Chemical analysis of the urine

Front matter

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Preface

Intimate association with students as instructors in medical chemistry has revealed to the authors the fact that none of the existing works on urinary analysis deal sufficiently with the chemical side of the subject. Cognizant of this, and believing that the requirements of the present curriculum demand a more thorough knowledge of details than is usually presented, we have endeavored to collect in the following pages all matter bearing on the chemical analysis of urine which experience has demonstrated to be practical and thoroughly reliable. Selecting as a partial basis for our work the admirable little publication of Casselmann — Analyse des Hams — we have added numerous methods of analysis and suggestions to enable the student at work in the laboratory, or privately, to perform understandingly the solution of the many problems met with in the analysis of urine.

As volumetric methods of analysis are readily applied in estimating the urine constituents, the preparation of standard solutions and the accompanying calculations have received due attention. Following immediately upon the close of the chemical portion of the work will be found a section upon the microscopic examination of urinary sedi-

v

VI PREFACE.

ments, interesting alike to the student and practitioner of medicine.

The plates illustrating the microscopic character of various urine constituents are borrowed from Casselmann, while the apparatus of Huffner, for the estimation of urea, is here introduced from the Journal fur prakt. Chemie. Its simplicity and accuracy recommend its general adoption. For the apparatus pictured in the frontispiece, we are under obligations to Prof. Wormley, to whom, as well as to Prof. Samuel P. Sadtler, we would here express our sincere thanks for the many kindnesses shown us during the progress of our labors. S. and M.

Contents

THE URINE.

Definition of Urine. Urine of Carnivorous Animals. Urine of Herbivorous Animals. The Characteristics of these two Varieties. The Properties of Normal Human Urine. The Normal and Constant Constituents of Human Urine. Behavior of Urine with Chemical Reagents. The Acid and Alkaline Fermentation of Normal^ Urine. The Relation of the Acid Fermentation of Urine to the Formation of Urinary Deposits and Calculi. The Decomposition of the Urea, in the Alkaline Fermentation of Urine, into Free Ammonia and Acid Ammonium Carbonate. Abnormal, Normal and Accidental Constituents of Urine. Apparatus Required for the Examination of Urine. Reagents Necessary in Urinary Analysis 9-14

II. Physical Properties And Reactions Of The Urine

Properties of Urine Interesting in Diagnosis. Various Colors of Urine. The Conclusions Derived from these Colors. The Odor of Human Urine. The Specific Gravity of Human Urine. Approximate Determination of the Solids in Urine. The Influence of Albumen and Sugar on Specific Gravity. Importance of Acid Urine to the Practitioner. Formation of Sediments 14-17

III

THE MOST IMPORTANT NORMAL CONSTITUENTS : THEIR OCCURRENCE IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL URINE AND THE CHEMICAL DETECTION OF THE SAME.

The Quantity of Constituents Varies with Manner of Life, Nourishment, etc. The Increase and Decrease of Normal Constituents. Relation of the Solids and Water in Urine. Estimation of the Fixed Salts in Urine. The Quantity of Urea in Normal Urine. The Qualitative Detection and Quantitative Estimation of Urea. Occurrence of Uric Acid ; its Increase and Decrease. Qualitative Detection of Uric Acid. The Quantitative Estimation of Uric Acid. Oxaluric and Hyposulphurous Acids. Chlorides in Urine ; Decrease in Disease. Qualitative Detection of the Chlorides. Gravimetric Determination of the Chlorides. Chlorides Determined Volumetrically. Phosphoric Acid in Urine ; its Increase and Decrease. Increase of the Alkaline Phosphates. Increase of the Phosphates of the Alkaline Earths. Detection and Quantitative Estimation of Phosphoric Acid. Estimation of Phosphoric Acid Combined with the Alkaline Earths

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Vlll CONTENTS.

(earthy phosphates). Detection and Gravimetric Estimation of Sulphuric Acid. Volumetric Estimation of Sulphuric Acid. Sulpho- Acids Present in Urine. Coloring Matters in Urine. Alterations Suffered by these Pigments through Pathological Processes. Detection of Urobilin. Approximate Estimation of the Coloring Matter. Test for Urophain 17-49

IV. Abnormal Constituents Of Urine ; Their Occurrence And Detection

Origin of Abnormal Constituents. The Appearance of Albumen in Urine. Albuminuria and Hematuria. Discharge of Albumen in Pyuria. Hasmatopyuria. Peptones in Urine. Detection of Albumen. Quantitative Estimation of Albumen. Sugar in Urine. Sugar as a Constant Ingredient of Urine. Color of Urine in Presence of Sugar. Qualitative Test for Sugar. Quantitative Determination of Sugar. Inosite in Urine ; its Detection. Conditions Under which Lactic Acid is Noticed in Urine. Detection of Lactic Acid. Fats and Fatty Acids. Biliary Coloring Matters ; Biliary Salts and Taurin. Occurrence of Leucin, Tyrosin and Cystin. Fibrin in Urine. Fibrin Cylinders Under the Microscope. Diseases in which the Blood Pigments Occur. Haematin. Occurrence of Blood as such in Urine. Almen's Test for Blood in Urine. Hydrogen Sulphide and Ammonium Sulphide in Urine. Oxymandelic Acid of Schultzen and Riess. Indican ; its Composition and Estimation 49-75

V. Urinary Deposits ( Sediments)

Use of the Microscope in the Examination of these Deposits. Varieties of Urinary Sediments. Course to be Pursued in the Examination of Deposits. Relations of Sediments to the Diagnosis of Disease 75-87

VI

PRACTICAL HINTS TO A COURSE FOR THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTI- TATIVE EXAMINATION OF URINE.

Course to be Pursued in a Practical Examination of Urine. 87-95