Wild life among the red men: containing a full account of their customs, traits of character, superstitions, modes of warfare, traditions, etc. ..

Front matter

Collection of Native North American Indian Books, Historical Books, Atlases, plus other important au¬ thors and family heirloom books.

Earl Ford McNaughton ’ \ \

/ill

Introduction

IN PRESENTING this History of the Indian Tribes to the American public we wish to say there are two classes of people whom we do not aim to please — those who, reading the Leatherstocking tales, are apt to base their ideas upon them, and regard the “ noble red man” as but little lower than the angels ; and the frontiersman who having, perhaps, witnessed massacres, can see no good trait in Indians, but regards them all as demons. If you reason until doomsday you can never change the ideas of these people, who hold such widely different opinions.

The happy medium between these two estimates of the Indian char¬ acter would be the true one of a race which possesses human thoughts and instincts ; a race to whom civilization came too soon and in the wrong way ; a race which certainly was no worse than our own ancestors of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

The Indian, like Topsy, simply u growed.” He followed his own inclinations,- without regard to right or wrong. He had no more moral sense of right or wrong than a little child has before its education in that direction begins. He could return good for good very well, but knew nothing about returning good for wil, although he understood how to give bad for bad, adding compound interest every time. He was a treacherous and cruel enemy, but a faithful friend.

The lessons which he learned were all of cruelty and, later, of hatred to the white man, whom he was taught to regard as worse than a beast of prey, for he would take his native land from him. As the Israelitites of old thought it was no crime to “borrow” of their Egyp¬ tian neighbors upon the eve of their flight from that land, so the red man considered it no crime to borrow whatever the white man had — even his life. He was desperately brave against the Spaniards, who gave him his first lessons in deceit and cruelty.

iii

INTRODUCTION,

Both North and South American Indians reverenced age,, as a rule ; loved their children, and had a high sense of honor and justice. They were naturally silent and taciturn but fond of set speech, metaphors and similes. Cruelty to captives was the worst thing that could be sail of them.

Why not read and ponder over the history of political and religious persecutions among the civilized nations of earth ? Why forget the Salem witchcraft craze, the burning of negroes in New York City, and some of the old plantation tales ?

The red man certainly is not a saint, but he is a human being, and should not be utterly condemned without a hearing. So far the white man has generally told the story in his own way. The Indian practiced as well as preached personal independence and freedom from all restraint ; he bitterly resented the laws of the white man. He has shown the cour¬ age of Leonidas, and can not be regarded as a weak character when he has proved himself to be a shrewd, desperate and powerful foe. Our own ancestors lived in rude huts, clothed themselves in the skins of wild beasts, and painted their bodies, nor were they less cruel to their enemies than were the red men of America.

The Indian thought it a weakness to forgive an injury and noble to revenge it. He always went to war to redress a real or fancied wrong. Revenge was a sacred duty to him, yet he was an affectionate father, hospitable to all, and never forgot an injury or kindness.

Nearly all of his legends told him of visitors who would come from distant lands, manitous or gods, fair, majestic, and vastly superior to his race, whom they would speedily elevate to their own plane. When he found that the newcomers were foes instead of friends he made a gallant fight for his home in his own cruel way, which, after all that has been said, was not more cruel than the ways of his conqueror, certainly not worse than those of our own Anglo-Saxon forefathers in Europe.

He retaliated on the innocent ! So did some of the white settlers. A short time ago a friend told us the story of her great-great uncle, who saw his wife k^led by Indians, although, for some unexplained

INTRODUCTION.

* v

reason, his own life was spared. He immediately vowed u death to all I dians ” and did kill three who had nothing to do with the murder of his wife. More than that, he scalped them, and when he was dying, he had the scalps placed where he could see them and remember his revenge. Could an Indian cherish hatred more than that ?

The laws of the human races follow closely those of the vegetable kingdom, and we see the survival of the fittest every day. Nation . follows nation, the stronger overcoming the weaker ; peoples arise and vanish and others take their places in the onward march. It is the law of progress. The Indians gave way before our race as some other race gave way to them.

We find that the first white men were regarded as gods from the distant Chebakunah, the Land of Souls, and the tidings of their coming ran from tribe to tribe, to be talked of in lodge and council house. The Indians welcomed them with gifts of corn and fruit, giving them cordial help, but all too soon these trusting people discovered that their supposed gods were very selfish and human men.

The first thing was to kidnap some of the unsuspecting natives to send across the water as a show, and the next step was easy — to make slaves of them ! Is it any wonder that they became 11 wild and unruly,” and tried to prevent more ships from anchoring ?

The white man’s “ firewater ” was the most deadly agent in the conquest of the American Indians. Drunkenness was never known among them before Columbus came. The story goes that Masewapega, an Ojibway, visited the white spirits and carried back to his tribe some spirits which were not white in character. The Indians dare not taste it, fearing that it was poison, but finally gave a glass to a very old squaw who had not much longer to live.

To their great surprise the old woman did not die, and presently begged for mere. From that day the Ojibways thought nothing of going a hundred miles, if need be, to get “firewater.” Rum would buy more fine furs than cloth and beads, and was used freely by Indian traders. With better civilization temperance comes, and there are tern-

Vi

INTRODUCTION.

perance societies on some of Che reservations now, while the reports grow better every year.

There are tribes which have never been hostile, no matter what tli_ provocation has been. The different clans differ as much, one from another, as the white man differs from them all. There are the noble and the rough, the good and the bad, with all the grades between, among the native races.

The Italian peddler is not a Roman senator ; the English swell is not a King Arthur ; the average United States citizen is not a Wash¬ ington or a Lincoln, and every Indian is not a Massasoit or a Tecnmseh.

The white man is a savage, whitewashed by years of education and training. Treated as the Indian has been, placed beyond the necessity of work, would he have made more progress in a century than the Indian has done ?

The memory of an injury is handed down through generations — so is the memory of a kindly deed. Once a party of Indians visited Philadelphia and were shown the statue of William Penn. They fell on their knees before it at once, so strong was the reverence for him, which had descended from father to son.

The main causes of the wars with the Indians has been failures to fulfil treaties made by the commissioners ; dishonest agents, and it was a notorious fact that an agent with a salary of $1500 to $2000 a year could retire with a fortune in a few years ; and encroachment of whites upon their reservations. Miners entered and took their best hunting grounds, regardless of treaties, and the government representatives professed to be unable to prevent them. In fact, the whites have always settled on Indian lands regardless of their treaty rights, and then the Indian has been told that he must u move on.”

General Sherman said : “ Civilization makes its own compact with the weaker party ; it is violated, but not by the savage.” The United States spends fifty times as much as Canada does on Indian affairs, still Canada never had Indian wars. Why? She calls them “ the Indian subjects of the Crown” and treats them accordingly.

INTRODUCTION.

vB

Wild Cat, a noted Seminole chief, said after the war with that tribe : “ I was once a boy, then I saw the white man afar off. I hunted in those woods, first with a bow and arrow, then with a rifle. I saw the white man and was told that he was my enemy. I could not shoot him as I would a wolf or bear, yet like these he came upon me. Horses, cattle and fields he took from me. He said he was my friend. He abused our women and children and told us to go from the land. Still he gave his hand in friendship. We took it. Whilst taking it he had a snake in the other. His tongue was forked. He lied and stung us. I asked but for a small piece of these lands, enough to plant and live upon, far south — a spot where I could lay the ashes of my kindred. And even this has not been granted to me. I feel the irons in my heart ! ”

If this simple story teaches our youth to look upon the Indian as a brother man, undeveloped and childlike though he may be, yet with the characteristics of the great human race within his soul ; a being who is capable of seeing, thinking, living and loving as we do ; a fellow mortal, whose religion is based on the principle of u an eye for an eye,” and who readily learns what our own acts teach him — then our efforts will not have been in vain.

All the standard histories have been consulted, as well as the yearly reports on Indian Affairs. “Boots and Saddles” has been carefully read and compared with u A Century of Dishonor.” The words of army officers and Indian fighters have been considered, as well as those of the most devoted missionaries. In fact, every effort has been made to give an impartial history of the unfortunate race which once pos¬ sessed our broad land, and hunted the wild animals of the forest where our proudest cities now stand.

Our thanks are especially due to the superintendents of the Hamp¬ ton and Carlisle Schools for their courtesy in supplying valuable material. Also to G. W. James, Alice C. Fletcher, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at Ottawa, Canada, the principals of Indian Schools, and others who have contributed both facts and anecdotes.

CHAPTER I. Early Discoverers

The Norsemen — Trading with the Indians — Keel Cape — Was it Cape Cod — First Fight With the Indians — Death of Thorwald — Set¬ tlement Abandoned — First White Chief — Natives that Columbus Found in the New Land — His Reception by Them — His Return for Their Kindness — Eclipse of the Sun — Indian Slavery — Columbus Began the Slave Trade — Vasquez — Ponce de Leon — De Soto — How the Spaniards Used the Indians — How They Found Out that the Newcomers Were Mortal — Indians Generous to a Brave Enemy — • Natchez Indians — The White Man’s Fire Water — Henry Hudson. 17

CHAPTER II. More About the Early Days

Price Paid for New York — What Red Jacket Thought of the White Man. Maquacomen’s Opinion — Different from that of Sitting Bull — What Menawa Said— Legend of the First Indian Blanket — Sir Humphrey Gilbert — Sir Walter Raleigh — How Amidas and Barlow Were Re¬ ceived by the Natives — Grenville’s Expedition — His Injustice — Fate of the Colony — Story of Wingina — First White Child of Virginia — Tradition of the Fate of the Colony — Concert — Startling Interruption — A Joke That was Not a Joke — A Visitor . 35

CHAPTER III. First Settlers and Their Dangers

Colonists Were Not Wise — Story of Hatuey — Natives of the West Indies — Brief History of the Islands — What the Caribs of Grenada Did — Chamberlain — John Smith — Settlement of Jamestown — Powhatan —-Pocahontas — Smith a Prisoner — Free Again — Cannon and Grind¬ stone — Wars With Opechancanough — His Death — Massacres of Vir¬ ginia — Story of MacDougal . 48

viii*

CONTENTS

IX

CHAPTER IV. Stories of Thrilling Interest

Cruelty of 1 he Spaniards — Doegs and Susquehannahs — Planting Gun¬ powder — Jolin Elliot’s Labors of Love — First Justice of Peace — Kis Warrants — Squanto, the Sokokis Chief — Will an Indian Baby Drown •-Story of the Kennebeck Indian — The Rockaway Conference — Ogle¬ thorpe — Story of Tomochichi — William Penn — A White Feather — Sioux Generosity — The Indian and the Missionary — The Prophet of the Allegheny — Logan — Another “Removal” — Story of Pachgantschilia — Joseph, the Nez Perces — Early Conceit — Principal Indian Events Since 1862 — Mission Indians of California — A War Dance 62

CHAPTER V. Miles Standish and the Pilgrims

Coming of the Pilgrims — What They Found — Deer-Trap — Accident — First Fight with the Indians — Aspinet — Squanto — Indian Visit- Presents — The Great Massoit — Quadeqnina — Miles Standish — The Wampanoags — Character and Appearance of Massasoit — The Treaty- Trouble with Canonicus — The White Man’s Witch Charm — Colony at Weymouth — Massasoit’s Illness — Winslow’s Wonderful Cure — Queer Broth — First Thanksgiving in America — Van Twiller — Keift Account¬ able for the Indian Troubles at that time — Lord Baltimore ... 77

CHAPTER VI. The Pequods and Roger Williams

Pequods — Roger Williams — Miantonomoh — Canonicus as a Friend — - Founding of Providence — Anne Hutchinson — Pequod War — Narragansetts Friendly — Destruction of the Pequod Fort — Extinction of the Tribe — Death of Sassacus — Fate of his Followers — War-cry not Heard Again for Forty Years — Cruel Death of Miantonomoh — Dutch War with the Indians — Cause — Story — Ahasistari — Bravery and Fidelity — St. Joseph — Father Marquette — His Peace-pipe — Indians Kept a Letter Fourteen Years and then Delivered it Safely — Susquehanna V/ar. . 01

X

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VII. King Philip and the Indian Wars

Philip’s War — Descendants of Massasoit — Alexander — Uncas— Alex¬ ander’s Arrest and Death — Suspicion of Poison — Wetamoo — Friendly Mohegans — Did Philip Kill His Brother — Plymouth Warned by a Friendly Indian — It Cost Him His Life — Female Sachems Who Helped Philip — Cruel Things — Superstitions — Philip, the King — War to the Death — Strange Escapes from Death— Captain Church — Swanzey — Brookfield — Story — Deerfield — Hadley — Strange Leader — Fight at South Kingston — Torture of Captive Permitted and Witnessed by the English- — Defeat of the Narragansetts — Story of Mr. Rowlandson — The Man with Two Heads — Capture of Philip’s Son and Wife — His Death — Result of the War — Trouble in Maine — Cause — Annawon — Tuspaquin — Ransom of Captives — Story . 106

CHAPTER VIII. Strange Superstitions

Asking a Bear’s Pardon — Queer Superstitions — William Penn — Meeting at Shakamaxon — The Treaty of the Indians — The Chief Tammany — Sainted after Death — The Festival of Tammany— King William’s War — Great Cruelties — The Indians not always to Blame — Story of Major Waldron — Capture of Dover — War of Extermination — Premium for Scalps — Deerfield — Haverhill — Hannah Dustin — Her Capture and Escape — Assacambuilt and His War-club — Jesuits — “The Bars Fight” —Only Five Years of Peace . 123

CHAPTER IX. Troubles on the Frontier

Queen Anne’s War — Trouble in Carolina — English Sold in Canada as Slaves — Attack on Deerfield — Story of Eunice Williams — The Will¬ iams Indians — u Rouville, The Terrible” — Attack on Haverhill — Strange and Narrow Escapes — Stunted by the Indians — The Tuscaroras — The Y ammassees — A Brave Boy — Bobasheela — Father Rasies — The Story of Paugus and Chamberlain — Their Duel— Extermination of the Natchez Tribe . 139

CONTENTS.

xi

CHAPTER X. Story of Bfaddock’s Defeat

Oglethorpe and the Indians of Georgia — Tomochichi and His Queen Visit England — John Wesley — Whitfield — War Between England and Spain — Oglethorpe Invades Florida — Helped by his Indians — France J oins Spain — W ar in the Ohio V alley — Half King — Battle of Great Mead¬ ows — Braddock’s Defeat — Washington — His Narrow Escapes — Story of the Doctor — Adopted by the Indians — Story of Murderers’ Creek — The Good Naornan — Destruction of Kittanning — Massacre of Fort Henry — Cherokee War — First Indian Treaty . , , , . 152

CHAPTER XI. French and Indian War

More about the Cherokees — A “ Medicine Woman ” — Her Escape — Story of Eetitia Crane — French and Indian War — Fort Edward — Attack on Johnson’s Camp — Mohawk Chief Hendrick — His Death — Pontiac’s Conspiracy — His Generalship — Story of Alexander Henry — The First Discovery of Gold in California — A Singular Bear . , , 165

CHAPTER XII. Renowned Chiefs and Their Famous Deeds

A Rainy Day — Murder of the Conestoga Indians — Indian Allies — Burgoyne’s Treaty with the Indians — Captain White Eyes’ Speech — Story of Logan, the Mingo Chief — His Indian Name — His Character — His Reasons for Hating the Whites — His Speech — His Dismal Death — Cruel Murder of Bald Eagle, the Crazy Delaware Chief — Retaliation — White Men’s Tricks — Story of Jane MacCrea — Wyoming Massacre. Brandt, the Indian Chief — Sir William Johnson — “Dreams” — The “Lost Sister of Wyoming ’’-yCherry Valley — Story. . . e . . 171-

CHAPTER XIII. Story of Daniel Boone

Famous Chiefs of 1779 — Farmer’s Brother— Cornplanter — Cornstalk — BlackhooF-Cornstalk’s Treacherous Death — Daniel Boone — Adopted

CONTENTS,'

into the Tribe — Boonesborough— -Capture of Three Girls — Simon Ken¬ ton — The “ American Mazeppa” — Simon Girty — His Character — His Death — Brave Women — The Story of Elizabeth Zane English Offer Rewards for American Scalps — None for Prisoners — Stories — Little Turtle — Bluejacket — Battle of Fort Wayne Stolen Sweets . . 192

CHAPTER XIV. The Great Tecumseh

Tecumseh — His Character — His Hatred of the White Man — His First Fight — Protest Against Torture — His Death — His Brothers and Sisters — His Last Conference with General Harrison — His Brother, the Prophet — The Eclipse — The Prophet’s Dream — His Speech — Black Hawk — Creek War — Weatherford or Red Eagle — His Bravery — The Leap at Holy Ground — Fort Minims — Story — Hayden and His Hunting Dogs — Smallest Naval Battle in History — Mexican Torture

•‘“Kit Carson’s Indian Wife — Story of Mrs. Merril . 20T

CHAPTER XV. Seminole and Black Hawk War

Trouble With the Seminoles — The Cheyennes — The Black Hawk War — Black Hawk and His Braves in the White Man’s Cities — Their Opinion of the Balloon — Burial of Black Hawk — Last War Dance of the Pottawatomies — Seminoles Again — Osceola — His Reason for Hating the White Man — Taken Prisoner by Treachery — His Death — His Grave — Soldiers Not Robbed — Oregon Tribes — Delawares in the Union Army in 1862 — Boast of the Sioux — Story — Red Cloud and Spotted Tail — Sand Creek Massacre — Black Kettle — His Death — “ Some One lias Blundered” — Story of Lieutenant Beall . 222

CHAPTER XVI. The Bloody Modoc War

The Case of the Winnebagoes — ‘ Bad Ones Make the Trouble and the Good Ones Have to Suffer the Penalty With Them’ — War With the Modocs — Entrenched in the Lava Beds — Captain Jack — Murder of

CONTENTS, m li

General Canby and tbe Peace Commissioners — Modocs Conquered — Principal Ones Hung — The Sioux — Sitting Bull — His Character — The Black Hills — “ The Same Old Story ” — Battle of the Little Big Horn — Famous Battle Shirt — Sitting Bull Flees to Canada — His Reception of the Commissioners — The Nez Perces — Their Chief Joseph — His Indian Name and its Meaning — His Reasoning — His Defeat — The Northern Cheyennes — No Food or Fire for Five Days — Their Desperate Flight — The Bitter End — Something About the Poncas . 236

CHAPTER XVII. Troubles with Indians in the Southwest

Trouble with the Utes — Had Always Been Peaceable — Cause of Trouble— Messiah Craze of 1880 — Queer Prophecies — Messiah Craze of 1890 — Sitting Bull’s Strange Story — Death of Sitting Bull — American Horse, the White Man’s Friend — How Sitting Bull Named his Twins — Indian Police — Messiah Craze of 1900 — Of Short Duration — Battle Between two Desperate Cheyenne Braves and Fifty United States Cavalrymen — Its Significance — Visits to the Indian Tribes of To-day . 254

I

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CHAPTER I. •iN*

EARLY DISCOVERERS.

“ O’er the water, floating, flying, Something in the hazy distance, Something in the mists of morning, Loomed and lifted from the water,

Now seemed floating, now seemed flying, Coming nearer, nearer, nearer.

- a birch canoe with paddles,

Rising, sinking in the water ;

And within it came a people From the farthest realms of morning.”

“W

E are going to give you a concert to-night,” Ernest announced, as they seated themselves for the next study hour.

“I have no objection to that after your study hour is over,” smiled Uncle Jack. “I think that we shall all enjoy a little music.”

u I shall be obliged to leave you on pressing business,” said the guide grimly.

“It is too bad you do not like music better,” Teddy observed in a sarcastic tone.

“ I do, youngster,” was the calm reply. “ I

do like music, but - ”

:<If you don’t like ours yon can better it,” flashed Will, but the guide had disappeared in the forest.

c< Attention, young men. Can you tell me how the Norsemen used the natives, and how they were used by them ? ” asked Uncle Jack.

u They used the Indians well enough at the first, and they often vis¬ ited them to exchange furs for articles which they had brought from Ice- 2 17

EARLY DISCOVERERS.

land, things which they had never seen before,” answered Hadley readily.

“But that did not last long!” cried Ray. “It was in the spring of 1002 that Thorwald sailed around the point of land which he called Keel Cape. The Danish Society thought that the place was what is uow Cape Cod, the general outline of which resembles the keel to a ship. The vessel was shipwrecked there but, after repairiug it, he sailed iuto a beau¬ tiful bay and was so well pleased with the land which he saw that he decided to stay there for awhile.”

“ What has all that to do with the Indians ? ” asked Will impatiently.

“A great deal, as you will soon see. The Norsemen soon came upon three canoes filled with Indians, upon whom they fired and killed all but one. This one got away and told his friends what the white strangers had done to his comrades.”

FIRST EATTLE WITH THE INDIANS.

“And of course they all rallied to avenge the deed,” nodded Roy.

“ I should say that they would and did, and who can blame them ? Thorwald was the only one who was wounded. He called his men around him, asked if any of them were harmed, and said : ‘ I have received a wound which I feel will be mortal. I advise you to prepare immediately for your return; but ye shall first carry my body to the promontory which I have thought so beautiful, and where I had thought to reside. There bury me.’ He did die, and they buried him there, and that was the first battle with the Indians in America so far as I could find out,” ejaculated Ernest.

“ What can you tell us about his wife, the good and wise Gudrida,

Wil

“ She came back with Thorfinn, her second husband, and the Indians were very friendly at first, often visiting them to trade, and bringing them supplies of all kinds which they had. But after that they became so hostile that the settlement was abandoned, and no attempt was made by the Norsemen to establish another,” continued Ernest.

EARLY DISCOVERERS.

“ What more can you tell us of the Indians in the time of the adven¬ turous Northmen, Hadley?”

u It was in the year 1026 that Gudleif started for Dublin, in Ireland, but his vessel was caught in a storm and driven to the American coast, where the crew were taken by the natives and carried into the interior. They were greatly surprised to find there an old chief who addressed them in their own language. He would not tell his name, nor how he came to be there, but they thought that they knew who he was. That is the first mention that I saw of a white man becoming chief among the Indians.”

“ It was quite a common thing later,” returned Roy. “But who was he ? Do you know, Teddy ? ”

“ He sent a gold ring to Thurida, the sister of Snorre Gode, and a sword to her son, and the men were sure that he was Biorne the Bard, who had been her lover, and had left Iceland in 998,” replied Teddy. “Of course they didn’t know that this was so, but they thought it.”

ADVENTURERS SEARCHING FOR GOLD.

“ A great many years passed before explorers saw the shores of America again, or if any did, no record was kept of the voyage. More¬ over there has always been various opinions as to who should rightfully have the honor of discovering America the next time. So we will begin with Columbus. How did he use the owners of the land which he found?” asked Uncle Jack.

“ He found the island inhabited by a humane and hospitable people, and he took some of them away with him to show what kind of a race lived in the land which he had discovered — I don’t know whether they wanted to go with him or not. The simple Indians thought that the white men who came in the ‘ canoes with wings ’ were gods from Chebakunah, the land of souls. They were frightened when they fired their guns, and prostrated themselves before them at every movement,” Ray replied

“He saw many of these natives running along the shore and watch-

LANDING OF COLUMBUS ON THE ISLAND OF SAN SALVADOR.

EARLY DISCOVERERS.

in g the white strangers in utter astonishment and wonder,” continued Will. u He took some of the fruits and flowers of the new world, as well as seven of thenatives^ and sailed for home. But first he made a small fort in Hayti, or Hispaniola, as they called that island, because of its fancied resemblance to the Spain which they had left. ”

u This fort was called La Navidad, and Columbus left men to garrison it, with commands to use the Indians fairly. Can you tell me what happened to that fort, Roy ? ” inquired Uncle Jack.

“ Although the men whom he left promised him that they would be good to the natives, they were not. Almost before the Nina was out of sight they broke every promise thus made. They stole the gold orna¬ ments which the women wore, and each man took two or three of them as his wives. Then they searched the island over for the treasures — which they did not find. They made the Indians do all of their work, and they did not pay them anything for it either.”

“What was the result of this treachery, Ernest?”

“Why, the colony was destroyed, of course; didn’t it serve them right? Tlie natives did it in revenge, just as the Indians of America have kept doing ever since. But Columbus planted another settle¬ ment when he came again, and so the colonization of that island began.”

“ What sort of men were these early discoverers, Teddy?”

ORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

“ They were rude, fearless, and ambitious — adventurers in search of gold and treasure, who considered that might made right in all things. They regarded the natives as beasts almost, instead of thinking of them as human beings like themselves, and did not hesitate to take from them whatever they pleased, even their homes, their liberty and their lives.”

“Yes, they almost always went at them with swords and guns, even when there was no need for it,” declared Hadley. “ When they spared their lives it was to take them away from their homes and sell them as slaves in a distant land.”

COLUMBUS RECEIVING NATIVES ON BOARD HIS SHIP.

EARLY DISCOVERERS.