Practical urine testing: a guide to office and bedside urine analysis, for physicians and students

Preface

The importance of urine testing at the bedside for the immediate detection of pathological conditions and for watching the progress of disease is now recognized, and reagents for the detection of sugar, albumin, etc., form a necessary part of a physician's armamentarium. The recent investigations in this department of chemistry have brought forward convenient and accurate methods of urine analysis which enable the physician to obtain in a minimum of time all the information which is of any value to him. It is the aim of this little volume to give concise directions for office and bedside testing, embodying all the latest advances that have proved to be of value.

Particular attention has been given to the qualitative and quantitative tests which from their cleanliness and ease of application, and the simplicity of apparatus required, commend themselves to the practicing physician.

Part I is devoted to a brief consideration of the chemistry of the urine in health and disease,

1V PREFACE.

and concisely discusses the relative utility of various methods of testing for normal and pathological ingredients.

Part II presents a systematic scheme for urine analysis unencumbered by physiological or pathological data ; a chapter on the microscopical examination, one on the analysis of calculi, and one on apparatus and reagents.

Much of the subject matter has been compiled from various sources, but the author has condensed and arranged it in a manner which, in his judgment, is best suited to the purpose in view.

It was thought not best to burden the text with too many references ; in addition to those given, the author acknowledges indebtedness especially to Charles' " Physiological and Pathological Chemistry," Witthaus' « Manual,' 1 Ealfe's "Clinical Chemistry," Oliver's "Bedside Urine Testing," and Tyson's "Practical Examination of Urine."

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Practical Urine Analysis.

Chapter I. — Qualitative Analysis

Determination of General Properties — Specific Gravity — Reaction — Tests for Proteids— Tests for Serum Albumin — Tests for Peptone — Tests for Serum Globulin — Test for Mucin— Tests for Glucose- Test for Indican — Tests for Blood — Tests for Bile, Bile Pigment, Bile Salts— Test for Chlorides— Test for Phosphates — Test for Sulphates — Tests for Acetone Page 53

Yl TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Chapter II.— Quantitative Analysis

Estimation of Total Urinary Solids — Estimation of Uric Acid — Estimation of Chlorides — Estimation of Phosphates — Estimation of Albumin — Estimation of Glucose— Estimation of Bile Salts Page 67

Chapter III. —Microscopical Examination

General Directions — Classification of Deposits — Uric Acid — Urates — Calcium Oxalate — Phosphates — Cystin — Oil Globules— Epithelium — Mucus and Pus — Blood — Tube Casts— Spermatozoa — Microbes — Elements of Morbid Growths Page 91

Chapter IV. — Analysis of Calculi

General Properties of Calculi — Scheme for Analysis. . .

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Chapter V. — Apparatus and Reagents

Apparatus — General Reagents— Special Reagents for Albumin Testing — Special Reagent for Bile Salt Testing — Miscellaneous Reagents — Tablets and Test Papers Page 115

Addenda Page 123

PART I.

Physiology and Pathology of the Urine