Medieval and modern history; an outline of its development

Front matter

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Preface

In response to a considerable demand from those who

wish a separate text-book of medieval and modern history,

it has seemed advisable to publish that portion of my

European History by itself. Advantage has been taken of

this change of form to correct a few errors to which my

attention has been called.

G. B. A.

February io, 1900.

Preface To The Complete Work

It is my hope that this book, while it may be used in any way, will be found of especial value by the teacher who has escaped from the bondage of set text-book recitations, as fortunately most teachers of history have now done.

In the preparation of the bibliographies and references I have had in mind both the needs of the teacher and of the pupil. Nothing adds so much to the interest of work in history as a more extensive knowledge of the subject on the teacher's part than the text-book gives, and an ability to fill it out and throw light upon it from various sources. The bibliographies give the names, of many books not specifically referred to elsewhere. These are especially for the use of the teacher, and the intention has been to mention in each case the two or three best books. In the construction of the text also, while it has been my purpose to state as clearly as possible all the important facts, I have endeavored to make a text which would readily serve as the foundation for considerable expansion by both teacher and pupils. It will be noticed, possibly, that the stock historical anecdotes are lacking. These, if used at all, will have much more force and point coming from the teacher than if they stand in the text to be read and reread and repeated to the weariness of the bright pupil.

The specific references, while they may be of use to the teacher himself, are especially intended to be used with due judgment in the assignment of outside reading to the pupil and as the basis of reports to the class. At the close of each viii Preface

chapter two or three topics of especially assigned readings are given, but these are intended to serve as specimens rather than to furnish a complete list. The teacher can construct as many others as desired on the basis of the marginal topics and references. In the selection of the books, to which the specific references are made, I have been governed by the readiness with which the books can be procured. If a list of all those to which most frequent reference is made were drawn up, it would not exceed the limits of a good school library of European history. I believe that all the easily accessible sources in English have been referred to in most cases by specific references, and I have supplemented these by reference to two or three collections of sources in French and German which are readily obtainable and inexpensive.

In the preparation of the text I have endeavored to give especial emphasis to the different periods of history, and at the same time to make clear the continuous movement. If any fairly good conception caq be gained from the study of history of the steady march of humanity up to its present level, one of its richest and most fruitful results has been secured, and it is a wish of mine, though one perhaps not easily realized, that the teacher should be able to make his class see in each lesson, or at least in each of the minor epochs of history, how the movement advances a stage in the given bit of time. I hope that the summaries prefixed to the different parts may be of service in this direction. If will be noticed also that the traditional divisions of general history have not been exactly followed, and that in a number of cases new names have been given to the divisions made. These names have been selected with a view to bringing out prominently the unity and continuous advance of history. The traditional divisions are, however, made clear enough in the text so that any one who prefers can make use of them.

Preface ix

I hope the book may also be found to serve a good purpose in colleges as the " backbone book " of a wider course of study or as a book of review on the completion of such a course.

I have received suggestions of value in the preparation of the book from a number of correspondents, but I am under especial obligation for such suggestions to Professors Lucy M. Salmon of Vassar College and Fred Morrow Fhng of the University of Nebraska.

It is impossible that in a book of this kind errors both of the pen and of the press, and even graver ones, should not have escaped attention. I shall be very grateful to those who will call my attention to any of these which they may notice.

GEORGE BURTON ADAMS.

December 29, 1898.

Contents

PAGE

A Brief List of Books of Reference of Value to the

Teacher ... xxvii

Part I The Roman World-state With Its Fall And Its Revival

Books for Reference — Sutnmary I

I. The Empire and its Decline 5

Character of the Early Empire — Constitutional Forms

— Economic and Literary Character of the Age — Provincial Administration — Augustus and the Germans — The Period of the Julian House — From Tiberius to Nero — • The Flavian Dynasty — Growth of the Imperial Constitution — Five Good Emperors — ^The Roman Law — Disorders of the Third Century - — Reforms of Diocletian

— Constantine the Great.

II. The Establishment of Christianity .... 20

Christianity at the Death of Christ — Becomes a World

Religion — Causes of Roman Persecution — Beginnings of

//Church Government — Christianity recognized by the State.

III. The Last Age of Rome 26

Character of the Fourth Century — Causes of the Fall of Rome — From Slavery to Serfdom — Attacks upon the Frontiers — Characteristics of the Germans — The Third xii Contents

PAGE

and Fourth Centuries — The Goths cross the Danube — Theodosius the Great — Invasions of Alaric — Breaking of the Rhine Frontier — Rome's German Defender Sacrificed

— Invasion of the Huns — End of the Western Empire.

IV. The Founding of the German States • • • 37

A Second Period of German Conquests — Founder of the Frankish Empire — Arian versus Catholic — Clovis adopted the CathoUc Faith — The Last Years of Clovis' Reign — The Ostrogoths conquer Italy — The Character of Theodoric's Rule — Growth of the Prankish Power — Decay of the Merovingian House — The Roman Empire of the East — The Reign of Justinian — Justinian's Work for Civilization — The Invasion of the Lombards — The Saxons in Britain — The Saxon States — No Roman Elements in the Saxon States.

V. The Franks, the Arabs, and the Papacy ... 52

The Second Frankish Dynasty — The First Carolingians

— Their Power Established — The Government Strengthened — Arabia before Mohammed — Mohammed and his Religion — A Religion of Conquest — Conquests of the First Century — The Revolution of 750 — Arabian Science

— Coming in of the Turks — The Frankish Empire Restored

— Lombards threaten the Pope's Independence — The Franks protect the Pope.

VI. The Empire Revived. Charlemagne . . . .64 Books for Reference and Further Readi7tg 64

The Way prepared for a Great Empire — Conquest of Italy — Of the Saxons — Charlemagne's Other Conquests

— Revival of the Roman Empire — The Missi Dominici — Charlemagne's Schools — Charlemagne's Place in History.

Contents xiii

Part II The Formation Of The Nations Page

Books for Reference — Summary 73

I. The Breaking up of Charlemagne's Empire . . 75 Causes of Division — Economic Condition — Louis I. the Pious — The Treaty of Verdun — End of the United Empire — New Barbarian Invasions — The Northmen — Rollo in Normandy and the Danes in England — Alfred the Great — The Second Danish Invasion.

II. The Feudal System 85

The Conditions which gave rise to Feudalism — Forms of the Feudal System — The Feudal System in France — Feudal Rights and Obligations — The Serf Class — Gradual Improvement in the Condition of the Serf.

III. The Rise of the New Nations 92

General Conditions — The Beginning in Germany — The Saxon Kings — The Empire revived by Otto I. — Effect of the Revival — The Beginning in France — Kings of Little Power — Norman Conquest of England.

IV. Empire and Papacy 99

The Papacy during the Tenth Century — The Reforms of Cluny — Power of the Empire under Henry III. — The Beginning of the Conflict — Its Results — The Third German Dynasty, the Hohenstaufen — Danger to the Papacy — The Cities of Northern Italy — Guelf and Ghibelline — The Papacy at its Highest Point of Power.

V. The Crusades. . . , 109

Place of the Crusades in History — Motives of the Crusaders — The Beginning of the First Crusade — Results of the First Crusade — The Second and Third Crusades — The Later Crusades.

xiv Contents

PAGE

VI. The Changes which followed the Crusades . .117 The Direct Results of the Crusades — The Rise of the Third Estate — The Third Estate on the Side of Strong Government — Effect of the Increased Use of Money — Fall of the Feudal System — Changes affecting the Serf Class — Institutions of the Cities.

VII. The Formation of the French Nation . . .124 General Conditions in France — Two Great Difficulties -^The Work of Louis VI. — France threatened by the Angevin Empire — The First Great Advance — The Growth of the King's Power — The Salic Law — The First Period of the Great Struggle with England — The King of England becomes King of France — Joan of Arc — The Final Triumph of France — Louis XL and Charles the Bold.

VIII. England 136

General Character of English History — Period of the Norman Kings — Henry II. Abroad and at Home — England and Ireland — Henry's Two Sons — The Greatest of the Angevin Kings — The Hundred Years' War — The House of Lancaster — The Wars of the Roses.

IX. The Other States of Europe 147

The Situation in Germany and Italy — The Foundation of Austria — A Period of Many Dynasties — The Hussite War — The Rise of Other German States — Italy — Spain — The Rise of the Ottoman Empire.

PART III RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION Books for Reference — Summary 157

I. The Revival of Learning . ... . . -159

A Transitional Epoch — The Meaning of Renaissance — The Place of the Middle Ages in History — Learning in the Middle Ages — Medieval Revivals — The Age of

Contents xv

PAGE

Scholasticism — The Founding of the Universities — The Renaissance comes P'irst in Italy — The Beginning in the Age of Petrarch — The Revival of Greek — Scientiiic Method Recovered — The Invention of Printing and its Results — The Renaissance South and North of the Alps

— Erasmus.

II. The Immediate Results of the Revival . . . 173

Advance in Knowledge — The Commercial Situation of the Fifteenth Century — ■ Portuguese Discoveries — Columbus and his Discoveries — The Economic Results — The First Great Step in Physical Science — The End of the Renaissance — Art and Literature.

III. Revolution atiempted in the Government of the

The Papacy at Avignon — The Great Schism — The Demand for Reform — Wyclifife's Attempt at Reformation

— Huss and the Hussites — The Council of Constance — The Council fails to reform Government or Conduct.

IV. The Political Changes of the Age . . . .190

Politics become International — The Condition of France — The Creation of Spain — Results of Ferdinand's Policy — England — Germany — Italy — France begins the Struggle — The First Invasion of Italy — A New French Claim on Italy — Rapid Changes in the Italian Situation — The Dominions of Charles V. — The Imperial Election and its Results ^— France still seeks Dominion in Italy.

V. The Reformation of Luther 203

Luther's Theological Beliefs — Indulgences — Luther posts his Theses — Luther gradually led to Open Rebellion — The Protestant Position in Regard to Authority — The Diet of Worms — Events in Italy — The Treaty of Madrid — Enforcement of the Edict Delayed — Peace between France and Charles V. — The " Protestants " and their Strength— The Great Peasant War — The First Attack of the Turks — The Diet and "Confession" of Augsburg — The Emperor's Plans again Postponed.

xvi Contents

PAGE

VI. The Later Age of the Reformation. . , .217

The Reformation in the North of Europe — Henry VIII. takes the Place of the Pope — England becomes Protestant

— Calvinism — The Reformation in France and Holland

— The Counter Reformation — The Society of Jesus»

Part IV The Struggle Of The Nations For Supremacy

AND EXPANSION

I. The Age of Religious Wars . . . . . 228

The General Character of the Age — The Schmalkaldic War — Abdication of Charles V. — The Power and Character of PhiUp II. — Philip and Mary of England — England again Protestant — The Netherlands under the Hapsburgs — The Beginning of Resistance to Philip — The Independence of the United Netherlands — England — Mary Queen of Scots — The Invincible Armada — Rise of the Puritan Party — Opposing Parties in France — Huguenot Civil Wars — The First of the Bourbons — Foreign Plans of Henry IV. — Beginning of the Thirty Years' War — The Bohemian Period of the War — The Danish Period — Sweden and France — Richelieu centralizes France — Richelieu and the Thirty Years' War — Gustavus Adolphus in Germany — The Death of Gustavus and Wallenstein — The French Period of the War — The Peace of Westphalia — The Empire Destroyed — The Other States of Europe in the Peace — The Sufferings of Germany — A New Era in English History — The Stuarts and the Puritans — The Reign of James I. — Charles I. and Parliament — Civil War Begun — The Great Rebellion and the Commonwealth.

II. France tries to dominate Europe . . . .265

The Hapsburgs in 1660 — England and Holland — The Situation in France — Character of Louis XIV. — Colbert

Contents xvii

PAGE

and the Finances — Colbert's Economic Measures — Preparing to annex Spain — Louis XIV.'s First War — Louis prepares to punish Holland — War against Holland — The Period of the " Reunions " — Revocation of the Edict of Nantes — Resources of France Declining — Charles IL in England — The Revolution of 1688 — The War of the League of Augsburg — The Question of the Spanish Succession — The Partition Treaties — France annexes Spain — The War of the Spanish Succession — The War goes against Louis — The Peace of Utrecht — The Rise of England — The Beginning of Louis XV. 's Reign — The End of the Stuart Dynasty.

IH. The Rise of Russia and Prussia .... 286

The Position of Sweden — The Early History of Russia

— Russia in the Seventeenth Century — Peter the Great — Russia against Sweden — The Fall of Charles XH. — The First Promotion of the Hohenzollern — Chief Steps in the Making of Prussia — The Father of Frederick the Great

— The Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VL — The War of the Austrian Succession ( 1 740-1 748) — Maria Theresa determined to punish Frederick — France abandons her Hereditary Enmity — The Seven Years' War (i 756-1 763)

— Prussia a Great Power — Catherine H. of Russia (1762- 1796) — The Condition of Poland — The First Partition of Poland — Further Russian Advance — The Rise of the Eastern Question — Poland at last Destroyed — A Revolution in the Political Situation of Europe.

IV. The Struggle for Colonial Empire .... 306

The Dawn of the Age of W^orld Politics — The First Modern Colonial Powers — Spain's World Power Threatened — The Rise of the Dutch Republic — The Beginning of the English Empire — The First English Colonies — The Thirteen Colonies — Conflict between England and Holland — The Power of Holland broken by France — The Beginning of Rivalry with France — The Advantages xviii Contents

PAGE

of the English — Colonial Wars — The Situation in India

— King George's War — The Interval of Nominal Peace — The Great Colonial War (1756-1763) — Its Ultimate Consequences — The English Ministry determines to tax the Colonies — Compromise not Possible — The War of the Revolution — The English Empire apparently broken up

— The Revenge of France more Apparent than Real.

V. The French Revolution and Napoleon . . . 327

The Intellectual Leadership of France — The Deists — Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau — Abuses existing in France — Financial Condition of France — Attempts at Reform — The Danger of calling together the Estates General — The Struggle for One Chamber — The Struggle with the King — The King completely Overcome — Revolution Completed — The Rise of Opposing Parties — Financial Difficulties still Continue — Paper Money based on Land — The Republic Proclaimed — The Beginning of a Long War — The First Step towards the Republic — The King Executed — W^ar against all Europe — The Reign of Terror, followed by Reorganization and Success — The Work of the Convention — Bonaparte forces Austria to make Peace — Revolution within the Revolution — Bonaparte in Egypt — A Strong Government — Bonaparte turns the Tide of War — The Interval of Peace — The War Renewed — Napoleon stretches his Power too Far — The Beginning of the End — The First Restoration — The Charter of 18 14 — The Congress of Vienna — The "Hundred Days" — The Second Restoration and the Congress of Vienna — Results of the Revolution in Europe at Large.

VI. Europe since 1815 352

The Nineteenth Century an Age of Transition — Three Lines of Great Political Changes — The Absolutist Reaction — Revolutionary Movements — The Monroe Doctrine

— Further Reaction and a New Revolution in France — The Consequences of the Revolution in France — Preparation for Another Revolution — The Revolution of 1848 — The Second Republic — Revolution in Austria and Italy

Contents xix

PAGB

— Unsuccessful Attempts in Germany — The Suppression of the Revolution — The Second Empire established by Napoleon III. — Free Government indirectly Secured — The Congress of Vienna and the Idea of Nationality — The Independence of Greece — Attempts following the Tvk^o French Revolutions — The Spirit of Nationality growing Stronger — The Policy of Cavour — United Italy — William I. and Bismarck — The Army made Ready — The New Prussia's P'irst War — The Seven Weeks' War — The Results of the War for Germany — Results of the War for Austria — The Franco-Prussian War desired by Both Governments—The Pretext found for War — The Course of the War — The Empire of Germany — Alsace-Lorraine and Rome — The Third Republic in France — Results of the Period in Europe at Large — The Eastern Question — Rise of Egypt under Mehemet Ali — Preliminaries of the Crimean War — The Crimean War (1854-1856) — Russia again attacks Turkey, 1877 — The Treaty of Berlin, 1878

— Later History of the Balkan States — Later Phases of the Eastern Question — The Greek and Turkish War.

VII. Anglo-Saxon Expansion and the Growth of World

Politics 387

Europe no longer the Stage of History — The Occupation of the World — Australia the First Step — Its Early History — A New English Nation — England in the Wars of the French Revolution — Napoleon's Attempt at Colonial Empire — The Expansion of the United States — The English Empire in the Napoleonic Period — The Expansion of Canada — The Struggle for Self-government — Canada opens the Way — A Great Change in English Methods of Colonial Government — A Second Great Annexation by the United States — Gold in California and Australia — A Theory of Imperial Dissolution — The Imperial Federation Movement — Expansion of English Dominion in India — Russian Expansion in Asia — The Results in Asia — The Occupation of Africa — The English Occupation of Egypt — The Insurrection of the Mahdi — The Anglo-Saxon Race in the World.

XX Contents

PAGB

VIII. The Growth of the English and American Constitutions 410

Importance of the History of our Institutions — The Absolutism of the First Norman Kings — Our First Constitutional Document — The Beginning of our Judicial Institutions — The Magna Charta — The Right of Civil War — The Right of Insurrection Applied — The Idea of a Limited Monarchy — Origin of Representative Institutions

— The First Case of Town Representation — Progress in the Thirteenth Century — The King recognizes the Right of Parliament to control Taxation — Parliament takes a New Step — Another Most Important Right Gained — A Third Great Gain of Parliament's — The Exclusive Right to Legislate — Rise of the House of Commons — Summary of Results — First Dangerous Attack on the Constitution

— The Deposition of Edward II., 1327 — Right of Parliament to control Succession — The Progress of the Fourteenth Century — The Yorkist Period — Peculiar Character of the Tudor Period — Constitutional Change in the Position of the Church — Character of the Stuart Period

— Reasons for the Attitude of the Kings— The Religious Parties — Slow Advance towards War — The Second Great Constitutional Document — Period of Rule without Parliament — Concessions of King Charles — The King determines to Resist — The Constitutional Character of the Commonwealth — The Later Stuarts — The Revolution of 1688 — Results of the Revolution — Constitutional Questions in the Colonies — Progress in the Eighteenth Century in England — The Constitution of the United States — Tendency towards Democracy — Anglo-Saxon Institutions in Other States — The Common Work of England and America.

IX. Scientific and Economic Advance since the

Renaissance 444

The Close of the Renaissance — The Great Age of English Literature *— Of Scientific Work — The Law of

Contents xxi

Gravitation — The Idea of the Reign of Law — The English Deists — Leaders of French Thought in England — The Benevolent Despots — Character of Eighteenth Century Science — Advances in Science — A New Science — The Age of Machinery Begins — Its Effect on Manufacturing — On I>abor — The Final Effect — Political Results — The Accumulation of Wealth — Nineteenth Century Science — Advances in Pure Science.

List of Abbreviations used in referring to the Various

Authorities Quoted 459

Each chapter is followed by a list of Topics — Topics for Assigned Studies — and frequently by a list of Important Dates for Review.

xxii Contents

LIST OF MAPS AND TABLES

PAGE

Roman Empire between lo-ii

Europe about 525 43

Charlemagne's Empire between 68-69

The Crusades 112,113

Europe about 1560 betzveen 234-235

The Baltic Lands at the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century . 287

Europe about 1740 betiveen 292-293

Central Europe about 181 2, showing Battle-fields from 1792

between 346-347

The Capetian Kings of France 135

The Kings of England, 1066- 1485 146

The Genealogy of the Emperor Charles V . . . . . 202

The Kings of England : Tudors, Stuarts, and Hanoverians . , 263

ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Charlemagne ....... Frontispiece

A Street in Pompeii • • • 5

Pretorian Guards .......... 6

A Cameo — Portraits of Claudius, Agrippina the Younger, Livia,

and Tiberius 9

Arch of Trajan 12

Marcus Aurelius .......... 14

Constantine the Great 18

Christian Sarcophagus, with Labarum ...... 23

German Bodyguard, Column of Marcus Aurelius .... 28

German Settlement, Time of Tacitus 30

German Weapons ......... 36

St. Sophia, Constantinople 47

Fragment from the Digest of Justinian . . . . -Si

The Kaaba at Mecca 54

Tomb of the Caliphs at Cairo ....... 59

Charlemagne 67

Signature of Charlemagne 70

The Cathedral at Worms 79

Edinburgh Castle 87

Milan Cathedral 100

Harbor of Palermo 105

Papal Keys 107

Bird's-eye View of Rhodes ill

Knight Templar 115

Saracenic Arms * • . . Ii6

Grand Canal, Venice . . , . . . . . .119

A Hanseatic Ship , , . 122

xxiii xxiv Illustrations

PAGE

Notre Dame, Paris . 127

Canterbury Cathedral 130

Tower of London ......... 141

The Great Seal of England 143

St. John's College, Oxford 164

Dante Alighieri 166

Gutenberg's Press 168

Armor of Columbus 1 74

Columbus 176

Cortes 178

Lorenzo Magnifico 180

The Duomo, Florence 194

The Emperor Charles V 199

Luther 203

Bridge and Castle of S. Angelo, Rome 209

Ignatius Loyola 222

Cannon of the Sixteenth Century 231

Philip II 232

William the Silent 237

Queen Elizabeth 239

Soldier of the Thirty Years' War 245

Gustavus Adolphus 248

Richelieu 250

Swedish Leather Cannon 252

Holyrood Palace 256

Charles I. of England 259

Cromwell 260

Louis XIV 268

Louis de Bourbon, the Great Conde 272

Colbert 275

Gobelin Tapestry, Time of Louis XIV. 279

A North View of Gibraltar 282

Peter the Great , , , 289

Illustrations xxv

PAGE

Gigantic Grenadier of Frederick William I. .... 294

Stone Bridge at Prague 296

Frederick the Great 3^1

The Mosque at Delhi 3^0

William Penn 311

Champlain 314

Dupleix 317

George Washington . . . . . . . frcing 320

The Declaration of Independence. Facsimile (reduced) of the

first lines of Jefferson's original draft 323

Versailles 329

Marie Antoinette 330

Taking of the Bastille 334

Facsimile of an Assignat (reduced) 337

Lazare Carnot 342

The Three Consuls 344

Lafayette 35^

Pope Pius IX 360

Count Cavour 3^6

Germania. Niderwald Monument 374

M.Thiers 377

Sebastopol 380

The Congress at Berlin 383

Bird's-eye View of Melbourne, Australia 389

Durban, Natal 394

Sutter's Mill. Where gold was first discovered in California . 399

Khartum 406

Benjamin Franklin facing 446

The Cotton Gin 452

A BRIEF LIST OF BOOKS OF REFERENCE OF VALUE TO THE TEACHER

In French. — Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Generale du IV Steele h nos Jours. 12 vols. (144 francs.) Probably the best book of reference and for obtaining more full knowledge than the ordinary text-book gives on Medieval and Modern history. Each epoch is treated by a specialist. — Rambaud, Histoire de la Civilisation Fran^aise. 2 vols. (Paris; Colin; 8 francs.) Deals chiefly with France from the beginning to the Revolution, but is of value for all Europe.

In German. — Leopold von Ranke, ^^//^<fjf/^zV/5/,?, 9 Parts. (158 marks.) Mainly political. — G. Weber, Lehrbuch der VVeltgeschichte. 2 vols. (18 marks.) Will be found very useful by the teacher, as it takes up many sides of history.

In English. — George P. Fisher, Outlines of Universal History. (American Book Co.; ^2.40.) A very full single volume history. Has some of the characteristics of Weber. This book and the same author's History of the Christian Church (Scribner's ; ;^3.5o) will form a satisfactory reference library of the smallest size. — Arthur Hassall, Editor, Periods of European History. 8 vols. By different authors. (Macmillan ; ^1.40 to ^1.75.) A very useful series covering the whole field of Medieval and Modern history. — The Story of the Nations Series (Putnam's; ^1.50) and the Epochs of History Series (Longmans or Scribner's ; ^i.oo) approach the character of general histories in monographs. Volumes in each series will be mentioned in connection with the different periods. — J. N. Larned, History for Ready Reference. 5 vols. (Subscription. Nichols, Springfield, Mass.; ^25.00.) A general history on the dictionary plan. It is especially useful because of the large number of unusual names and terms which are explained. — The American Historical Reviezu (^3.00) and the English Historical Review (20 shil.) are the standard periodicals in English. Teachers who can make use of French will probably find that the Revue Historique (Paris; Alcan; t^t^ francs) will keep them more nearly abreast of the new work in European history than any other single periodical. — Hassall, A Handbook of European History, 476-1871 (Macmillan; ^2.25), and Ploetz, Epitome of Ancient, Mediaval, and Modern History (Houghton; ^3.00), are helpful manuals of chronology

xxvii xxviii List of Books of Reference

with genealogical and other tables. — Lorenz, Genealogisches Handbuch der Europdischen Staatengeschichte. (7 marks.) Very good and full tables. — Geotge, Genealogical Tables. (Clarendon; ^3.00.) The best in English. In atlases, the teacher should have at hand something better than any English school historical atlas. — Droysen, Historischer Hand-alias (Leipzig; 25 marks), and Schrader, Atlas de Geographie Historique (Paris; 35 francs), are both very good. — The Oxford Historical Atlas, publishing in 30 parts (Clarendon ; ^i.io each) is still better, but more expensive.

MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HISTORY

AN OUTLINE OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

Part I The Roman World-state With Its Fall And Its Revival

Merivale, The Kojiiatis tender the Empire. 7 vols. (Longmans; ^15.00.) (6 vols. Appleton; ^12.00.) From the death of Sulla to 180 A.D. Fills the interval between Mommsen and Gibbon.

Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman E7npire. Edited by Bury. 7 vols. (Macmillan; $14.00.) Edited by Milman. 6 vols. (Harper; $3.00.) Still of value, especially in Bury's edition. Goes to 1453.

Bury, The Later Roman Empire. 2 vols. (Macmillan; $6.00.) From 395-800. The history of the empire in the West briefly, in the East more in detail. Of great value.

Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, 6 vols. (Clarendon Press; $32.00.) The most detailed and best account in English of the conquest by the Germans.