Advice to young men, and (incidentally) to young women, in the middle and higher ranks of life

Introduction

1. It is the duty, and ought to be the pleasure of age and experience to warn and instruct youth, and to come to the aid of inexperience. When sailors have discovered rocks or breakers, and have had the good luck to escape with life from amidst them, they, unless they be pirates or barbarians as well as sailors, point out the spots for the placing of buoys and of lights, in order that others may not be exposed to the danger which they have so narrowly escaped. What man of common humanity, having, by good luck, missed being engulfed in a quagmire or quicksand, will withhold from his neighbours a knowledge of the peril without which the dangerous spots are not to be approached ?

2. The great effect which correct opinions and sound principles, imbibed in early life, together with the good conduct at that age, which must naturally result from such opinions and principles ; the great effect which these have on the whole course of our lives is, and must be, well known to every man of common observation. How many of us, arrived at only forty years, have to repent ; nay, which of us has not to repent, or has not had to repent, that he did not, at an earlier age, possess a great stock of

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1 V INI ROD! ' I I ON.

kind which has an immediate effect >ur 1 happiness ; that kind of knowledge

which the cheerfulness and the harmony of nes depend !

I' i- to communicate a stock of this sort of k . particular, that this work is intended ; knowledi

md tive to education, to many sciences, to tra

ire, horticulture, law, government, and religion ;

r latmir, incidentally, to all these; bat, the main

urnish that sort of knowledge to the young

which bat few men acquire until they be old, when it coi

to be useful.

mmunicate to others the knowledge that 1 g always been my taste and my delight ; and few, who know anything of my progress through life, will be to question my fitness for the task. Talk of rocks tkera and quagmires and quicksands, who has ever from amidst so many as I have ! Thrown (bv mv will, indeed) on the wide world at a very early age, not more than eleven or twelve years, without money to support, without friends to advise, and without book-learning to assist me ; passing a few years dependent solelv on my own labour for mv subsistence ; then becoming a common soldier, and leading a military life, chiefly in ign parts, for eight year- ; quitting that life after really, for me, high promotion, and with, for me, a large sum of • y ; marrying at an early age, going at once to France to acquire the French language, thence to America ; sing eight vears there, becoming bookseller and author, and taking a prominent part in all the important disc o( the interesting period from 1 7!>o to 17."!', during which there wa c , in that country, a continued >triiL r Lrle carried on between the English and the French pari iducting

myself, in the ever-active part which I took in that Struggle, in such a all forth marks of un-

equivocal approbation from tl rnment at home ; re-

turning to England in Burning my labours h

_•. during th ty-nine years, two years of

imprifl tnment, heavy fines, tl s If-banishment

the the Atlantic, and a total break

INTRODUCTION.

of fortune, so as to be left without a bed to lie on, and, during these twenty-nine years of troubles and punishments, writing and publishing, every week of my life, whether in exile or not, eleven weeks only excepted, a periodical paper, containing more or less of matter worthy of public attention ; writing and publishing, during the same twenty-nine years, a Grammar of the French and another of the English language, a work on the Economy of the Cottage, a work on Forest Trees and Woodlands, a work on Gardening, an account of America, a book of Sermons, a work on the Corn-plant, a History of the Protestant Reformation; all books of great and continued sale, and the last unquestionably the book of greatest circulation in the whole world, the Bible only excepted ; having, during these same twenty-nine years of troubles and embarrassments without number, introduced into England the manufacture of Straw-plat ; also several valuable trees ; having introduced, during the same twenty-nine years, the cultivation of the Corn -plant, so manifestly valuable as a source of food ; having, during the same period, always (whether in exile or not) sustained a shop of some size in London ; having, during the whole of the same period, never employed less, on an average, than ten persons, in some capacity or other, exclusive of printers, bookbinders, and others, connected with papers and books ; and having, during these twenty-nine years of troubles, embarrassments, prisons, fines, and banishments, bred up a family of seven children to man's and woman's state.

5. If such a man be not, after he has survived and accomplished all this, qualified to give Advice to Young Men, no man is qualified for that task. There may have been natural genius : but genius alone, not all the genius in the world, could, without something more, have conducted me through these perils. During these twenty-nine years, I have had for deadly and ever watchful foes, a Government that has the collecting and distributing of sixty millions of pounds in a year, and also every soul who shares in that distribution. Until very lately, i have had for the far greater part of the time, the' whole of the press as my deadly enemy. Yet, at this moment, it will not be pre-

INTRODUCTION.

tended that there is another man in the kingdom who has so many cordial friends For as to the friends of mini, and the great, the friendship is towards the power, the influenee ; it is, in fact, towards those tax€8 % of which so many thousands are gaping to gel at a share. And, if we could, through so thick a veil, come at the naked fact, we should find the subscription now going on in Dublin for the purpose of erecting a monument in that city, to commemorate the good recently done, or alleged to be done, to Ireland, by the DuKl of Wellington ; we should find that the subscribers have the taxes in view ; and that, if the monument shall actually be raised, it ought to have selfish and not gratitude, engraven on its base. Nearly the same may be said with regard to all the praises that we hear bestowed on men in power. The friendship which is felt towards me is pure and disinterested ; it is not founded in any hope that the parties can have, that they can ever profit from professing it ; it is founded on the gratitude which they entertain for the good that I have done them ; and, of this sort of friendship, and friendship so cordial, no man ever possessed a larger portion.

G. Now, mere genius will not acquire this for a man. There must he something more than genius : there must be industry : there must be perseverance : there must be, before the eyes of the nation, proofs of extraordinary exertion : people must say to themselves, " What wise conduct must " there have been in the employing of the time of this man ! u How sober, how sparing in diet, how early a riser, how '* little expensive he must have been !" These are the things, and not genius, which have caused my labours to be so incessant and so successful : and, though I do not aflect to believe, that every young man, who shall read this work, will become able to perform labours of equal magnitude and importance, I do pretend, that every young man, who will attend to my advice, will become able to perform a ureat deal more than men generally do perform, whatever m y be his situation in life ; and that he will, too, perform it with greater ease and satisfaction than he would, without the advice, be able to perform the smaller portion.

7. I hnve had from thousands of young men, and men

INTRODUCTION. Vll

advanced in years also, letters of thanks for the great benefit which they have derived from my labours. Some have thanked me for my Grammars, some for my Cottage Economy, others for the Woodlands and the Gardener ; and, in short, for every one of my works have I received letters of thanks from numerous persons, of whom I had never heard before. In many cases I have been told, that, if the parties had had my books to read some years before, the gain to them, whether in time or in other things, would have been very great. Many, and a great many, have told me that, though long at school, and though their parents had paid for their being taught English Grammar, or French, they had, in a short time, learned more from my books, on those subjects, than they had learned, in years from their teachers. How many gentlemen have thanked me in the strongest terms, for my Woodlands and Gardener, observing (just as Lord Bacon had observed in his time) that they had before seen no books, on these subjects, that they could understand! But, I know not of any thing that ever gave me more satisfaction than I derived from the visit of a gentleman of fortune, whom I had never heard of before, and who, about four years ago, came to thank me in person for a complete reformation, which had been worked in his son by the reading of my two sermons on drinking and on gaming.

8. I have, therefore done, already, a great deal in this way : but, there is still wanting, in a compact form, a body of Advice such as that which I now propose to give : and in the giving of which I shall divide my matter as follows : 1. Advice addressed to a Youth ; 2. Advice addressed to a Bachelor; 3. Advice addressed to a Lover; 4. To a Husband ; 5. To a Father ; 6. To a Citizen or Subject.

9. Some persons will smile, and others laugh outright, at the idea of " Cobbett's giving advice for conducting the affairs of love." Yes, but I was once young, and surely I may say with the poet, I forget which of them,

" Though old I am, for ladies' love unfit, The power of beauty I remember yet."

I forget, indeed, the names of the ladies as completely,

Ylll INTRODUCTION.

pretty nigh, as I do thai of the poet ; but I remember their influence, and of this influence on the conduct and in the affairs and on the condition of men, I have, and must have, been a witness all my life long. And, when we consider in how great a degree the happiness of all the remainder of a man's life depends, and always must depend, on his taste and judgment in the character of a lover, this may well be considered as the most important period of the whole term of his existence.

10. In my address to the Husband, I shall, of course, introduce advice relative to the important duties of masters and servants; duties of great importance, whether considered as affecting families or as affecting the community. In my address to the Citizen or Subject, I shall consider all the reciprocal duties of the governors and the governed, and also the duties which man owes to his neigh boar, it would be tedious to attempt to lay down rules for conduct exclusively applicable to every distinct calling, profession, and condition of life ; but, under the above-described heads, will be conveyed every species of advice of which I deem the utility to be unquestionable.

11. I have thus fully described the nature of my little work, and, before I enter on the firet letter, I venture to express a hope, that its good effects will be felt long after its author shall have ceased to exist.

Letter I. To A Youth

12. You are now arrived at that age which the law thinks sufficient to make an oath, taken by you, valid in a court of law. Let us suppose from feo^ teen to nearly twenty , ami, reserving, for a future occasion, my remarks on your duty towards parents, let me here offer you my advice as to the means likely to contribute largely towards making you a happy man, useful to all about you, and an honour to those from whom you sprang.

13. Start, I beseech you, with a conviction firmly fixed on your mind, that you have no right to live in this world; that, being of hale body and sound mind, you have no right to any earthly existence, without doing ivor~k of some sort or other, unless you have ample fortune whereon to live clear of debt; and, that even in that case, you have no right to breed children to be kept by others, or to be exposed to the chance of being so kept. Start with this conviction thoroughly implanted on your mind. To wish to live on the labour of others is, besides the folly of it, to contemplate a fraud at the least, and, under certain circumstances, to meditate oppression and robbery.

14. I suppose you in the middle rank of life.

C0BBET1 's \ DVH [Letter

Happiness ought to be your great object; and it i be round only in independence* Turn your back on Whitehall ami on Somerset-House; leave ti toms and Excise to the feeble and low-minded;

look not for success to favour, to partiality, to friendship, or to whal is called interest : write it on your lieart , that yon will depend solely on your own merit and vonr own exertions. Think not, neiti any of those situations where gaudy habili and

sounding titles poorly disguise from th good

sense the mortifications and the heart-ache of -la Answer me not by saying, that these situations u must he tilled by somebody? for, if I were to admit the truth of the proposition, which I do not. it would remain for you to show that they arc conducive to naptrtm — - tko contrary of which has been proved to me by the observation of a now pretty long life.

15. Indeed, reason tells us that it must be thus: for that which a man owes to favour or to !ity.

that same favour or partiality is constantly liable take from him. He who lives upon anything except his own labour, is incessantly surrounded by rivals \ his grand resource is that servility in which be always liable to be surpassed. lie is in daily danger of being out-bidden ; his very bread depends upon caprice; and he lives in a state of uncertainty and never-ceasing fear. His is not, indeed, the d< life, u Imager and idleness ;" but it is worse ; for it is €€ idleness with slavery" the latter being the just price of the former. Slaves frequently are well and well clad; but slaves dare not speak ; they dare not be suspected to think differently from their masters : hate his acts as much as they may; be he tvrant. be he drunkard, be he fool, or be he all th; at once, they must be silent, or, nine til ten, affect approbation: though ] ring a tip

-tud times his knowledge, they must feign a conviction of his superior understanding ; though knowing that it is they who, in fact, do all that he is paid for doing, it is destruction to them to seem as if they thought any portion of the service belonged to them ! Far from me be the thought, that any youth who shall read this page would not rather perish than submit to live in a state like this ! Such a state is lit only for the refuse of nature ; the halt, the halfblind, the unhappy creatures whom nature has marked out for degradation.

16. And how comes it, then, that we see hale and even clever youths voluntarily bending their necks to this slavery ; nay, pressing forward in eager rivalship to assume the yoke that ought to be insupportable ? The cause, and the only cause, is, that the deleterious fashion of the day has created so many artificial wants, and has raised the minds of young men so much above their real rank and state of life, that they look scornfully on the employment, the fare, and the dress, that would become them ; and, in order to avoid that state in which they might live free and happy they become showy slaves.

17* The great source of independence, the French express in a precept of three words, " Vivre depeu" which I have always very much admired. 6i To live upon little" is the great security against slavery : and this precept extends to dress and other things besides food and drink. When Doctor Johnson wrote his Dictionary, he put in the word pensioner thus : " Pensioner — A slave of state" After this he himself became a pensioner ! And thus, agreeably to his own definition, he lived and died " a slave of state !" What must this man of great genius, and of great industry, too, have felt at receiving this pension ! Could he be so callous as not to feel a pang upon seeing his own name placed before his own degrading definition ? And what could induce

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4 0OBB1 [Letter

him to submit to this! His wants, his artificial wants, his habit of indulging in the pleasures of the table; his disregard of the precept * : Vwredepeu" This was the cause; and, be ii observed, that indulgences of this soil, while they tend to make men poor and expose ihem to eonnnit mean acts, tend

also to enfeeble the body, and more especially to

cloud and to weaken tin 4 mind.

is. When this celebrated author wrote his Dictionary, lie had not been debased by luxurious enjoyments : the rich and powerful had not caressed him into a slave ; his writings then bore the stamp of truth and independence: but, having been debased by luxury, he who had, while content with plain tare, been the strenuous advocate of the rights of the people, became a strenuous advocate for taxation without representation ; and, in a work under the title of u Taxation no Tyranny/ 9 defended, and greatly assisted to produce, that unjust, and bloody war which finally severed from England that great country the United States of America, now the most powerful and dangerous rival that this kingdom ever had. The statue of Dr. Johnson was the first that was put into St. Paui/s Church ! A signal warning to us not to look upon monuments in honour of the dead as a proof of their virtues ; for here we see St. Paui/s C li men holding up to the veneration of posterity a man whose own writings, together with the records of the pension-list, prove him to have been t€ a stare of state "

ID. Endless are the instances of men of bright parts and high spirit having been, by degrees, rendered powerless and despicable, by their imaginary wants. Seldom has there been a man with a fairer prospect of accomplishing great tilings, and of acquiring lasting renown, than Charles Fox : he had great talent- of the most popular sort: the times were singularly favourable to an exertion of them with success ; a large part of the nation admired him and were his partizans ; he had,, as to the great question between him and his rival (Pitt), reason and justice clearly on his side : but he had against him his squandering and luxurious habits : these made him dependent on the rich part of his partizans ; made his wisdom subservient to opulent folly or selfishness ; deprived his country of all the benefit that it might have derived from his talents ; and, finally, sent him to the grave without a single sigh from a people, a great part of whom would, in his earlier years, have wept at his death as at a national calamity.

20. Extravagance in dress, in the haunting of playhouses, in horses, in every thing else, is to be avoided, and, in youths and young men, extravagance in dress particularly. This sort of extravagance, this waste of money on the decoration of the body, arises solely from vanity, and from vanity of the most contemptible sort. It arises from the notion, that all the people in the street, for instance, will be looking at you as soon as you walk out ; and that they will, in a greater or less degree, think the better of you on account of your fine dress. Never was notion more false. All the sensible people that happen to see you, will think nothing at all about you : those who are filled with the same vain notion as you are, will perceive your attempt to impose on them, and will despise you accordingly : rich people will wholly disregard you, and you will be envied and hated by those who have the same vanity that you have without the means of gratifying it. Dress should be suited to your rank and station ! a surgeon or physician should not dress like a carpenter; but there is no reason why a tradesman, a merchant's clerk, or clerk of any kind,

6 COBBl [Letter

or why a shopkeeper, or manufacturer, or even a merchant ; no A all why any of tb mid

dress in an expi nsive manner. Ii ike

appose that they derive any advantage from exterior decoration. Men are estimated by other n according to their capacity and willin * be in

some way or other Useful; and though; with the

foolish and vain part of women, fine clothes frequently

do something, yet the greater part of the sex are much too penetrating to draw their conclude

solely from the outside show of a man : they look deeper, and find other criterions whereby to jud And; after all,, if the fine clothes obtain you a wife, will they bring you, in that wife, frugality r 5 goa

and that sort of attachment that is likely to be lasti Natural beauty of person is quite another thing: this always has, it always will and must have, some weight even with men, and great weight with women. But this does not want to be set off by expensi clothes. Female eyes are, in such cases, very sharp: they can discover beauty though half hidden by beard, and even by dirt, and surrounded by ra and. take this as a secret worth half a fortune to you, that women, however personally vain they may be themselves, despise personal vanity in m .

12 1. Let your dress be as cheap as may be without shabbiness : think more about the colour of your shirt than about the gloss or texture of your coat : be always as clean as your occupation will, Without inconvenience, permit ; but never, no. not for one moment, believe, that any human being; witli sense in his skull, will love or respect you on account of your fine or • 1 v clothes. A great misfortune of the present day is, that every one is, in his own estimate, ra above his real stele of < ry one seems to think

himself entitled, if not to title and great estate, at least to lire without work. This mischievous, this most destructive, way of thinking has, indeed, been produced, like almost all other evils, by the Acts of our Septennial and Unreformed Parliament. That body, by its Acts, has caused an enormous debt to be created, and, in consequence, a prodigious sum to be raised annually in taxes. It has caused, by these means, a race of loan-mongers and stock-jobbers to arise. These carry on a species of gaming, by which some make fortunes in a day, and others, in a day, become beggars. The unfortunate gamesters, like the purchasers of blanks in a lottery, are never heard of; but the fortunate ones become companions for lords, and some of them lords themselves. We have, within these few years, seen many of these gamesters get fortunes of a quarter of a million in a few days, and then we have heard them, though notoriously amongst the lowest and basest of human creatures, called " honourable gentlemen !" In such a state of things, who is to expect patient industry, laborious study, frugality and care ; who, in such a state of things, is to expect these to be employed in pursuit of that competence which it is the laudable wish of all men to secure ? Not long ago a man, who had served his time to a tradesman in London, became, instead of pursuing his trade, a stock-jobber, or gambler ; and, in about two years, drove his coach-andfour, had his town-house and country-house, and visited, and was visited by, peers of the highest rank ! A felloiv-apprentice of this lucky gambler, though a tradesman in excellent business, seeing no earthly reason why he should not have his coach-and-four also, turned his stock in trade into a stake for the 'Change ; but, alas ! at the end of a few months, instead of being in a coach-and-four, he was in the Gazette !

22. This is one instance out of hundreds of thousands j not, indeed, exactly of the same description,

[< I [Letter but all arising from the same cop urce« The

words speculate and speculation have been substituted for gamble and gambling* The hatefulness of the

pursuit is thus taken away 5 and, while taxes to the amount of more than double the whole of the rental of the kingdom; while these cause such crowds of

idlers, every one of whom calls himself a gentleman,

and avoids the appearance of working for his bread; while this is the case, who is to wonder, that a great part of the youth of this country, knowing themseh to be as good, as learned, and as well-bred as these gentlemen; who is to wonder, that they think that they also ought to be considered as gentlemen f Then, the late war (also the work of the Septennial Parliament) lias left us, amongst its many legacies, such swarms of titled men and women ; such swarms of u Sirs 99 and their " Ladies; 99 men and women who, only the other day, were the fellow-apprentices, fellow-tradesmen's or farmer's sons and daughters, or, indeed, the fellow-servants, of those who are now in these several states of life ; the late Septennial Parliament Mar has left us such swarms of the that it is no wonder that the heads of young people are turned, and that they are ashamed of that state of life to act their part well in which ought to be their delight.

23. Butj though the cause of the evil is in A< I the Septennial Parliament : though this universal ire in people to be thought to be above their station ; though this arises from such acts; and, though no wonder that young men are thus turned from patient study and labour; though these things be undoubted, they form no reason why 1 should not warn you against becoming a victim to this national scourge. For, in spite of every art made ' to

avoid labour, the taxes will, after all, maintain only many idlers. We cannot all be w knights? 9 and

" gentlemen ;*' there must be a large part of us, after all, to make and mend clothes and houses, and carry on trade and commerce, and in spite of all that we can do, the far greater part of us must actually work at something; for, unless we can get at some of the taxes, we fall under the sentence of Holy Writ, " He who will not work shall not eat" Yet, so strong is the propensity to be thought "gentlemen;" so general is this desire amongst the youth of this formerly laborious and unassuming nation ; a nation famed for its pursuit of wealth through the channels of patience, punctuality, and integrity; a nation famed for its love of solid acquisitions and qualities, and its hatred of every thing showy and false; so general is this really fraudulent desire amongst the youth of this now w speculating" nation, that thousands upon thousands of them are, at this moment, in a state of half starvation, not so much because they are too lazy to earn their bread, as because they are too proud! And what are the consequences? Such a youth remains or becomes a burden to his parents, of whom he ought to be the comfort, if not the support. Always aspiring to something higher than he can reach, his life is a life of disappointment and of shame. If marriage hefal him, it is a real affliction, involving others as well as himself. His lot is a thousand times worse than that of the common labouring pauper. Nineteen times out of twenty a premature death awaits him : and, alas ! how numerous are the cases in which that death is most miserable, not to say ignominious ! Stupid pride is one of the symptoms of madness. Of the two madmen mentioned in Don Quixote, one thought himself Neptune, and the other Jupiter. Shakspeare agrees with Cervantes ; for Mad Tom, in King Lear, being asked who he is, answers, " 1 am a tailor run mad with prick" How many have we heard of, who claimed