The world on wheels; or, Carriages, with their historical associations from the earliest to the present time, including a selection from the American centennial exhibition

Front matter

A

J?

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Preface

EARLIEST allusion to wheel-carriages is found in the Book of Genesis, where Pharaoh commands his prime minister, saying, " Take you wagons [chariots V] out of the land of Egypt, for your little ones and for your wives, and come."

More than thirty-five centuries have since passed away, during which carriages, under a multitude of forms, have rendered man important service, either in business, for his comfort, or at his decease. More than this, they have served as thermometers in recording the rise or fall of civilization in every stage of its progress. To point out how they have persistently pushed their way through opposition from fierce erimity to present popularity has been a potent incentive to the compilation of this volume.

Several attempts have heretofore been made to write the history of carriages, generally limited in the treatment, or chiefly confined to mechanical instruction, of very little interest to general readers. The cream of some of. these, a study of years, con amore, added to the experience of a lifetime, has here for the first time been collected for the special benefit and amusement of all lovers of the coach-maker's

4 PREFACE.

handiwork. The numerous illustrations, drawn on the block from the author's designs or reduced native originals, by our son, E. Washington Stratton, serve to show the progress and condition of art in different countries much more effectuallv than could be done in the most finished essay under any circumstances. If in outline some of these seem at variance with Hogarth's "line of beauty," we trust the public will still accept them as a sacrifice we have been compelled to offer at the shrine of historical impartiality and undisguised truthfulness.

In addition to the kindness of friends elsewhere acknowledged in this volume, the author would mention with special thanks Messrs. George M. Hooper & Co., of London, Coach-makers to the Queen and II. H. H. the Prince of Wales, for a variety of favors ; and T. Farmer Baily, Esq., Sunnyside, Ryde, Isle of Wight, for the liberal use of his scrap-book, w Collection of Coaches," recently on exhibition in the South Kensington Museum, London, without which much of the interest given to this work would have been lost.

New York, March 27, 1878.

Chapter I

Egyptian. — Man's necessities the primary cause of inventive action. — The lower animals subjugated by him. — The sledge an inceptive idea in coach-making. — Egyptians the inventors of chariots. — Egyptian funeral ceremonies and early use of the sledge. — Improved sledge-wagon. — A leaf from the history of Menepthah I, whereon are described the ceremonies attendant upon the surrender of an enemy to the victor. — The chariot and furniture described. — General remarks concerning the bass-reliefs found on monuments. — Sketches of the life of Barneses II, showing the cruelties of the Egyptians. — Egyptian horse-blankets and yokes. — Carts of the Tokkari. — Conquests of Rameses III in Central Africa and portions of Asia. — Chariots of the period, their beauties and defects examined. — The reigns of Menepthah II and III. — Military organizations of the Egyptians. — Baggage-cart. — Ceremonies observed in honor of Amuu. — Hunting as pursued by the Egyptians. — Rameses IV and his deeds as recorded in the Temple at Luxor. — Description of a chariot in the Florentine Museum, and the fragments of another in the New York Historical Society's Collection. —Extracts in praise of the horse. — Illustrations showing the different modes of building chariots in Egypt Pages 17-68

Chapter II

Assyrian. — The reclaimed treasures of Assyrian art preserved in the Louvre and British Museum. — Probable introduction of chariots into Assyria by the invading army of Sesostris. — Water transportation of the king's army. — Reasons for the chronology adopted in this chapter. — Comparison of Egyptian with Assyrian rules of scientific art. — Peace treaty with an enemy. — The monarch of Assyria hunting the monarch of the jungle. — Critical examination of Assyrian chariots. — Thorn in the lion's tail. — Chariot from Khorsabad in a battle-scene. — Assyrian horse-trappings. — Chariots of gold, silver, and costly woods. — Probable use of iron wheels. — The king's wheel-chair borne on the shoulders of eunuchs. — Chariots captured from an enemy. — Sennacherib in a chariot before Lachish, guarded by soldiers. — Harness of the Assyrians. — Conjectural chariots of the Trojans. — Was art among the Assyrians of home growth, or was it imported from Egypt? — Elamitish, Armenian, and Susianian carts, drawn by horses, mules, and oxen, taken by " the great king " in battle Pages G9-92

Chapter III

Persian. — Assyrian character of the earlier Persepolitan vehicles. — Bass-reliefs found at Persepolis, representing chariots. — Persian belief in auguries. --Idol-car from Persepolis. — Scythe-chariots in the army of Ninus. — r Cyrus abolishes the

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

old chariots, and invents new ones with scythes. — Xenophon's description of scythe-chariots. — Abradatus adds four perches, which induces Cyrus to build a chariot with eight. — Scythe- chariots proved failures in an encounter with Egyptian soldiers. — Curtius describes an encounter between Alexander and Darius. — LeClerc's criticism of Curtius on scythe-chariots, in which he indorses the speculations of John Scheffer. — Livy and Diodorus on hooked chariots. — Labors of Scheffer to reconcile Curtius to "common-sense." — Ginzrot pronounces the savans at fault, owing to a defective education in carriage-building, and animadverts on the ignorance of Vegetius, Stechevius, and others. — Scythe-chariots fail when tried against the legions of Alexander. — The barbarians under Porus meet Alexander in India. — Alexander by strategy defeats the Thracian object with chariots.

— Pharmaces attacks Caesar's army with scythe-chariots near Ziela, and is beaten.

— The currus-falcata of Antiochus. — Scythe-chariots despised by Alexauder Severus. — Persian harraamaxa, used by the ladies. — Description of Alexander's state funeral-car. — Modern farmer's cart Pages 93-115

CHAPTEE IV.

Grecian. — Invention of chariots ascribed to Mars and others, Erichthonius being credited with first using four horses to vehicles. — General employment of vehicles throughout Greece. — -Materials used in the construction of diphrons. — Plato's description of a chariot. — Grecian trophy in the Vatican Museum. — Spoils of victory dedicated to the gods. — Unfaithfulness of Myrtilus, the charioteer of (Enomaus. — Chariot-races in the Olympian games. — Contested by kings. — Cynisca a victor in the chariot-race. — Nestor's instructions to Antilochus. — Anniceus, a skillful driver, experiments before Plato and his scholars. — Poetical description of a chariot-race. — Chariot of Eos. — Curious picture from a vase. — Plight of Priam from Troy. — Mars and his bloody work. — Chariots in use by the females of Greece. — Homeric chariot-building. — Hesiod on felling timber. — Bass-reliefs from Mycenae. — Etruscan chariots from the vases, similar to the Grecian Pages 116-136

CHAPTEE Y.

Roman. — Royal highways all leading to Eome. — Early introduction of the lectica into the empire from the East, followed by the basterna, a slow mode of travel. — Carpentum and its special uses. — Messalina brings it into disgrace. — Carpentum Pompaticum, or state-carriage. — Pilentum popular in sacred processions. — Cisium, the post-coach, stigmatized as the "gallant's carriage," — Monachus, the lady's pony-phaeton. — The birotum. — The arcera. — The carrus, called by Caesar a plaustrum, in use by the Helvetians. — Difference between the currus and plaustrum explained ; how constructed and employed. — Dogs attendant on oxen. — Plaustra majora, plostellum, curriculus, and pegma. —Chariots, how distinguished in the Vatican Museum. — Poles, yokes, etc. — Bigas. — Circus Maximus and tho race-course. — Royal punishment for free opinions. — Nero a charioteer. —Costume in the race. — Upset quadriga. — Virgil's description of the race. — 'Wild animals trained for the circus. — Triumphs of Paullus JEmilius and of Titus. — Cremation. — A sportsman's funeral. — Rheclas described. — Vehicula meritoria. — Carruca. — Authors on the Thcnsa. — The "rustic" benna. — Names of Roman vehicles. — Carriage-part. — Odometer. — Myrmecides' carriage and horses "no larger than a fly." — Modern Roman carriages ....

TABLE OF CONTENTS. 7

CHAPTER VI.

Italian. — Our knowledge of carriage-building at Pompeii dependent on the truthfulness of painters. — Chariot of victory. — Parrot car in charge of a locust. — Funeral elegy over Corinna's parrot. — Cupid as charioteer for his mother's swan team.

— Lion and tiger team managed by Love. — Griffin and butterfly, typifying strength and weakness. — Mixed team. — Apollo's car and griffin team. — Plostellum from Herculaneum. — Minerva mounts her car as "the slayer of heroic men." — Love with a swan-necked car. — Diana's deer team. — Goat team from the Temple of the Dioscuri. — Bigas from Herculaneum. — Ludicrous chariot-race. — Plaustrum.

— Pompeiian wine-wagon. — Pompeiian carriage-road. — Carroccio of the Lombards. —Italian cochio. — Neapolitan sedans and carriages in immense numbers.

— Thecalesso Pages 183-199

CHAPTER VII.

Omental. — Chinese sedan traveling. — Cab. — Chinese carriage drawings, by a native artist. —'Single omnibus in the empire. — Japanese jiu-eik-sha. — Indian hecca. — Gujerat village-cart — Bullock transit carriage. — Travel in Iudia. — Car of Juggernaut. — Scythian movable houses. — Tartar cart. — Singular Scythian funeral rites. — Tartar cart music Pages 200-209

CHAPTER VIII.

French. — What nation invented coaches? — How were they introduced into Europe? Citizens' wiyes forbidden to use carriages. — Oldest Gallic vehicle extant. — Entrance of Queen Isabella into Paris in a litter. — Horse-litters. — Charles VI views his Queen enter Paris sitting on his horse. — Tardiness of art in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. — A royal cart. — Close carriage of Frederic III. — Three first carriage-owners in France. — Queen of Navarre enters Amiens in a litter, her husband riding "a goodly genet." — The still mooted question is, Where did coaches originate? — Coach of Henry IV, and his assassination therein.

— Men ashamed of coaches. — Picardy cart. — Twin coach-bodies. — Parisian fiacres. — Omnibuses, t- Round coaches — Musee de Cluny collection. — Antique phaeton. — Corbillard. — Carriages works of taste, probably caprice. — Caroch, berime, chariot, diligence, chaise, and brouette. — Boxed-up wives. — Ancient carrosse. — Patents : Simon's, for hanging off bodies ; Grobert's, for relieving horses ; Leclerq & Crombette's carriage-head ; Avril's triolet and Tellier's nonupsetting vehicle. — Monocycle. — Smuggler's trick. — Char-a-banc adopted from the Swiss. — Vis-a-vis, tapissiere, dog-cart, brouette, boguet, coupe, demi-calechc, braeck, wicker phaeton, mylord, landau, caleche, and pompe . Pages 210-247

CHAPTER IX.

English — Caesar on landing is opposed by chariots. — Queen Boadicea. — Covina and esseda. — Relics of British scythe-chariots from battle-fields. — Anglo-Saxon chariot. — Hammock wheel-bed. — Anglo-Saxon carts. — Horse-litters. — Chares. — Whirlicote. — Long- wagons. — Chariots. — Carriages at coronations. — Coaches before Queen Elizabeth's time. — Queen Elizabeth's coaches. — Cost of coaches. — The knight and his trumpet. — Coaches satirized. — Stage-coaches introduced. — Fyne Morrison's journal. — Buckingham's coach-and-six. — Taylor's diatribe. — Capt. Bailey's hackney-coaches. — Coaches' overthrow. — Sedans. — Dispute be-

8 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

tween Coach and Sedan, with a Beere-cart moderator. — Polyglot inventor. — Coach pictures for ladies' faces. — Post-chaises. — Coach-springs. — More litters.

— Glass windows. — Flying coaches. — Lover of his Country versus Stage-coaches.

— Bad roads. — Coach-makers' arms. — Boyle's soliloquy. — Earl Darnley's chariot. — Bill Jingle's coach for hooped ladies. — Tattler versus Coaches and Chaises.

— Queen Anne in state to St. Paul's. — Sedan chariot. — Gay's trivia. — Aristo^ cratic carriages. — " Old Chariot's " chariot. — Sedan-cart. — "Unpleasantness " between a lord and a lady's chairmen. — Taxing coaches. — Friction annihilated. —

— Gigs. — Patent coaches. — Tale of an antiquary. — Hogarth's stage-coach. — Lord Mayor's coach and show. — Brouette. — High-fliers. — State-coach. — Flying machines. — Barouche. — Streets of London and coach obstructions. — Embryo omnibus. — Cummings on wheels. — Lord Chancellor of Ireland's coach. — College's axles. — Road protector. — Combined cart and wagon. — Brights and blacks.

— Feeing coachmen. — Town and country coaches. — Crane-neck coach. — Landau.

— Sociable. — Post-chaise. — Town chariot. — Landaulet. — Sulky. — Phaetons, a variety. — Umbrella sociable. — Curricles. — Whiskies. — Builders' lease of carriages. — Traders' naughty tricks. — Coach and post-chariot, 1805. — Jaunting-car. — Barouche, 1805. — Telegraph buggy. — Elliott's inventions. — Detachment of horses from carriages. — Stanhope, Tilbury, and curricle phaeton. — Ackerman's axle. — Britzscha chariot. — First English railway coach. — Charvolant. — Traveling coach, traveling, composite, and post chariot. — Alliterative literature.

— Cabriolets, omnibuses, gigs, Dennets, mail-phaetons, and Hansom's cab. — Equirotal carriages, Broughams, Clarences, sovereign, and basterna coaches, Harvey's cabriolet, pony, dog-cart, sporting phaeton, wagonette, improved Hansom, family omnibus, coupe, open town barouche, and Elcho sociable landau. — Display in Hyde Park Pages 248-389

CHAPTER X.

Northern European. —Russian vehicles. — Droschke, kibitka, and tarenta described.

— Norwegian cariole and travel. — Danish Holstein-vogue. — English coach in Sweden. — German karen and duchess's wedding-present . . Pages 390-395

CHAPTER XI.

American. — Litters of the aborigines. — Colonist wheelwrights. — English carriages in America. — Carmen's contempt for alclermanic ordinances. — New York and Philadelphia post. —John Clapp keeps a hack for hire. —Albanian ordinance regulating "slees and horses." — Removal of posts from the Broadway. — New York and Boston post. — Skelton's and Carpenter's chairs. — Importation of chaises. — James Hallett's cards. — New York City amusements. — John Butler's "waggon " and the Bordentown stage. — Philadelphia and Annapolis stage. —Flying machine.

— Improvised hacks. — Mrs. Shoemaker's Recollections. — Curricles. -— New York coach-owners. — Burning of Colden's coach. — The Deanes from Dublin. —New York and Boston stage. — Pennsylvanian carriage-owners and carriage-builders.

— Travel in Revolutionary times. — Importation forbidden. —Washington's coach.

— Henry's coat-of-arms. — McGowan's sledge. — Coach-makers' procession. — New York carriage-makers. — Powell's coach. — Tax on carriages. — Early traveling. — Chaises. —Beginning of carriage-making in Newark, Albany, etc. —Early carriage-makers in New York City. — Country wagons and sleighs. — Parker chal-

TABLE OF CONTENTS. 9

lenges Quick. — Volantes. — Parker's "blower." — Connecticut and New Jersey carriage-makers stigmatized as thieves. — Buggies, gigs, phaetons, and chariotees.

— The accommodation and public sociable early passenger vehicles in New York.

— Barouches, traveling-coach, coachee, dickey-seat phaeton, traveling chariot, double Stanhope, Newark buggy, cabriolet, sulky, and omnibus. — Street-car. — Stage-drivers' bad conduct. — Parker's vehicles. — Butchers' carts, express and business wagons, cabs, Rockaways, Southern coach. — Perch-couplings. — Clip king-bolts. — Jenny Lind, physician's phaeton, square buggy, road sulky. — Stratton's patent mail-axle. — Concord and New Rochelle wagons. — Fenton Rockaway, pony-cart and phaeton, gentleman's road buggy. — Six-seat and cut-under Rockaway. — Clarence, cabriolet, caleche, phaetons, demi-landau, coupe, coupe-Rockaway, Clarence, landau. — Velocipedes. — Trade statistics . Pages 396-467

CIIAPTEE XII.

Supplemental. — Carriages in the American Centennial Exhibition, French, English, American. — Commissioner's report. — M. Guiet's remarks on Centennial carriages.

— Carriage-builders' national association. — - Col. Delanccy Kane's drag.

Index Pages 483-488

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

A:n Outside Barbarian among the

Celestials Frontispiece.

Initial Word to Preface .... 3

Author's Autograph 4

Egyptian Hunting Scene and Initial M 17

Primitive Sledge 18

Primitive Sledge-wagon 19

Aristotle's Syctal.e 19

An Egyptian Funeral Cortege. — The Undertaker comes tor the

Body 24

Egyptian Sledge-hearse 2G

Elegant Sledge-hearse 26

An Egyptian Funeral Cortege. —

The Body carried to the Tomb 27 "Wagon and Boat from a Mummy

Bandage 30

Surrender of an Enemy to Menepthah 1. — Temple of Karnak . . 31 The Victorious Menepthah I on the

Homeward March 32

Egyptian Whips 33

Whip suspended from the Wrist . 34 Triumphal Procession of Menepthah I — Temple of Karnak . . 35 Rameses II in Battle. — Erom Bei-

tualli, in Nubia 36

Egyptian Horse-blanket 37

Egyptian Yoke 38

Captured Carts of the Tokkari . 38 Rameses III in his Chariot. — Bass-relief from a Temple at Aboo-

simbel 40

Fully equipped War-chariot ... 42 Menepthah III marching against an Enemy. — From Medeenet Haboo 44

Egyptian Baggage-cart 46

Menepthah III proceeding to the Temple of Amun.Medeenet Hab6o 47 page

Egyptian Hunting-chariot .... 50 Rameses IV conducting Captives to

the Temple of Amun 52

Battle-scene from the Temple of

Luxor 54

Chariot of the Rot-u-n 55

Egyptian Plaustrum 56

Chariot from the Florentine Museum 57

Ancient Egyptian Wheel .... 57

Spoke 58

Wooden Tire 59

Completed Chariot-wheel .... 60

Fragment of Shafts 60

Chariot End Rave 61

Chariot Side Rave 61

Rimming a Wheel 65

Bending the Timber for a War-chariot 66

Making the Pole and other Parts

of the Chariot 66

Binding or trimming a Chariot-body 68

Initial Letter F 69

The King of Assyria crossing a River in Pursuit of an Enemy.

— Nimroud 71

Assyrian War-chariot. — Nimroud. 73 Assyrian Treaty of Peace — Nimroud 76

Assyrian Lion-hunter — Nimroud . 78 Assyrian Warriors in Battle. —

Khorsabad 80

Eunuch with Horses 81

The King's Chair borne by Eunuchs.

— Khorsabad 83

Chariot captured by the Assyrians.

— Khorsabad 84

Chariot and Charioteer of Sennacherib in waiting before Lachish.

— Kouyunjik 86

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Sennacherib in his Chariot before

Lachish. — From a Bass-relief in

the British Museum 88

Supposed Jewish Captives in a

Cart 90

Supposed Susianian Mule-team . . 90 Elamitish Cart in the Service of

Assyrian Soldiers 91

Mule-team and Party at Rest . . 92 Xerxes orders the Sea chastised

(Initial A) 93

Chariot from the Ruins of Persep-

olis 94

Chariot from Niebuhr 95

Another Chariot from the Ruins

of Persepolis

Supposed Persian Chariot from the

Lyons Collection

Persian Idol-car

Persian Scythe-chariot

Ancient Scythe-chariot Wheels. —

Prom Scheffer 104

Gallican Covinus. — Prom Ginzrot 104 Scythe-wagon by a Modern Inventor Ancient Scythe-wagon. — From a

Rare Print

Persian Harmamaxa . . .

Alexander's Funeral Car .

Interior View of Alexander's Fu

neral Car

Persian Farmer's Cart .

Chariot Race (Initial I)

Diphron

Grecian Chariot ....

Grecian Chariot, a Trophy to Rome Side View of Grecian Chariot Chariot from the Pediment of the

Partheon

Ancient Grecian Racing Chariot Eos, Goddess of the Morning Horses guided by a Staff Grecian Wain, from a Vase War-chariot of Mars. .

Grecian Lady's Quadriga Grecian Lady's Biga . .

Etruscan Biga ....

Initial Letter L . . .

Carpentum, Temp. Caligula Carpentum, Temp. Domitian

106 111 113

123 126

PAGE

Carpentum. — Carrying off the

Bride 140

Carpentum Pompaticum 142

The Pilentum 143

Monachus 146

Roman Post Birotum 147

Arcera 148

The Carrus 149

Carrus for Liquids 151

Carrus Clabularius 152

Hay-plaustrum 154

Roman Wine-cart 154

Plostellum 156

The Curriculus 157

Roman Chariot 159

Front View of Roman Chariot . 160

Roman Yokes 160

Circus Chariot 161

Roman Coliseum and its Surroundings 163

Racing Quadriga . 165

An Upset Quadriga 166

Chariot and Tigers 168

Chariot and Gazelles 169

Triumph of Titus 172

Portion of a Funeral Cortege . 173

Two-wheeled Rheda 174

Military or State Rheda. ... 176 Hungarian Carriage. — After Ginzrot . . 177

The Carruca 178

The Benna 179

Roman Carriage-part 180

Curricle-bar and Horses (Initial

Victory. — Pompeii 184

Parrot Biga. — Pompeii 185

Swan Car. — Pompeii ...... 186

Mixed Team. — Pompeii 187

Biga and Griffin. — Pompeii. . . 187

Car of Apollo. — Herculaneum . 188

Plostellum. — Herculaneum ... 188

Minerva's Chariot. — Herculaneum 189

Mule-car. — Pompeii 190

Car of Diana. — Pompeii . . . . 190 Female Goats and Chariot. — Pompeii 191

Male Goats and Chariot.— Pompeii, 191

LIST OF ILLUSTBATIONS.

PAGE

She-gcats and Chariot. — Pompeii 192

Biga. — Herculaneum 193

Racing-chariot. — Heeculakedm . 193

Grotesque Chariot-race. — Pompeii 194

The Plaustrum. — Herculaneum . 194

Wine-wagon. — Pompeii 195

Italian Cochio 197

Neapolitan Sedan 198

Chinese Cart (Initial A) . . . . 200

Royal Cart, by a Chinese Artist 201

Coachman or the Emperor of China 202

Indian Hecca 203

Gujerat Village-cart 204

Scythian House on Wheels . . . 207

Tartar Cart 208

French Diligence (Initial T) . . 210

Ancient Flemish Carriage . . . 212 Litter. — Isabella's Entrance into

Paris 213

French Horse-litter 214

French State Chariot 216

Coach of Henry IV of France. . 217

Picardy Cart 218

Ancient Twin Carriage-bodies . . 219

Parisian Fiacre 220

Ancient Coach, 1G67 221

Antique Phaeton 223

French Corbillard 224

The Coach (Fr. Caroch), 1771 . . 226

The Berline 227

Chariot 228

Diligence 228

Chaise 229

Brouette 230

Ancient Carrosse-body 232

Simon's Patent 234

Grobert's Patent Cabriolet . . . 235

Extension Head for Carriages . 236

Avril's Triolet 236

Tellier's Patent Safety Carriage 237

Monocycle 237

Char-a-banc 239

Vis-a-vis 239

Tapissiere 240

French Dog-cart 241

Boguet 241

Coupe 242

Demi-Caleche 242

Braeck 244

PAGE

Wicker Phaeton 245

Mylord 245

slngle-iiorse landau 246

French Caleche 247

Pompe 247

Scroll and Initial V 248

British Covina, with Implements

of Warfare 250

British Essedum 252

Essedum. — After Ginzrot . . . . 252

Fragment of a Wheel 253

Saxon Chariot 254

Hammock Carriage 255

Anglo-Saxon Cart 256

Anglo-Saxon Truck 257

Cart, with Anglo-Saxon Harvest-scene 257

Horse-litter of the Time of Edward III 258

Long-wagon of the Fourteenth

Century 261

Queen Elizabeth's Coach, Rippon,

Maker 26?

Queen Elizabeth's French Coach . 266 Queen Elizabeth's Coaches. — From

Hoefnagel's Print 267

English Coach of 1616 271

Taylor's World on Wheels . . . 273

Sedan of 1635 293

Coach of 1635 294

Horse-litter 299

Coach-makers' Arms, 1667 .... 306

Coach- and-Six of 1688 307

Coach of 1696. — From a Print in

the British Museum 308

Chariot of the Earl of Darnley 309

State Coach of 1713 311

Sedan Chariot of 1713 312

Carriage of the Aristocracy —

Temp. Georges I and II . . . 314

Sedan-cart 315

English Sedan-chair, 1750 .... 317

English Private Coach, 1750. . . 318

English Gig, 1754 319

English Stage-coach, 1755 .... 321

English Brouette 325

English High-flier Phaeton . . 325

State-coach of England, 1762 . . 326

English Barouche, 1767 329

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Cylindrical Wheel 331

Coned Wheel 332

Coach of the Lord Chancellor of

Ireland 332

Road Protector, 1796 333

Cart and Wagon combined, 1797 . 334

Town Coach, 1796 336

Traveling Coach, 1796 337

Crane-neck Coach, 1796 338

English Landau, 1796 338

Town Chariot 339

Landaulet, 1796 340

Pony Phaeton 342

Sociable 344

Curricle Proper 345

New-pattern Curricle 346

Gig Curricle 347

Caned Whisky 348

Grasshopper-chaise Whisky . . . 348

Post-chariot, 1805 353

Improved Curricle 354

Jaunting-car, 1805 354

Barouche, 1805 357

Telegraph, 1805 358

O. Elliott's Chariot, 1805 .... 359

Stanhope Gig 360

Tilbury . 361

Tilbury Spring. — Rear View . . 361

Curricle Phaeton 362

Ackerman's Movable Axle . . . 362

Post-chaise, 1825 363

Britzscha Chariot 363

First English Railway Coach . . 364

Viney & Pocock's Charvolant . . 365

Traveling Chariot 366

Continental Traveling Coach . . 366

Composite Chariot 367

Post-chariot, 1829 367

Private Cabriolet 369

First English Omnibus, 1829. . . 370

English Gig, 1830 371

Cab Dennet 371

Cabriolet . , 372

Mail-phaeton 372

Hansom's Cab 373

Adams's Equirotal Phaeton . . . 375

PAGE

Adams's Equirotal Omnibus . . . 375

English Brougham 376

Clarence Coach . 376

Sovereign 377

Basterna Coach 377

Harvey's Cabriolet 378

Pony (Victoria) Phaeton .... 379

Shamrock Dog-cart 381

Sporting Phaeton 381

English Wagonette 383

Improved Hansom Cab 385

Gentleman's Family Omnibus . . 386

English Coupe 387

Open Town Barouche 387

Elcho Sociable Landau .... 389

Russian. Drosciike (Initial C) . . 390

Norwegian Cariole 393

German Karen 394

Duchess of Lothringen's Coach . 395

Drive in Central Park (Initial W) 396

Sleigh of 1783 413

The Powell Coach 416

The Chair of 1790 419

Country Pleasure-wagon .... 422

Early American Sleigh .... 423

Albany Sleigh 423

American Stage-coach, 1830 . . . 424

Spanish Volante 427

American Buggy, 1826 429

Fan-tailed Gig 430

Slat-side Phaeton 431

Gig Chariotee 431

American Chariotee 431

The Accommodation 432

Public Sociable 432

American Barouche 433

C-spring Barouche 433

American Traveling Coach . . . 434

c-spring coachee 434

Dickey-seat Phaeton 435

Traveling Chariot 435

Double Stanhope 436

Carter's Newark Buggy .... 436

American Cabriolet 437

Sulky 437

Brower's Omnibus 438

American Street-car 440

American Clarence 440

Parker's Coachee 441

LIST OF ILLUSTBATIONS.

PAGE

Butcher's and Grocer's Cart . . 442

Improved Butcher's Cart .... 442

American Express Wagon .... 442

American Cab 443

Phaeton 443

Improved Business Wagon . . . 444

Rockaway 445

Germantown 445

Southern Coach 446

Cut-under Buggy 447

Everett's Perch-coupling .... 447

Haussknecht's Perch-coupling . . 448

Another Haussknecht Coupling . 449

Reynolds's King-bolt 450

Phelps's King-bolt 451

Jenny Lind 452

Physician's Phaeton 452

Square Buggy 453

Road Sulky 453

Stratton's Patent Mail-axle . . 454

Mail- axle Collar-plate 454

Concord Wagon 455

New Rochelle Wagon 455

Penton Rockaway 456

Pony-cart 456

Pony-phaeton 456

Gentleman's Road Buggy .... 457

Six-seat Rockaway 457 page

American Clarence 458

Cabriolet 458

American Caleche 459

Cut-under Rockaway 460

Modern Omnibus 460

Gig Phaeton 461

Canoe Phaeton 461

Demi-landau . . 462

Circular-front Coupe 462

Improved Scroll-spring 463

Six-seat Coupe-Rockaway .... 463 Three-quarter Clarence .... 464 Frame-work of Hind Carriage-part 464

Bonner Buggy 464

Top Buggy 465

American Landau 465

American Velocipede 466

Gompert's Drasina 466

Scroll Initial Letter O . . . . 468 Million, Guiet & Co.'s Eight-spring

Landau 469

Peters & Sons' Ladies' Phaeton . 472

Hooper & Co.'s Drag 472

Brewster & Co.'s Double-suspension Victoria 476

McLear & Kendall's Vis-a-vis . .477

James Cunningham & Son's Hearse 478

THE WORLD OX WHEELS.