The story of Commodore John Barry, "father of the American navy,"

Front matter

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^HE STORY

ODORE John Barry

Chapter I

His Naval Renown — His Career in the Colonial Mercantile Marine Service — Appointed to the " Lexington" by the Continental Marine Committee — His First Cruise.

The American Navy by its achievements has won enduring fame and imperishable honor. The careers of many "of its heroes have been narrated fully, and oft in fulsome terms. All Americans unite in these tributes of praise where justly due.

JOHN BARRY has, aptly and justly, been called "The Father of the American Navy." His early, constant and worthy services in defence of our country ; his training many of those who became the foremost and most distinguished sons of the sea in our early naval annals makes the title one fitly bestowed.

The Congress of his country having directed the erection in the Capital City of the Nation of a monument commemorative of the man and his deeds, this is a fitting time to present a brief record of his career and of his deeds during the Revolutionary War, which won the Independence of our Country, and also in the War with France, which maintained the integrity of the new Nation and the protection of its commerce. In both wars he bore a heroic part. At all times his services were usefL.1 and brilliant.

" Captain John Barry may justly be considered the Father of our Navy," wrote Mr. Dennie in The Portfolio, July 1813, in giving the first biographical sketch of this distinguished naval officer. " The utility of whose services and the splendor of whose exploits entitle him to the foremost rank among our naval heroes."

2 Barry's Naval Renown.

Allen's Biographical Dictionary, published in 1809, declared he " was a patriot of integrity and unquestioned bravery."

Frost's Naval Biography states : " Few commanders were employed in a greater variety of services or met the enemy under greater disadvantages," and yet he did not fail to acquit himself of his duty in a manner becoming a skillful seaman and a brave warrior.

" His public services were not limited to any customary rule of professional duty, but without regard to labor, danger or excuses,

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^ORinm his devotion to his Country kept him constantly engaged in acts of public utility. The regard and admiration of General Washington, which he possessed in an em.inent degree, were among the most eminent fruits of his patriotic career."

Judson's Sages and Heroes of the Revolution says : " Barry was noble in spirit, humane in discipline, discreet and fearless in

Barry's Birthplace. 3

battle, urbane in his manners, a splendid officer, a good citizen, a devoted Christian and a true Patriot."

Many other quotations might be cited to show the high esteem in which Commodore John Barry was held as well also the importance of his services to our Country.

A brief narration of his career will set forth the character and worth of these services as well as afford proof of the valor and fidelity of this most successful naval officer.

John Barry was born in 1745 in the townland of Ballysampson. He lived his boyhood in the townland of Roostoonstown, both in

BALLYSAMPSON the parish of Tacumshin, Barony of Forth, Province of Leinster in Ireland. The parish covers three thousand acres. It is situated between two townland-locked gulfs with very narrow openings — Lake Tacumshin and Lady's Island Lake. Possibly these lakes gave young Barry the inspiration for the sea, and upon both he in youth, we may be sure, oft pulled the oar.

When and under what circumstances young Barry left his birthplace and departed from Ireland are not known. The best traditionary evidence justifies us in believing that leaving Ireland, while yet young, he went to Spanishtown in the Island of Jamaica and from there, when about fifteen years of age, came to Philadelphia, where he found employment in the commercial fleets of

In the Colonial Marine Service.

Samuel Meredith and of Willing & Morris, leaders in the mercantile life of the city.

TACUMSHIN LOUGH

Being but a boy, records do not attest his presence or position. But however lowly, we are sure that merit hovered over every action and proved the worth of the young navigator of the seas so

LADY'S ISLAND LOUGH

In the Colonial Marine Service. 5

fully that on attaining his twenty-first year he was at once entrusted with the sole command of a vessel — the schooner " Barbadoes," sixty tons, which cleared from Philadelphia on October 2, 1766.

The schooner he commanded was registered at the Custom House on September 29, 1766. It was built at Liverpool, in the Province of Nova Scotia and was owned by Edward Denny, of Philadelphia. John Barry was registered as its Captain.

In this schooner, small in measurement and in tonnage by the standard of our times and yet not surpassed in either by many vessels in the colonial marine trade, John Barry, now a man in years and capabilities, continued until early in 1771 to make voyages to and from Bridgetown, the principal port of Barbadoes.

BRIDGETOWN

In May, 1771, 'he became Captain of the brig " Patty and Polly," sailing from St. Croix to Philadelphia. In August of that year we find him Captain of the schooner " Industry," of forty-five tons, plying to and from Virginia, making trips to New York, voyages to Nevis and to and from Halifax, Nova Scotia until, on October 9, 1772, he became Commander of the " Peggy" sailing to and from St. Eustatia and Montserrat until, on December 19, 1774, a register for the ship the " Black Prince" was issued to John Barry as Master. It was owned by John Nixon, whose grandfather, Richard, a Catholic, of Barry's own county, Wexford, arrived in Philadelphia in 1686. John Nixon read the Declaration of Independence on July 8, 1776. On December 21st Barry

6 Appointed to the " Lexington."

sailed to Bristol, where he arrived at the end of January, 1775. Later he proceeded to London, where he arrived June 7th, from whence he returned to Philadelphia, where he arrived October 13th, the very day Congress had resolved to fit out two armed cruisers, one of fourteen guns and one of ten guns, the first act founding a Continental naval force for the United Colonies.

The Marine Committee, under the authority of this Resolve of the Continental Congress, purchased two vessels and named one the " Lexington," the other the " Reprisal."

To the " Lexington" John Barry was commissioned Captain on December 7, 1775. Captain Wickes was the same day named Commander of the " Reprisal."

Barry's vessel the " Black Prince," the finest vessel engaged in the Colonial commerce, was purchased by the Marine Committee, renamed the " Alfred," after Alfred the Great, the founder of the English Navy. To the " Alfred" John Paul Jones was appointed Lieutenant under Captain Salstonstall, on the same day Barry and Wickes were appointed Captains.

The " Lexington" and the " Reprisal" were separate and independent commands under direct orders of the Marine Committee and not subject to, nor were they part of, the fleet under Commodore Hopkins. Captain John Barry was thus the first Commander appointed under the direct authority of the Continental Congress. He was appointed to the first Continental armed cruiser — the " Lexington" — named after the first battle place of the Revolution. It was the first vessel fitted out under Continental authority by the Marine Committee and " in the nature of things was more readily equipped" than the " Alfred." says Cooper's History of the Naz'y. This was especially so as Willing & Morris, Captain Barry's late employers, alone had a stock of " round shot for four pounders, under their store in Penn Street and in their yard." These were readily available to Captain Barry of the " Lexington."

When Barry's cruiser was ready for sea the severity of the weather in blocking the Delaware with ice debarred its passage to the Bay and out into the Ocean. In the meanwhile Barry was busily employed on shore duty and in assisting in preparing the fleet of Commodore Hopkins for its departure on February 17, 1776, on its expedition to the Southward. This fleet was intended for the protection of American vessels ofif the coast of Virginia, but it proceeded to the Bahama Islands. On St. Patrick's Day, 1776, Hop-

Services in the Delaware Bay. 7

kins sailed from New Providence bringing the Governor and others as hostages as well as securing military stores and ammunition. Washington on the same day was entering the City of Boston on its forced evacuation by the British.

Meanwhile Captain John Barry was busy in constant service on the Delaware River and on shore, promoting the progress of naval affairs conducive to the formation of a navy.

It was not, however, until March 23d that Congress ordered Letters of Marque to be issued and authorized public and private cruisers to capture British vessels or to seize or destroy supplies for the British naval forces.

Captain Barry, in the " Lexington," at once proceeded down the Delaware. On March 29, 1.776, was off Cape May, New Jersey. On Sunday, the 31st, the "Lexington" went out to sea — his first entry upon the watery domain bearing the flag of defiance — the Union or Continental flag hoisted at Cambridge on January i, 1776, by General Washington, which he had adopted so that " our vessels may know one another," and so " distinguish our friends from our foes," as he had written Captain Barry's friend and fellow-Catholic of Philadelphia, Colonel Stephen Moylan, the Muster Master General of his army.

When Captain Barry proceeded to sea; the " Roebuck," British man-of-war, " one of His Majesty's pirates" and her tender, the " Edward," " put to sea" also after the " Lexington," but Barry was too swift and got so far away that the " Roebuck" returned the same evening to the Bay.

Barry's historical and patriotic career had begun.

■y

ADMIRALTY SEAL AND SIGNATURE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE BOARD

8 Barry's First Capture.

Chapter II

Captures the " Edward" — His Prisoner Richard Dale — Importance OF THE Prize — Barry Unknown to or Ignored by Captain Hobson.

The " Lexington" cruised off the coast of Virginia a week without meeting with the enemy. Barry had gone to sea on Sunday. The Sunday following, April 7, 1776, while off the " Capes of Virginia" he " fell in with the sloop ' Edward' belonging to the ' Liverpool' frigate" and " shattered her in a terrible manner," as he reported to the Marine Committee, after an engagement of " near two glasses." The " Lexington" lost two men killed and two wounded. The " Edward" had " several of her crew killed and wounded." She carried " eight guns and a number of swivels" and was commanded by Lieutenant Richard Boger of the " Liverpool." Barry brought the " shattered" captive to Philadelphia with the crew of twenty-five prisoners taken.

Among the number was Richard Dale, of Virginia, who had been Lieutenant of a light cruiser in the service of Virginia, which had been captured by the " Edward." Dale was " induced to adopt the Royal cause" and so took service on the " Edward" and so was taken prisoner.

Captain Barry induced young Dale to return to American allegiance and accept service under him on the " Lexington" as Midshipman. Dale in October, when the " Lexington" was assigned to Captain Johnston, became Master's Mate. He continued in the service of the United Colonies and rose to be a Commodore in the Navy under the present Constitution. He ever retained the friendship of Captain Barry, who, by his will, bequeathed to his " good friend, Captain Richard Dale, his gold-hilted sword as a token of his esteem."

This sword had been presented to John Paul Jones by King Louis XVI after the memorable battle between the " Bonne Homme Richard" commanded by Jones and the " Serapis," as the expedition commanded by Jones was under French auspices and direction. The sword " was sent by Jones' heirs to Robert Morris," the financier of the Revolution, "who presented it to Commodore John Barry, the senior officer of the present American Navy, who will never disgrace it," Morris wrote, March 18, 1795, to Thomas Pinck-

Barry and the Sword of Jones. 9

ney, the American Minister to Great Britain. Barry by his will bequeathed it to " my good friend Captain Richard Dale," with whose descendants it yet remains. It is claimed by the Morris family that the gift to Barry was " in trust to descend to the senior officer of the Navy." There is no proof of the trust nor is there any that Jones' heirs gave the sword of great money value to Morris. Morris had it. He gave it to Barry who bequeathed it to Dale who, two months before Barry made his will, had resigned from the Navy. There could have been no " trust" for Barry to " disregard." But it is singular that it is now possessed by those whose ancestor had, by Barry, been induced to return to American allegiance after having entered the service of the enemy.

The " Edward," taken by Barry, was the first armed vessel taken under the authority of the Continental Marine Committee and brought to Philadelphia, the seat of Congress, and delivered to its Marine Committee. Previous captures off the New England coast by Manly and others, had been those of unarmed supply vessels to Quebec or Boston under authority of General Washington. The capture was most important. When the project had, in August, 1775, been presented to Congress by the delegates from Rhode Island, by direction of its Assembly, to fit out armed cruisers, many of the patriots thought it of doubtful wisdom to do so against the powerful British Navy. Samuel Chase, of Maryland, declared " it is the maddest idea in the world."

So Barry's capture was a demonstration of the ability of the Colonies to contest the sea with Great Britain and to do it so effectively that " we captured from the British over eight hundred vessels and more than twelve thousand seamen, and of these more than one hundred were war vessels of the Royal Navy, carrying more than two thousand, five hundred guns, while the American losses were scarcely more than one-sixth those of the British," as Captain Richmond Pearson Hobson declared in an address on the Navy on Flag Day, 1901, at the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition. Yet he, in looking " over the range of our Naval history, saw a long line of majestic figures whose very names are an inspiration," did not, in giving the names of twenty-one of these " majestic figures," name Captain John Barry, the very " Father of the Navy." He was not mentioned as among those which " History with her hright and luminous pencil inscribed upon the glorious scroll." Captain Hobson, the heroic, is now a member of Congress from lo Captain Hobson and Barry.

Alabama and ought to make reparation for his ignorance or conscious ignoring of the foremost naval commander of the very Navy he proved himself to be a worthy representative of. He may become unknown or be ignored if known.

Captain Barry had command of the first Continental cruiser, the " Lexington," and the last frigate, the " Alliance" — the largest and finest vessel in the Revolutionary Navy — had made the first capture under Continental authority and fought the last battle of the Revolution, and commanded the whole of the Navy at the close of the war — had been the earliest, the constant and the latest fighter and the first Captain and ranking officer of the present Navy on its establishment in 1794. Yet he was entirely unknown to Captain Hobson. Or was he purposely ignored?

The capture of the " Edward" was considered of considerable import in patriot circles : " We begin to make some little figure here in the navy way," wrote John Adams, the day after the arrival of Barry and his prize. The Marine Committee also wrote to Commodore Hopkins, who had arrived at New London, Connecticut, the same day Barry had arrived at Philadelphia with his prize, informing him of the capture and saying the loss to the British of the twenty-five men was one " they cannot easily provide against — the want of men."

The demonstration of satisfaction at Philadelphia because of Barry's success gave heart to the patriots in an endeavor to have an increase in the naval force. By the alertness of armed cruisers, protection would be given to the supplies coming to the Americans and at the same time captures could be made of supplies going to the British.

On May i, 1776, the " Edward," condemned by the Court of Admiralty as a prize to the " Lexington"' was, with all her ammunition, furniture, tackle and apparel, sold at public auction and the proceeds divided between the Government and Captain Barry and his crew.

Barry's Operations in the Delazvare. ir

Chapter III

Barry Appointed to Command Defensive Operations in Delaware Bay and River — Captures British Supplies and Protects American — Saves the Cargo of the " Nancy" AND Explodes Her when the British Board Her — Captures the " Lady Susan" and the " Betsy" — Appointed TO THE " Effingham."

The " Lexington" was not in a condition to then proceed on another expedition, as she needed fitting up. Yet Captain Barry was not permitted to be idle. On May 8th, Robert Morris, for the Marine Committee of Congress, directed him to go down the Delaware River in the sloop " Hornet," commanded by Captain Hallock, and to take the officers and men of the " Lexington" to supply the Provincial armed ship, commanded by Captain Read, the Floating Battery and the " Reprisal," under Captain Wickes, with men sufficient to have these vessels " fit for immediate action," and to give the " utmost exertions" of himself, officers and men in defending the pass at Fort Island so as to prevent the British coming to Philadelphia ; and also to take, sink or destroy such as attempted to do so as well as pursue those he thought it advisable to follow. This made Captain Barry the Commodore or ranking officer in the naval operations in Delaware Bay. The next day Captain Barry reported to Mr. Morris, urging the fitting out of the " Lexington" so " she might be of service. The more there is the better," said the Captain, though adding, " We shall keep them in play."

So the " Lexington" was fitted out and sent down the Bay to Barry where the " Roebuck" and " Liverpool," British frigates, were " in and about." Barry joined the rest of the fleet at Cape May. The " Liverpool" " was scared away" when the Americans went " in quest of the pirates."

At this time the thirteen vessels ordered in December to be built for the Marine Committee were being completed at Philadelphia, Boston and Baltimore. Captain Barry was appointed to the command of one being built at Philadelphia — the " Effingham" being assigned him in October.

All the while, however, Barry was in command of the " Lexington" in the Delaware Bay and off the Capes, giving protection to the Continental supply vessels coming to Philadelphia, which had been

12 Barry's Operations in the Delaware.

sent out for necessaries. One arrived at Philadelphia with 7,400 pounds of powder as well as a number of firearms. Barry also sent up to Philadelphia the war stores he captured. On June 12, 1776, the Secret Committee of Congress directed that Colonel Megraw's Battalion be given the 191 firearms " sent up by Captain Barry." She narrowly escaped capture by the " Liverpool," but two of the Continental vessels protected her and a French schooner. Other French vessels from the West Indies, bringing molasses, coffee, linen and other supplies were also saved from capture by Captain Barry and the other Continental and Provincial commanders under his authority. On June loth the " Kingfisher," British man-of-war, captured a brigantine from Wilmington, but " before the pirate boarded her our brave Captain Barry had been on board of her and taken out some powder and arms," was the report Henry Fisher, of Lewistown, sent the Committee of Safety by whaleboat to New Castle and thence by land because the Tories of the County had cut off all horse express communication.

The tenders of the " Roebuck," the " Liverpool" and the " Kingfisher" attempted to seize the cattle and stock which the Tories had stored for the British at Indian River, " but were prevented by' Barry's brig." as they called her, thus indicating that the alertness and success of the " brave Captain Barry" had become conspicuously known to the Tories of lower Delaware, a nest of Loyalists.

The brig " Nancy" bringing supplies from St. Croix and St. Thomas for Congress account and having 386 barrels of gunpowder, 50 firelocks, loi hogsheads of rum, 62 of sugar and bales of dry goods, on June 29, 1776, while making for Cape May, was pursued by six British men-of-war but, getting assistance from Captain Barry's " Lexington," she was run ashore and 268 barrels of the powder and most of the other stores saved. Powder was, by Barry's order, placed in the cabin and in the mainsail, in the folds of which fire was put. The British boarded the brig. An explosion soon took. place and "blew the pirates into the air." It " was supposed forty or fifty were destroyed by the explosion."

On July 2, 1776, the day the Resolution declared the Colonies free and independent, John Hancock, President of the Congress so declaring, notified Captain Barry that as " the frigate you are to command is not yet launched, her guns and anchors not yet ready," it was but " a piece of justice due to your merit to allow you to make a cruise in the " Lexington" for one or two months, in hopes

His Prises.

that fortune may favor your industry and reward it with some good prizes. On this cruise Barry met that " fortune" which his industry merited. He captured several prizes of which record have been discovered.

SIGNATURES TO BARRY'S ORDERS

On August 2d the *' Lady Susan," " an armed vessel, was taken by Captain Barry at sea," reported Csesar Rodney to his brother at Dover the next day. This was " a privateer of eight four-pound carriage guns commanded by another of those famous Goodriches of Virginia." She was loaded with naval stores from Bermuda. After an " obstinate engagement" of an hour and a half " she struck." Nearly all of her crew of twenty-five after their capture took service under Barry.

The " Betsy," a sloop of fifty tons, commanded by Samuel Kerr, was also at this time captured by the " Lexington" under Barry. Both prizes were condemned to Captain Barry on September 26th by the Court of Admiralty, but an appeal in the case of the " Betsy" was taken to Congress.

The newly built " Effingham" being ready, Captain Barry surrendered, on October 18, 1776, the " Lexington" to Captain Henry Johnston and took command of the " Effingham," named in honor of Lord Effingham, who had resigned his commission in the British Army rather than take arms against the Colonies, because of his " strict adherence to those principles of the Revolution of 1688," which he declared the Colonies were contending for and for so doing the merchants of Dublin, on July 17, 1775, approved of his conduct in " honestly and spiritedly resigning." and for his " noble efforts in support of American Liberty."

14 Appointed to the " Effingham/'

Chapter IV

Barry Appointed to the " Effingham" — The Question of Rank — Barry Engages in the Trenton Campaign — An Aide to Washington and to Cadwallader — Commander of the Port of Philadelphia — Strike of the Navy Lieutenants — Operations of Barry on the Delaware.

A reorganization of the Navy of the United Colonies took place on October lo, 1776, when assignments were made of the several armed vessels then belonging to the " United States," as that was the title Congress had, on September 9th, ordered to be used in all public documents. The order in which these assignments were made was generally regarded as fixing the rank of each Captain. So it occasioned agitation and discussion. It was not, however, officially stated that such was the case. Later it was declared not to be so by Committee of Congress.

Captain John Barry was assigned to No. 7 on the list. Those preceding him were: (i) James Nicholson, to the "Virginia," 28 guns; (2) John Manly, to the " Hancdck," 32 guns; (3) Hector McNeil, to the " Boston," 24 guns; (4) Dudley Salstonstall, to the "Trumbull," 28 guns; (5) Nicholas Biddle, to the "Randolph," 32 guns; (6) Thomas Thompson, to the " Raleigh," 32 guns; (7) John Barry, to the " Effingham," 28 guns. John Paul Jones was given No. 18. The Marine Committee in making up the list could hardly, in view of the number of guns of the several vessels and the selection of Captains who had not as yet served in the Navy, have intended the position assigned as fixing the official rank of the several officers. James Nicholson, the first named and to a 28-gun ship, had not heretofore been noted for any special services justifying his appointment as the ranking officer of the Navy, though giving him a vessel inferior in armament to others lower in position. Captain John Manly, No. 2, was " uneasy and threatened to resign." He had in New England waters done early and good services. Captain Thompson's friends declared he ought to have been placed higher. Yet Manly and Thompson were given 32-gun ships, while Captain Nicholson, No. i, was given a 28 and Captain Barry, No. 7, was also given a 28. Captain John Paul Jones, No. 18, ever contested the assignment to that position, declaring that " rank opens

Ranking of the Captains. 15

the door to glory." As late as 1781 he made contest before Committee of Congress. It reported that though there was, " on October 10, 1776, an arrangement of Captains, the Committee cannot fully ascertain the rule by which that arrangement was made, as the relative rank was not conformable to the times of appointment or dates of commission and seems repugnant to a resolution of December 22, 1775."

Captain Barry appears not to have made any objection to his position on the list. He was ready and eager for service and, seemingly, not concerned as to rank or position. He had been given a vessel equal to Captain Nicholson, No. i. Those to whom stronger armament had been given had not been early or foremost in service or activity. Some of them did not, later, justify any outranking, if that were the case. Captain Barry was early in the struggle, foremost during its continuance and latest in service.

Jones declared that some gentlemen in the first days of the Navy did not join the Navy as " they did not choose to be hanged, as the hazard was very great." But Captain John Barry did not hesitate. He came quickly from London to engage in the conflict, and from the very first day of his return to America was active in service and on duty. Still rank was not necessary to " open the door to glory," for No. 7 became the chief officer of the Navy and No. 18 achieved imperishable fame and popular renown. The pay of the Captains was sixty dollars a month. The uniform was : Blue cloth with red lapels, slash cufif, stand-up collar, flat yellow buttons, blue breeches, red waistcoat with yellow lace.

Interested in the Navy, Captain Barry was also concerned in affairs on land. So when on November 25, 1776, a meeting was held at the Indian Queen Hotel, Philadelphia, to consider accusations against those "suspected as Tories and unfriendly to the cause of America," Captain Barry was there. We may be sure he was earnest and active in any measures to restrict the operations of those inimicable to Liberty or engaged in efforts detrimental to the Patriots' endeavors.

Captain Barry, on November 30, 1776, united with Captains Biddle, Read, Alexander and John Nicholson in a memorial to Congress. It was referred to the Marine Committee, who were directed to pursue such measures as they might think proper. What the memorial related to has not been discovered after long continued endeavor to ascertain. It is not among the papers of the Continental

1 6 Engages in the Trenton Campaign.

Congress nor mentioned in the records of the Marine Committee, which have been preserved at the Library of Congress.

At this time affairs were serious with General Washington. The battle of Long Island, in August, had been disastrous. Forts Lee and Washington, the bulwarks of the Hudson, had been lost and the sad and gloomy, but marvelously strategic, retreat across New Jersey was being conducted by Washington, pursued by Lord Cornwallis.

Washington " was at the end of the tether." " In ten days this army will have ceased to exist," was his almost despairing cry to Congress, calling for aid to strengthen his disappearing and dispirited army. Yet on the upper Delaware, amid all the encircling gloom, God's precious Providence and love was at no time during the Revolution more strikingly manifested. All seemed lost this bleak December, 1776. The hour of defeat, dismay and destruction seemed about to strike. The timid, the faint-hearted, the treacherous were fast accepting British allegiance. Even heretofore stalwart hearts wavered in the cause of Liberty. The newly proclaimed Independence of hot July, the threat and defiance of the Colonies to England's tyranny, was now in the chill December, like the earth, about to be sheathed in the coldness of death.