Maryland; the land of sanctuary

Front matter

Md^:

Class £La±L___

RnoV ' KSG

Chapter I

Reli-ious Toleration, Absolute or Unlimited-Limited Toleration-Toleration under Constantine and Theodosius-Church and State before the Reformation—After the Reformation— Religious Intolerance in England at Epoch of George Calvert's Conversion-Idea and Theory of Toleration in Past-Reformation Times-Colonial Schemes of Toleration anterior to the Calverts-Divisions of Maryland s Religious History

Chapter II

George Calvert— Birth, early life and marriage— Public Offices- Regard of the King— Knighthood— Secretary of State— Grant of Irish Lands— Conversion- Lord Baltimore— Newfoundland— Visit to Virginia —Grant of Maryland — Death — Estimates of Character and Attainments 36-51

Leonard Calvert, first Governor — Jerome Hawley — Captain Cornvvaleys — Religion of First Colonists — Massachusetts and Maryland compared — Imparti.nl historians on Maryland Toleration 102 122

Chapter VI

Grant of Lands — Toleration enforced — First Assemb; — Government Reorganized — John Lewger — Second Assembly — " Holy Church " — Invitation to Puritans — ControA'ersy between Lord Baltimore and the Jesuits — Decision — Catholicity of Cecilius Calvert 123-75

Motives of the Calverts Primarily Religious — Maryland

Designed as the " Land of Sanctuary." 290-309

Chapter XIV

Maryland, a Catholic Colony — Mr. Gladstone on Maryland Toleration — Baltimore more Liberal than Charter — Death of Cecilius Calvert — Estimates of Character and Attainments — Compared with Penn — ^Neglected Memory 310-22 vui

CONTENTS

'^/ taJverf .t i

^® 323-1

Sir T • CHAPTER xvj

"'^ Lionel Co I

361-85

386-94

^eonard Calvert-ln; 7''^~-^Po«ta3v of P. .. >'"-.^' Rights Ro to^r '' ^^'^ Ca,;ert P '''*

305-409

IX

CO>'TE>'TS

CHAPTER XX.

palian Clergj^-Their Immorality

CHAPTER XXI.

-Poor Tobacco.

CHAPTER XXII.

T fi^.n+x.— Free Scliools— Excep- Immorality of Clergy-Infidehty-Fiee ^^^^^

tions, Among Clergy

CHAPTER XXIII.

r.t -Prpflerick Calvert — Gov.

Stamp Act-Exactions oijre^^^^ ^^^^.^^ ^^^ Eden-Carroll ... ^ulanj -Death « ^^^^^.^^

vert, Last Lord ^altimore-E^e of t ^^^^^ _

_Intolerance ^^ --7^^;;, J, * ^Declaration of land Catholics and the Re^olutlon ^^^^^^

Rights

CHAPTER XXIV.

of Independence

Conclusion

Bishop Carroll— Thos. Jener^o 504-512

— Finis

CONTENTS

APPENDIXES.

PAGE.

A. Penal laws under James I and Charles 1 513

B. Calvert Document. Deed of George Calvert.... 510

C. Charters of Avalon and Maryland 517

D. Oath of Allegiance 52t>

E. Trial of Lewis 53l>

F. Oath of Governor 5.34

G. Magna Charta. ( Extract. ) 538

H. Bull of Demarcation of Alexander VI. (Extract.) 537

I. Agreement between Lord Baltimore and the Society of Jesus 53S

J. Quit-Rents. Caution Money. Alienation Fees . . 543

K. Act of Toleration 544

L. Agreement of the People of England 547

M. Act of the Puritan Parliament for punishing

Blasphemy, etc 548

N. Breviat and Protests against the validity of Lord

Baltimore's Patent 54f>

O. Quakers 554

P. Gladstone and Maryland Toleration 556

Q. Double Tax Debate between LTpper and Lower

Houses 564

R. Memorial to Earl of Halifax 568

S. Acadians 579

T. Advertisement of Charles Carroll of Carrollton.. 581

U. Genealogy of Charles Carroll of Carrollton 586

V. List of Jesuits in Maryland 594

W. Anglican clergy in Maryland before 1692 595

X. Statutes 1 William and Mary, and 11 and 12

William III 595

Y. Quebec Act 597

Preface

By His Eminence, James Cardinal Gibbons.

The present volume is most welcome. The history of our State, especially during the colonial era, bears a close relation to the Catholic Church whose infancy in the United States was cradled in the " Land of Sanctuary." A narrative of those events which helped or retarded the growth of religious liberty on the soil where it was first planted and developed under Catholic auspices, comes most fittingly from a Catholic author, especially from one whose forefathers settled in the Province under the government of the first Proprietary, and, notwithstanding the trials to which Catholics were subjected, were ever loyal to their faith.

The Eev. William T. Russell, of the Cathedral, the author, has for the last three years been engaged in writing the work which is now offered to the public. He is possessed of the judicial temper so essential for historical accuracy, and having carefully weighed in the balance every controverted point has given his decision with calm and dispassionate judgTQent. He has read every author of note who has written on early Maryland

XI

Xll PEEFACE

history, and upon questions affecting Catholic interests has quoted only from reliable non-Catholic sources. Many manuscripts and documents which he has used have never before been made public.

Every Marylander who loves his native State, every American who cherishes the privileges born of civil and religious liberty, everyone who acknowledges the blessings of toleration, will peruse these pages with growing interest. The native of the " Land of Sanctuary," especially, will be filled with pride and enthusiasm, when he realizes that Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, was the first ruler to proclaim freedom of conscience to all who sought shelter, and who dwelt within his Province.

PREFACE

It has been said that the happiest nations are those having the least history and this is particularly applicable to Maryland. Her annals are not filled with those turbulent events that go to make up the story of most of the other colonies; hers was " a government of benevolence, good order and toleration," and under the Proprietary administration there were few dark intrigues and tragic scenes. She is possessed of a distinction all her own. Her influence, from the first scored deep and wide ; and from the planting of the Cross upon St. Clement's Island, her sons have been second to none among the history-makers of America. While the records of most of the other settlements are strongly colored with cruelty and bloodshed, the history of Maryland is that of religious toleration in its struggle toward development and maturity ; of her was born freedom of conscience in the New World. The religious and civil elements of her origin and growth are inseparable.

The fair and broad spirit generally exhibited by non-Catholic authors in writing the history of our State affords good reason to believe that a narrative of those events which are closely associated with religious toleration under Catholic auspices,

xiii

XIV PREFACE

by one who beina; a Catholic must be more in sympathy with the subject, would not prove unacceptable. Such a presentation while it possesses evident advantages is met by difficulties peculiar to itself which the non-Catholic historian can afford to ignore. Sympathy usually begets a favorable prejudice, and even if the writer has achieved the delicate task of viewing and presenting his subject without any of that bias which might not unkindly be ascribed to him, the reader, nevertheless, cannot at once rid himself of a pardonable scepticism regarding the author's impartiality. This objection has been anticipated in preparing this volume, for it was realized that every conclusion favorable to the Catholic Church might fairly be challenged ; assertions, therefore have been grounded upon authorities which may be considered unimpeachable.

The method pursued, has been, first, to narrate the facts as they are unfolded by the most reliable testimony of the past ; and in the second place, to array these bare facts in the form and color furnished by the comments of non-Catholic historians. Catholic writers have been consulted, but for the reasons already given, they have been rarely quoted to substantiate conclusions creditable to the Church, and never without confirmatory testimony from other authorities. This will explain why references to Scharf, McSherry and Shea appear so infrequently in these pages. Of the other

PREFACE XV

standard authors Chalmers, the painstaking annalist, is marvelous ly free from prejudice of any sort.^ Bozman, the Episcopalian, is usually trustworthy for facts, and never consciously unjust in his opinions. McMahon, the Presbyterian, is always fair and generally reliable. Of the modern writers, to Dr. William Hand Browne, the distinguished archivist of the Maryland Historical Society, are the author's acknowledgments and appreciation due in an especial manner. " Maryland, The History of a Palatinate " was from the first an inspiration, and continued throughout to be a stimulus, from its fairmindedness, research, and dispassionate narration of events. The scholarly treatment and charm of style exhibited in ''The Lords Baltimore" of Mr. Clayton C.Hall, have been also a source of great pleasure and gain. The Rev. E. D. Neill, a prolific writer and quondam authority upon all phases of Maryland history, who by his mis-statements has proved himself entirely untrustworthy, has not been relied upon in

^ " Mr. Chalmers, as I have been informed, was a Scotchman, residing in this city, as a practitioner of the law, at the commencement of the American revolution. Espousing the cause of the crown, he sought refuge in England, and took up his residence in London, wliere he acquired notoriety as a political writer, and more especially by his researches into the colonial history, and ultimately obtained a place in the trade office. Writing under such circumstances, and for the express purpose of demonstrating the supremacy of parliament, his general impartiality in the statement of facts is truly remarkable." — (McMahon, p. 231.)

XVI PREFACE

this work, even when liis assertions might be taken to reflect honorably upon the Catholic side of a question. He has been quoted but rarely, and then not in support of historical facts, but merely for his personal oi^inion regarding a subject that cannot be controverted, and when his expression of praise is the least that can be said. In one of his "pronouncements" (Maryland ;]Srot A Roman Catholic Colony,) through carelessness, we may charitably suppose, there is not an assertion to the point that has not been proven to be false. He seems to owe his past prominence as an historian to his facility in making unequivocal and apodictic statements, by his very boldness and assurance forestalling investigation and disarming criticism. It is true that Rev. Mr. Il^eill wrote prior to the discovery of the Calvert Mss. and other documents, and also before the publishing of the State Archives made these records of easy access, still if it was impossible to obtain some facts, and difficult to ascertain others, he does not stand excused for supplying these deficiencies. Father Hughes, on subjects pertaining to his Society in Maryland, has been found invaluable. His " History of the Society of Jesus in N^orth America " is a masterful defence of the Jesuit side of the controversy with Lord Baltimore. While drawing freely from the facts furnished by the learned author, the conclusions of the writer wdll be found to be much at variance with those of Eather Hughes.

PREFACE XV 11

The author has relied almost invariably for the main facts upon original sources, such as the Maryland State Archives, printed and manuscript, the Archives of other States, documents, and colonial papers. The works of men who have written contemporaneously with the events they narrate, and the standard historians, are frequently quoted.

Every quotation in this volume, as well as every reference, has been taken by the writer directly from the source mentioned. When reference is made to Archives without any other designation,, the Maryland State Archives are intended.

The author finds great pleasure in expressing his appreciation of the interest taken in the progress of this work by his Eminence, the Cardinal, by the Very Reverend Dr. Shahan, of the Catholic University; Rev. J. T. Whelan, Mr. Michael Jenkins, and other kind friends. His acknowledgments are also due to the officials of the Peabody and Pratt Libraries, Baltimore, of the Congressional Library, Washington, of the Maryland Historical Society, whose Assistant Librarian, Mr, George W. McCreary, has been unfailing in his courtesy.

The Authoe-

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