The philosophy of sentential language : or Language an exact science, elucidated by rules based on the principles of mental philosophy

Front matter

THE PHILOSOPHY

OF

SENTENTIAL LANGUAGE;

Book First— Knowledge. Page

Proposition I. Man, a spiritual and physical being 13

§ 6. Intellectual and Moral Philosophy 14

Comparison of body and

Spirit 14

7. Conscious and Acquired

knowledge 15

Prop. II. Origin of Acquired

knowledge 16

3. Primary knowledge External and Internal 17

Prop. III. Primary External

knowledge 17

2. The Senses 17

Use of the Senses 17

Organs of the Senses 18

18. Development of the Senses. 22

Prop. IV. The seven mental operations, or actions 25

Sensation, Attention, Perception, Memory, Imagination, Reason, Judgment 25

11. Ideas or Notions — Concep-

tion 29

12. Abstraction 30

13. Human progress dependant

upon the imagination. . . .30

16. Intuitive knowledge 32

18. Axioms or First Truths, Mathematical, Moral and Metaphysical or Ethical. .33 22. Reasoning from First Truth 34 Rules to be observed in Reasoning 35

Second Exercise 38

Prop. V. Rational knowledge. .40

PAGB.

Prop. VI. Secondary knowledge, or knowledge from

Testimony 41

4. Rule for testing Secondary

knowledge 42

7. Laws of Testimony 43

Third Exercise 46

Prop. VII. Thinking or Reasoning 47

2. Concrete or Subsensuous

thinking 47

3. Abstract or Supersensuous

thinking 47

Prop. VIII. Concrete and Abstract thinking — continued 48

Prop. IX. Statements, Propositions, Comparison and

Association 49

19. Cause and Effect 55

22. Rules in regard to the relation of Cause and Effect. . 56

Fourth Exercise 57

Prop. X. Mental Growth 58

4. Primary, Synthetic Course

for development 59

6. Rules for the Synthetic

Course 60

Prop. XI. Secondary or Advanced Course 61

Primary versus Analytic ... 62 Prop. XII. Art and Science . . .63

7. Names or Terms and their

Definitions 63

9. Real Definition 63

10. Nominal or Literal Definition 64

First Rule of Definitions ... 64 Second Rule of Definitions. 65

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Third Rule of Definitions. .66 Fourth Rule of Definitions. 66

18. Principles of a Science 67

19. Generalization 67

20. Basis of Classification 68

PAGE.

First and Second Rules for

Classification 69

29. Principles and Rules 70

Fifth Exercise 71

General Remarks 73

Book Second.— Logic Of Language

Prop. I. Sen ential Language. .75

Prop. II. Three Analyses of Senten . Language ; Logical, Rhetorical, Grammatical 76

Prop. III. Logical Analysis 78

Prop. IV. Principal or Essen- Prop. VI. Logic tial parts of a thought ... 79 ( guages

Examples in Logical Analysis 81 ;

Prop. V. Simple forms of

thought 30

First, Second, and Third"

Simple Formulas 83

7. Compound Thought 85

9. Connected Comp. Thought. 85 n Mixed Compound Thought. 85 of all lan-

.87

Reasons for using the Formulas 87

BOOK THIED.— RHETOEIC OF LANGUAGE.

Prop. I. Rhetorical Analysis of

Sentential Language 89

Prop. II. Sentences 90

Prop. III. Formation of Sentences 90

First, Second, and Third Simple Formulas 91

4. Producer and Receiver 91.

5. Act, or Second Part 92

Prop. IV. Compound Sentences

Connected and Mixed. . .93

4. Connected Compound Sen-

tences 94

5. Mixed Comp. Sentences . . .95 Mixed Sentences 96

Prop. V. Independ't Sentences. 97

3. Dependent Sentences 98

Subjective Dependent Sentences 98

Objective Dependent Sentences 99

Prop. VI. Leading, or Primary

& Sub-joined Sentences. 100

6. Use of Sub-joined Sen-

tences 101

Prop. VII. Offices and meanings of words 103

2. Single or Isolated words . . 104

Prop. VIII. Uses or Offices of Words ; Subjects, Affirmers, Objects, Relators, Adjuncts, Personators, Connectives,, and Exclamations 105

Prop. IX. Cont'ed Sentences . 1 1 6

Prop. X. Contracted Simple

Sentences 117

Prop. XL First Primary Contractions 119

5. Second Primary Contractions 120

6 . Third Primary Contritions .121

7. Fourth Primary Contractions . % . . . , 122

8. Fifth Primary Contractions 123 1 1 . Secondary Contractions ... 1 24

Prop. XII. Emphasis 126

6. General or Leading Sub-

7. Simple or Direct Arrangement 128

8. Places in Sentences 128

Prop. XIII. Punctuation 129

3. Period 13Q

8. Colon o t i3i

9. Semicolon 131

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

12. Quotation 135

14. Parenthesis t 137

16. Abbreviation Marks 138

22. Ellipsis Marks 140

23. Leaders 140

25. Reference Marks 142

30. Accent 142

35. Quantity 143

39. Diaeresis 143

40. Cedilla 143

Prop. XIV. Classification of

Words 144

2. Syllabication 144

11. Origin of Words 146

Origin of the English Language 146

14. Derivative Words 156

19. Roots changed for Euphony 157

Saxon Prefixes and Suffixes 158

Saxon Primitives and Derivatives 159

Latin Prefixes 160

Latin Suffixes 163

Latin Roots 165

Greek Prefixes 166

PA.GE.

Greek Roots 167

Latin and Greek Numerals 1 68 Prop. XV. Literal and Figurative Language 169

5. Figures 171

Use of Figures 173

7. Tropes or Figure of Words 175

8. Figures of Thought 175

Prop. XVI. Figures of Comparison, Simile, Metaphor, Antithesis, Interrogation, Irony, Allusion, and Allegory 176

Prop. XVII. Figures of Association, Enumeration, Climax, Metonymy, Synecdoche, Imitation, Omission, Repetition, and Sorites 183

Prop. XVIII. Figures of Imagination, Exclamation, Vision, Personification, Apostrophe, Hyperbole. 183

Prop. XIX. General Rules for

Figures .188

Exercise 191

Prop. XX. Language, Natural

and Artificial 192

Classification of Letters . .195 Syllabication, Verbation . . 1 97

Book Fourth.— Grammar Of Language

Prop. I. Grammatical Analy- . sis 199

2. The Eight Parts of Speech 199 Parsing by Rote 200

Prop. II. The Noun 201

3. Proper Noun 202

5. Common Noun 203

10. Adjective Noun 204

11. Verbal, Sentential, and Ad-

junctive 205

15. Attributes of Nouns 206

Gender by Different Words 207 Gender by Prefixes and Suffixes 208

19. Person of Nouns 209

21 Number of Nouns 210

Irregular Nouns 212

25. Case of Nouns 215

Special Principles, or Rules

for Cases 217

29. Declension of Nouns 219

General Formula for Analyzing Nouns 220

Prop. III. Prepositions, or Relators 222

Prop. IV. Pronouns 226

Compound Pronouns 230

Intensive and Reflexh a

Pronouns 231

Prop. V. Adjectives 232

Verbal, Simple, and Compound 333

8. Proper, 9. Common 234

12. Descriptive 23

14. Numeral 236

20. Degrees of Comparison. . .238

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Regular and Irregular Comparison 240

26. Designating Adjectives . . .241

Demonstrative. .245

Relative 246

Adjectives showing Number 250

Adjectives Parsed as Nouns 251 31 . Formula for Analyzing Adjectives . . 252

Prof. VI. Verbs 253

4. Transitives, Voice 253

5. Active, 6. Passive 253

Intransitives 254

Attributes of Verbs 255

The Tenses .256

Primary Tenses, or Principal Parts .258

27. Person and Number 264

Subjects Nominative and

Objective 264

28. Forms to Show Person and

Number 265

29. Second and Third Persons , 266

31 . Mood, or Mode 267

35. Infinitive Mood, or Mode. .268

37. The Infinitive Mood as a

Noun 270

38. Participial Mood, or Parti-

ciple 272

Participial Mode as a Noun 276

FIGS

Participial Mode as an Adjective . ..277

43. Indicative Mood, or Mode. 277 51. Imperative Mood, or Mode 283 54. Potential Mood, or Mode. .284 60. Subjunctive Mood, or Mode 289

74. Conjugation of the Verb,

To see 296

75. Synopsis of To teach 297

76. Negative Conjugation 298

Verb in Contracted Sentences 299

79. General Formula for Analyzing Verbs 301

Prof. VII. Adverbs 302

Classification of Adverbs . . 303 Adverbs of Mode, Time . .304 Adverbs of Place, Degree. 305 Adverbs Intensified, Negations 306

Prof. VIII. Conjunctions.... 307 Adverbial Conjunctions. . .308 Correlative, Interpositive,

Post 309

Prof. IX. Exclamations 310

Prof. X. Classification by Use 311 Prof. XI. Secondary Clause. .312

Prof. XII. Phrases * 313

Prof. XIII. Grammatical Figures 314

3. Figures of Etymology 315

Figures of Syntax 315

Prof. XIV. Capital Letters . .316

Book Fifth.— Composition

Prof. I. Composition 319

2. Qualifications for Compo-

sing 320

3. Genius 321

4. Taste 321

6. Standard of Taste 322

Causes of Sublime Emotions 323

11. Sublimity in Writing... . . .324

Emotions of the Beautiful. 325 13. Beauty in Composition . . .328 Melody, Harmony, Wit,

Humor 329

Pathos 330

Prof. II. Idioms 331

2. Dialect 331

4. Style 332

Grecian and Modern Style . 335 Prof. III. Perspicuity, Ornament 336

4. Purity 337

5. Propriety 338

7. Precision 339

Synonyms 340

10. Clearness 343

11. Strength 344

12. Euphony 345

15. Ornament 348

Prof. IV. Formation of a good

Style 349

CONTENTS.

8,

PAGE.

Prop. V. Prose and Verse

Composition 352

Rhyme 352

Blank Verse 353

Versification 353

Measures, Primary and Secondary 354

17. Epic Poetry 357

18. Pastoral 358

20. The Epigram 360

21. The Elegy 360

Prop. VI. Letter Writing 361

3. Kind of Letters 362

Date 363

Address, Signature 364

Postcripts 365

Folding 365

Direction 365

Examples of Notes and Letters 365

5. Historical Writings 367

5. Philosophical 368

8. Fictitious 388

10. Dramatic 369

14. Oratorical 370

Rules for Introductions. . .371

Rules for Reasoning 373

Rules for Appeals to Passions 374

Rules for a Conclusion . . .375 Prop. VII. Reading or Delivery 376

2. The Reading Apparatus . .376

3. The Management of the

Voice 377

6. Gesture 379

EXTRACTS FOR EXERCISE.

Genius and Labor. — R. Bonner page 381

My Mother's Grave. — W. Irving 382

Scene in the Roman Senate. — G. Croly 384

Jackey Jessamy. — Anonymous 386

Sprites at the Windmill 387

" It Snows."— Mrs. S. J. Hale 388

On Style.— J. K. Paulding .390

Thanksgiving. — J. T. Buckingham 391

Biblical Extract 392

Bunker Hill. — Louis Kossuth 393

Sweet Rose. — Isaah Walton 394

Aunt Kindly.— Theodore Parker 395

Signing the Pledge.— J". Abbott 396

Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. — Shakspeare 398

Immortality of the Soul. — Addison 400

Byron.— Robert Pollok 401

Marmion.— Walter Scott 402

June Morning. — Anonymous 402

Poetical Extracts 403

Scene in Eden. — John Milton » . . . . 404

God. — Derzhavin 406