Ten years' exile

Table Of Contents

Pkeface, by the Editor

FAGS

y

PART THE FIRST. CttAPTSB I

IV.

V.

VL

VII.

—VIII.

IX.

XL XII.

Xlll.

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII,

Causes of Bonaparte's animosity against

me

Commencement of opposition in the Tribunate. — My first Persecution on that account. — Fouch^ - _ .

System of Fusion adopted by Bonaparte. — -Publication of my Work on Literature

Conversation of my Father with Bonaparte. — Campaign of Marengo The Infernal Machine. — Peace ofLuneville ------

Corps diplomatique during the Consulate. — Death of the Emperor Paul Paris in 1801 Journey to Coppet. — Preliminaries of

Peace with England - - Paris in 1802. — Bonaparte President of the Italian Republic. — My return to Coppet - - . - .

New symptoms of Bonaparte's ill will to my Father and Myself.— Affairs of Switzerland - - - _ Rupture with England. — Commencement of my Exile . - .

Departiire for Germany. — Arrival at Weimar - - . - - Berlin, — Prince Louis-Ferdinand Conspiracy of Moreau and Pichegru Assassination of the Duke d'Enghien Illness and Death of M. Necker Trial of Moreau . - - , Commencement of the Empire -

It

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Part The Second. Page

Advertisement by the Editor - - - 115

CHAPTEU

I. Suppression of my Work on Germany.

— Banishment from France - - 125 II. Return to Coppet. — Diflferent Persecutions 138

— III. Journey in Switzerland with M. de

Montmorency - - - - 146 IV. Exile ofM. de Montmorency and Madame Recamier. — New Persecutions 1 55 V. Departure from Coppet - - - 165 VI. Passage through Austria; 1812 - - 175 VII. Residence at Vienna - - - 183 VIII. Departure from Vienna - - - 189 IX. Passage through Poland - - - 199 X. Arrival in Russia - - - - 206

XI. Kiow 209

XII. Road from Kiow to Moscow - -216

XIII. Appearance of the Country. — Charac-

ter of the Russians - - - 221

XV. Road from Moscow to Petersburg - 236

XVI. St. Petersburg - - - - 238

XVII. The Imperial Family - - - 248 XVIIl. Manners of the great Russian Nobility 264 XIX. Establishments for Public Education. —

Institute of St. Catherine - -261

XX. Departure for Sweden. Passage

through Finland - - - - 272

Preface

The production which is now submitted to the reader, is not a complete work, and ought not to be criticised as such. It consists of Fragments of her Memoirs, which my mother had intended to complete at her leisure, and which would have probably undergone alterations, of the nature of which I am ignorant, if a longer life had been allowed her to revise and finish them. This reflection was sufficient to make me examine most scrupulously if I vt^as authorized to give them publicity. The fear of any sort of responsibility cannot be present to the mind, when our dearest affections are in question; but the heart is agitated by a painful anxiety when we are left to guess at those wishes, the declaration of which would have been a sacred and invariable rule. Nevertheless.

VI PREFACE

after having seriously reflected en what duty required of me, I am satisfied that I have fulfilled my mother's intentions, in engaging to leave out in this edition of her works,* no reduction susceptible of being printed. My fidelity in adhering to this engagement gives me the right of disavowing before hand, all which at any future period, persons might pretend to add to this collection, which, I repeat, contains every thing, of which my mother had not formally forbid the publication.

The title of Ten Years' Exile, is that of which the authoress herself made choice ; I have deemed it proper to retain it, although the w^ork, being unfinished, comprises only a period of seven years. The narrative begins in 1800, two years previous to my mother's first exile, and stops at 1804, after the death of M. Necker. It recommences in 1810, and breaks off abruptly at her arrival in Sweden, in the autumn of 1812. Be-

* Les (Euvres completes de Madame la Baronne de Stael, publiees par son Fils. Precedees d'une notice sur le caractere et les Merits de Madame de Stael, par Madame Necker de Saussure. Paris ^ 17 vols. 8vo. and 17 vols. 12mo.

BY THE EDITOR. Vll

tween the first and second part of these Memoirs there is therefore an interval of nearly six years. An explanation of this will be found in a faithful statement of the manner in which they were composed.

I will not anticipate my mother's narrative of the persecution to which she was subjected during the imperial government : that persecution, equally mean and cruel, forms the subject of the present publication, the interest of which I should only weaken. It will be sufficient for me to remind the reader, that after having exiled her from Paris, and subsequently sent her out of France — after having suppressed her work on Germany with the most arbitrary caprice, and made it impossible for her to publish any thing, even on subjectss wdiolly unconnected with politics ; that government went so far as to make her almost a prisoner in her own residence, to forbid her all kind of travelling, and to deprive her of the pleasures of society and the consolations of friendship. It was while she was in this situation that my mother began her Memoirs, and one may readily con-

Viii PREFACE

eeive what must have been at that time the disposiiion of her mind.

During the composition of the work, the hope of one day giving it to the world scarcely presented itself in the most distant futurity. Europe was still bent to that degree under the yoke of Napoleon, that no independent voice could make itself be heard ; on the Continent the press was completely chained, and the most rigorous measures excluded every v/ork printed in England. My mother thought less, therefore, of composing a book, than of preserving the traces of her recollections and ideas. Along with the narrative of circumstances personal to herself, she incorporated wdth it various reflections which were suggested to her, from the beginning of Bonaparte's power, by the state of France, and the progress of events. But if the printing such a work w^ould at that time have been an act of unheard of temerity, the mere act of writing it required a great deal of both courage and prudence, particularly in the position in which she was placed. My mother had every reason to be-

BY THE EDITOR. fX

lieve that all her movements were narrowly watched by the police : the prefect who had replaced M. de Barante at Geneva, pretended to be acquainted with every thing that passed in her house, and the least pretence would have been sufficient to induce them to possess themselves of her papers. She was obliged, therefore, to take the greatest precautions. Scarcely had she written a few pages, when she made one of her most intimate friends transcribe them, taking care to substitute for the proper names those of persons taken from the history of the English Revolution. Under this disguise she carried off her manuscript, when in 1812 she determined to withdraw herself bv tlhAit from the rigors of a constantly increasing persecution.

On her arrival in Sweden, after having travelled through Russia, and narrowly escaped the French armies advancing on Moscow, my mother employed herself in copying out fairly the first part of her Memoirs, which, as I have already mentioned, goes no farther than 1 804. But prior to continuing them in the order of time, she wished to take

X PREFACE

advantage of the moment, during which her recollections were still strong, to give a narrative of the remarkable circumstances of her flight, and of the persecution which had rendered that step in a manner a duty. She resumed, therefore, the history of her life at the year 1810, the epoch of the suppression of her work on Germany^ and continued it up to her arrival at Stockholm in 1812: from that was suggested the title of Ten Years'^ Exile, This explains also, why, in speaking of the imperial government, my mother expresses herself sometimes as living under its power, and at other times, as having escaped from it.

Finally, after she had conceived the plan of her Consider a f-ions on the French Revolution, she extracted from the first part of Ten Years'^ Exile, the historical passages and 2:eneral reflections which entered into her new design, reserving the individual details for the period when she calculated on finishing the memoirs of her life, ^nd when she flattered herself with being able to name all the persons of whom she had received generous proofs of friendship, without being afraid of compro-

BY THE EDITOR. xi

mising them by the expressions of her gratitude.

The manuscript confided to my charge consisted therefore of two distinct parts : the first, the perusal of which necessarily offered less interest, contained several passages already incorporated in the Comiderations on the French Revolution ; the other formed a sort of journal, of which no part was yet known to the public. I have followed the plan traced by my mother, by striking out of the first part of the manuscript, all the passages which, with some modifications, have already found a place in her great political work. To this my labour as editor has been confined, and I have not allowed myself to make the slightest addition.

The second part I deliver to the public exactly as I found it, without the least alteration ; and I have scarcely felt myself entitled to make slight corrections of the style, so important did it appear to me to preserve in this sketch the entire vividness of its original character. A perusal of the opinions which she pronounces upon the

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political conduct of Russia, will satisfy every one of my scrupulous respect for my mother's manuscript ; but without taking into account the influence of gratitude on elevated minds, the reader will not fail to recollect, that at that time the sovereign of Russia was fighting in the cause of liberty and independence. Was it possible to foresee that so few years would elapse before the immense forces of that empire should become the instruments of the oppression of unhappy Europe ?

If we compare the Ten Years'^ Exile with the Considerations on the French RevoIutio7i, it will perhaps be found that the reign of Napoleon is criticised in the first of these works with greater severity than in the other, and that he is there attacked with an eloquence not always exempt from bitterness. This difference may be easily explained : one of these works was written after the fall of the despot, with the calm and impartiality of the historian ; the other was inspired by a courageous feeling of resistance to tyranny ; and at the period of its composition, the imperial power was at its height.

BY THE EDITOR. XIII

I have not selected one moment in preference to another for the publication of Ten Years'^ Exile; the chronological order has been followed in this edition, and the posthumous works are naturally placed at the end of the collection. In other respects, I am not afraid of the charge of exhibiting a want of generosity, in publishing, after the fall of Napoleon, attacks directed against his power. She, whose talents were always devoted to the defence of the noblest of causes—she, whose house was successively the asylum of the oppressed of all parties, would have been too far above such a reproach. It could only be addressed, at all events, to the editor of the Ten Years'^ Exile; but I confess it would but very little affect me. It would certainly be assigning too fine a part to despotism, if, after having imposed the silence of terror during its triumph, it could call upon history to spare it after its destruction.

The recollections of the last government have no doubt afforded a pretence for a great deal of persecution ; no doubt men of integ-

XlV PREFACE

rity have revolted at the cowardly invectives which are still permitted against those, who having enjoyed the favours of that government, have had sufficient dignity not to disavow their past conduct; finally, there is no doubt but fallen grandeur captivates the imagination. But it is not merely the personal character of Napoleon that is here in question ; it is not he who can now be an object of animadversion to generous minds ; no more can it be those who, under his reign, have usefully served their country in the different branches of the public administration : but that which we can never brand with too severe a stigma, is the system of selfishness and oppression of which Bonaparte is the author. But is not this deplorable system still in full sway in Europe ? and have not the powerful of the earth carefull}^ gathered up the shameful inheritance of him whom they have overthrown ? And if we turn our eyes toward our own country, how many of these instruments of Napoleon do we not see, who, after having fatigued him with their servile

BY THE EDITOR. . XT

complaisance, have come to offer to a new power the tribute of their petty machiavelism? Now, as then, is it not upon the basis of vanity and corruption that the whole edifice of their paltry science rests, and is it not from the traditions of the imperial government that the counsels of their wisdom are extracted ?

In painting in stronger colours, therefore, this fatal government, we are not insulting over a fallen enemy, but attacking a still powerful adversary ; and if, as I hope, the Ten Years* Exile are destined to increase the horror of arbitrary governments, I may venture to indulge the pleasing idea, that by their publication I shall be rendering a service to the sacred cause to which my mother never ceased to be faithful.

CHAPTER I. Causes of Bonaparte's animosity against me

It is not with the view of occupying the public attention with what relates to myself, that I have determined to relate the circumstances of my ten years' exile ; the miseries which I have endured, however bitterly I may have felt them, are so trifling in the midst of the public calamities of which we are witnesses, that I should be ashamed to speak of myself, if the events which concern me were not in some degree connected with the great cause of threatened humanity. The Emperor Napoleon, whose character exhibits itself entire in every action of his life, has persecuted me with a minute anxiety, with an ever increasing activity, with an inflexible rudeness ; and my connections with him contributed to make him known to me, long before Europe had discovered the key of the enigma.

I shall not here enter into a detail of the events that preceded the appearance of Bonaparte upon the political stage of Europe ; if I accomplish the design I have of writing the life of my father, I will there relate what I have witnessed of the early part

IS TEN YEARS^ EXILE.

of the revolution, whose influence has changed the fate of the whole world. My object at present is only to retrace what relates to myself in this vast picture ; in casting from that narrow point of view some general surveys over the whole, i flatter myself with being frequently overlooked, in relating my own history.

The greatest grievance which the Emperor Napoleon has against me, is the respect w hich I have always entertained for real liberty. These sentiments have been in a manner transmitted to me as an inheritance, and adopted as my own, ever since I have been able to reflect on the lofty ideas from which they are derived^ and the noble actions which they inspire. The cruel scenes which have dishonoured the French revolution, proceeding only from tyranny under popular forms, could not, it appears to me, do any injury to the cause of liberty : at the most, we could only feel discouraged with respect to Fronce ; but if that country had the misfortune not to know how to possess that noblest of blessings, it ought not on that account to be proscribed from the face of the earth. When the sun disappears from the horizon of the Northern regions, the inhabitants of those countries do not curse his rays, because they are still shining upon others more favoured by heaven.

Shortly after the 18th Brumaire, Bonaparte had heard that I had been speaking strongly in my own parties, against that dawning oppression, whose progress I foresaw as clearly as if the future had been revealed to me. Joseph Bonaparte, whose understanding and conversation I liked very much, came to see me, and told me, " My brother complains of you. Why, said he to me yesterday, why does not Madame de Stael attach herself to my government f what is it she wants f the payment of the deposit of her father ? I will give orders for it : a residence in Paris ? I will allow it her. In short, what is it she wishes ?" *' Good God !" replied I, *' it is not what I wish, bat wimt I think, that is in question." I know not if this answer was reported to him, but if it was, 1 am certain that he attached no meaning to it ; for he believes in the sincerity of no one's ophiions ; lie considers every kind of morality as nothing more than a form, to which no more meaning is attached than to the conclusion of a letter; and as the having assured any one that you are his most humble servant would not entide him to ask any thing of you, so if any one says that he is a lover of liberty, — that he believes in God, — that he prefers his conscience to his interest, Bonaparte considers such professions only as an adherence to custom, or as the regular means of forwarding ambitious views or selfish calculations. The only class of human beings whom he cannot well comprehend, are those who are sincerely attached to an opinion, whatever be the consequences of it : such persons Bonaparte looks upon as boobies, or as traders who outstand their market, that is to say, who would sell themselves too dear. Thus, as we shall see in the sequel, has he never been deceived in his calculations but by integrity, encountered either in individuals or nations.

Chapter II

Commencement of opposition in the Tribunate ^^-^ My first persecution on that account*— FouChe,

Some of the tribunes who attached a real meaning to the consiitution, were desirous of establishing in their assembly an opposition analogous to that of England ; as if the rights which that constitution professed to secure had any thing of reality in them, and the pretended division of the bodies of the state were any thing more than a mere affair of etiquette^ a distinction between the different anti-chambers of the first-consul, in which magistrates under different names could hold together. I confess that I saw with pleasure the aversion entertained by a small number of the tribunes, to rival the counsellors of state in servility. I had especially a strong belief that those who had previously allowed themselves to be carried too far in their love for the republic, would continue faithful to their opinions, when they became the weakest, and the most threatened.

One of these tribunes, a friend of liberty, and endowed with one of the most remarkable understandings ever bestowed upon man, M. Benjamin CoiiStant, consulted me upon a speech which he purposed to deliver, for the purpose of signalizing the dawn of tyranny : I encouraged him in it with all the strength of my conviction. However, as it was well known that he was one of my intimate friendsj I could not help dreading what might happen to me in consequence. I was vulnerable in my taste for society. Montaigne said formerly, / am a Frenchnaa through Paris : and if lie thought so three centuries ago, what must it be iiow, when we see so many persons of extraordinary intellect collected io one city, and so many accustomed to employ that intellect in adding to the pleasures of conversation. The demon of ennui has alwa^^s pursued me ; by the terror with which he inspires me. I could alone have been capable of bending the knee to tyran 'V, if the example of my father, and his blood which flows in my veins, had not enabled me to triumph over this weakness. Be that as it may, Bonaparte knew this foible of mine perfectly : he discerns quickly the weak side of any one ; for it is by their weaknesses that he subjugates people to his sway. To the power with which he threatens, to the treasures with which he dazzles, he joins the dispensation of ennui, and tiiat is a source of real terror to the French. A residence at forty leagues from the capital, contrasted with the advantages collected in the most agreeable city in the world, fails not in the long run to shake the greater part of exiles, habituated from their infancy to the charms of a Parisian life.

On the eve of the day when Benjamin Constant was to deliver his speech, I ha i a party, among whom were Lucien Bonaparte, MM. ***, ***, *5<'^j ***, and several others, whose conversation in different degrees possesses that constant novelty of interest which is produced by the strength of ideas and the grace of expression. Every one of these persons, with the exception of Lucien, tired of being proscribed by the directory, was preparing to serve the new government, requiring only to be

3* well rewarded for their devotion to its power. Benjauiin Constant came up and whispered to me, " \'o»r drawing room is now filled with persons w'vlx whom you are pleased : if I speak, to-morrow it will be deserted : — think well of it." " We must follow our conviction,'' said I to him. This reply was dictated by enthusiasm ; but, I confess, if I had foreseen what I have suffered since that day, I should not have had the firmness to refuse M Constant's offer of renouncing his project, in order not lo compromise me.

At present, so far as opinion is affected, it is nothing to incur the disgrace of Bonaparte : he may make you perish, but he cannot deprive you of respect. Then, on the contrary, France was not enlightened as to his tyrannical views, and as all who had suffered from the revolution expected to obtain from him the return of a brother, or a friend, or the restoration of property, any one who was bold enough to resist lam was branded with the name of Jacobin, and you were deprived of good society along with the countenance of the government : an intolerable situation, particularly for a woman, and of which no one can know the misery without having experienced it.

On the da}' when the signal of opposition was exhibited in the tribunate by ray friend, I had invited several persons whose society I was fond of, but all of whom were attached to the new government. At five o'clock I had received ten notes of apology ; the first and second 1 bore tolerably well, but as they succeeded each other "rapidly, I began to be alarmed. In vain did I appeal to my conscience, which advised me to renounce all the pleasures attached to the favour of Bonaparte : I was blamed by so many honourable people, that I knew not how to support myself on my own way of thinking. Bonaparte had as yet done nothing exactly culpable ; many asserted that he preserved France from anarchy : in short, if at that moment he had signified to me any wish of reconciliation, I should have been delighted : but a step of that sort he will never take without exacting a degradation, and, to induce that degradation, he generally enters into such passions of authority, as terrify into yielding every thing. I do not wish by that to say that Bonaparte is not really pa'^sionate : what is not calculation in him is hatred, and hatred generally expresses itself in rage : but calculation is in him so much the strongest, that he never goes beyond what it is convenient for him to show, according to circumstances and persons- One day a friend of mine saw him storming at a commissary of war, who had not done his duty; scarcely had the poor man retired, trembling with apprehension, when Bonaparte turned round to one of his aides ducamp, and said to him, laughing, 1 hope 1 have given him a fine fright ; and yet the moment before,, you would have believed that he was no longer master of himself.

When it suited the first consul to exhibit his illhumour against me, he publicly reproached his brother Joseph for continuing to visit me. Joseph felt it necessary in consequence to absent himself from my house for several weeks, and his example was followed by three- fourths of my acquaintance. Those who had been proscribed on the 1 8ih Fructidor, pretended that at that period I had been guilty of recommending M. de Talleyrand to BarraSj for the ministry of foreign affairs : and yet, these people were then continually about that same Talleyrand, whom they accused me of having served. All those who behaved ill to me, were cautious in concealing that they did so for fear of incurring the displeasure of the First Consul. Every day, however, they invented some new pretext to injure me, thus exerting all the energy of their political opinions against a defenceless and persecuted woman, and prostrating themselves at the feet of the vilest Jacobins, the moment the first consul bad regenerated them by the baptism of his favour.

Fouche, the minister of police, sent for me to say, that the first consul suspected me of having excited my friend who had spoken in the tribunate. I replied to him, which was certainly the truth, that M. Constant was a man of too superior an understanding to make his opinions matter of reproach to a woman, and that besides, the speech in question contained absolutely nothing but reflections on the independence which every deliberative assembly ought to possess, and that there was not a word in it wiiich could be construed into a personal reflection on the first consul. The minister admitted as much. I ventured to add some words on the re- ' spect due to the liberty of opinions in a legislative body ; but I could easily perceive that he took no interest in these general considerations ; he already knew perfectly well, that under the authority of the man whom he wished to serve, principles were out ofthe question, and he shaped his conduct accordingly But as he is a man of transcendant understanding in matters of revolution, he had already laid it down as a system to do the least evil possible, the necessity of the object admitted. His preceding conduct certainly exhibited little feeling of morality.

and he was frequently in the habit of talking of virtue as an old woman's story. A remarkable sagacity, however, always led him to choose the good as a reasonable thing, and his intelligence made him occasionally do what conscience would have dictated to others. He advised me to go into the country, and assured me, that in a few days, all would be quieted. But at ray return, I was very far from finding it so.

Chapter III

System of fusion adopted by Bonaparte. — Publication of my work on Liter ahirt*

While we have seen the Christian kings take two confessors to examine their consciences more narrowly, Bonaparte chose two ministers, one of tlie old and the other of the new regime, whose business it was to place at iiis disposal the Machiavelian means of two opposite systeais. In all his nominations, Bonaparte followed nearlj^ the same rule, of taking, as it may be said, now from the right, and now from the left, that is to say, choosing alternately his officers among the aristocrats, and among the jacobins : the middle party, that of the friends of liberty, pleased him less than all the others, composed as it was of the small numbers of persons, who in France, had an opinion of their own. He liked much better to have to do with persons who were attached to royalist interests, or who had become stigmatized by popular excesses. He even went so far as to wish to name as a counsellor of state a conventionalist sullied with the vilest crimes of the days of terror ; but he was diverted from it by the shuddering of those who would have had to sit along with him. Bonnparte would have been delighted to have given that shining proof that he could regenerate, as well as confound, every thing.

What particularly characterizes the government of Bonaparte, is his profound contempt for the intellectual riches of human nature ; virtue, mental dignity, religion, enthusiasm — these, these are in his eyes, the ete^^Lal enemies of the continent^ to make use of his favorite expression ; he would reduce man to force and cunning, and designate every thing else as folly or stupidity. The English particularly irritate him, as they have found the means of being honest, as well as successful, a thing which Bonaparte would have us regard as impossible. This shining point of the world has dazzled his eyes from the very first days of his reign.