii.— The Logic Of Language. Page

Outline .- 39

The Definition. The Formulas 39

Modes of Finding the Essentials —

Single Idea 40

Group of Ideas— Simple Thought, 41-43

PAGE.

Connected Compound Thought— Mixed Compound Thought. . . 44, 45

Dependent and Independent Thoughts 46-48

Chapter Iii.— Constructive Rhetoric. Page

Definition of Rhetoric 49

Constructive Rhetoric — Outline 49

Words— Definitions— Natural 50

Definitions— Literal. Real. 51

Phrases- Elements, Word, etc 52

Construction— Uses 53, 54

Sentences— Definitions 57

Elements 58-60

Subjects .. 61

Deiinitions 61

Relations of, to Sentences 62

Selection of (33

Ellipsis of 64

Syntax of 65

Analyses of 66

Errors in use and selection of. 66-69

Predicates 70

Relations 70

Forms 71

Void's 72

PAGE.

Sentences— Elements — Predicates.

Ellipsis— Syntax 74, 75

Analyses 75

Errors in Use 76

Direct Objects 77-81

Relators 82-86

Indirect Objects 87-92

Adjunct? 93

Relative 94

Relations of 95

Selection of 96

Ellipsis and Syntax of 97-98

Analyses of 99

Errors in use of 100

Quantity, etc 101

Time, Order, etc 102, 103

Personators 1U4-109

Connectors 110-115

Exclamatives 116, 117

Examples in Offices of Words 118

Cl.ifwS cations. Simple 119-120

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Sentences— Classifications (Continued)

Connected 122

Complex or Mixed 123-126

Compound. First, etc. Degrees 127-128 Second Classification— Independent 129

Dependent, etc 130

Primary Dependent Clause 131

Secondary— General Law 132

Special Contractions 133

Compound Contractions, etc 134

PAGE.

Punctuation. Definition 135

Characters used— Periods 136

Colon, Semicolon 137, 138

Quotation, Dash 141, 142

Parenthesis, Brackets 143

Contractive Characters 144-146

Reference " 147,148

Pronunciation " 149, 150

Exercises 151, 152

Chapter Iv.— Grammar. Page

Outline. Definitions 153

Divisions 154

Etymology and Syntax 154-156

Grammatical Syntax 157

Parts of Speech 157

Tables, Grammar — Rhetoric 158-159

Nouns 160

Attributes 165

Declension 184

Syntax— Cases 186-188

Pronouns — Definitions 192

Attributes, Declension 195-197

Rules for Attributes — 198

Adjectives— Definitions 201

Proper, etc 22

Descriptive, etc 203

Definite, etc 204

Numeral 205

Indefinite 2 6

Designative 207-212

Articles 213

Attributes 214-217

Declension 218-223

Rules for Attributes 224 228

Analysis S2:-229

Verbs— Definitions . 230

Classifications— Word— Phrase . .231-233

Transitive 234

Intransitive 235

Regular, 236

Uncontracted, etc 23*7

Irregular 233-241

Attributes 242

Active Voice 243

Passive Voice 244

Means of Knowing Voices 245

Person and Number 246-219

Mode 350

Infinitive .. 251,252

Participial 253, 254

"" Indicative 255

Imperative 256

Potential 257

Subjunctive £58

How Known 259, 260

PAGE.

Verbs— Attributes (Continued)

Present, etc 263

Indefinite 264-278

Definite 279-285

Conjugation 286, 287

Infinitive Mode 288

Indicative -Mode 289-292

Imperative Mode 293

Potential Mode 294, 295

Subjunctive Mode 296-301

Outline, Synopsis 302-303

Adverbs— Definition 308

Attributes 312

Comparison 313-316

Rules for Attributes 317

Prepositions— Definitions 320

Syntax, Analysis, 326-327

Conjunctions—Definitions 328

Syntax, Analysis 330-332

Exclamations— Definitions 333

Grammatical Classification 337

Terms Commonly Used 338, 339

Orthoepy and Orthography 340

Orthoepy 340

Nomenclature— Organs of Voice 340

Organs of Speech, etc 3+1

Enunciation, etc 342

Orthography 344

Nomenclature— Letters -:44

Alphabet 345

Ideographic 346

Phonographic, etc 317

Graphic Spelling. 348

Classification of Letters 349

According to Importance 349

Form, Size 350-351

Exercises in Capitalizing, etc 3~4

Orthoepy and Orthography 355

Syllabication 355

Classification as to Syllabication. . . . 356

as to Formation 357

as to Derivation 358, 359

The study of Language may be commenced with an Objective and Synthetic First Course Lesson somewhat like the following;—

Teacher. [Holding up a hat] Have I anything in my hand ?

Pupils. Yes, sir. You have something in your hand.

T. You may close your eyes. {Turning the hat- upside down.] Now you may open your eyes. What is in my hands now ?

P. You have a hat in your hand.

T. Is it the same you first saw, or is it another hat ?

P. It is the same hat, but ym hold it in a different way ; it is the otb',-r side up, etc.

T. How do you know it is the same hat ?

P. Why we can see it.

T. Yea, you do see i', as it is now, but /ou do not see it a& yo * saw it before your eyes were shut; ho>; then do you know that it is the same b-.t ?

P. We remembp ; how the hat looked before our eyes w.irrshut, and this look? just like it.

T. You see ihe hat as I now hold it, with your real ey e. The hat as you remember ; it is in yo'ir mind. You see it with th' j aiind's ere. The hat, which I hold in v y *' J. ir mouths

P. The image or picture hat, which we have in our minds is called the idea hat or the notion hat.

T. Now you may talk about the idea hat or the notion hat.

P. The idea or the notion hat, is the image or picture hat, which we have in ou* . minds.

T. How many hats have we now ?

P. We bv<» two hats, the object bat or the real hat* and the idea or notion hat.

T. Talk wont the object hat. — the notion hAt idea hat. real hat.

P. Tht f rject hat is, etc., the notion hat is, etc Jicquire the pupils to state the term at * 4 > oeginning of each definition.)

T. f} Q'ding up the hat.] What do you lean? p f iooking at this object?

P v e «ou_ a idea of the hat, we get a no' .' f of the hat.

? . nThai is the name of your idea or nofc ' * c i this object.

' . iiat, hat, haL

/'. Wnat do you say ? vVhat have you in lands 3 .id which you see, is the Oject > i >r the Real hat. [Teacher writes the *v* p a ftject and real on the board and mrirze then, See p. 15]. What is the hst s>jJjG, wr /eh i hold in my hand ?

P. The hat which you hold in 1 ^v nand is the object hat or the real hat.

T. Talk about the object ha' • e »he real hat.

P. The object hat or tbc/j/ ia is the one which we can hold in *uv h» ids, vtich we can see, which we can wear.

T. Do you know par thing about any flther kind of hat ?

P. We do. The *»' (»«iich we remember, ihe hat which w«» Y& <j in our minds, the iiat which we se^ ?vit a our mind's eye. [Pupils give differePi answers.]

T. The ir.a ^e or picture hat, which you hav« in yo> ,r inmus is the Idea hat or the HfoP*v-\v-X 1.1 eacher writes and analyzes ihe word*, idta, notion. See p. 20.] What "is t&9 f«w^0<j or picture hat called which ;ou / j .'o in yonr minds ?

We said hat, we have the word hat in our mouths.

1 . Now how many hats have we ?

J-. We have three hats. The real or object hat, the idea hat and the word hat.

T. [Drawing the outline of a hat.] flfhat is this ?

P. A hat, picture of a hat, etc.

T. Now how many hats have we ?

P. We have four hats. The real hat, th idea hat, the word hat and the picture hat.

T. [Writes the word hat ] What is this

P. Hat. The word hat.

T Does it differ from the other word hat f

P. It does. The other is the spoken word hat, this is the written word hat.

T. How many hats have we now ?

P. We have five hats now. The real or object hat, the idea hat, the spoken word hat, the picture hat and the written word hat.

T. Very well. Now you may turn to tha 15th page and read there what you find about io't'ta.

LANGUAGE.

Subjective and Analytic.

Second 1 Course.