Italy struggling into light: or, a record of prominent events in its civil, religious, and literary history, from the commencement of the Christian era to the present day

Chapter I The Dawn In Italy

PAGE.

Early Tribes — Various Titles — Pagan Worship — Its Degrading Influence — The Christian Church in Rome — Paul in the Eternal City — The Cruel Reign of Nero — The Martyrdom of Paul — The Prosperity of Italy under the Administrations of Vespasian and Titus — The Christians persecuted in the Reign of Domitian — The Benevolent and Tolerant Nerva, 9

Chapter II. Pagan Darkness Disappearing

Italy Peaceful and Prosperous during the Administrations of Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus — The Persecution of Christians permitted by Marcus Aurelius — The Emperor impressed by a Remarkable Circumstance — The Corrupt Reign of Commodus — Pertinax deposed and murdered — Septimius Severus on the Throne — The Rapid Progress of Christianity in Italy — Paganism declining — The Testimony of the Martyrs, 16

CHAPTER HI.

THE LIGHT SHINING IN ITALY.

The Short Reign of Heliogabalus — ^The Benevolent Alexander Severus — The Condition of Italy under Maximinus, Gordian, Philip, and Decius — Paganism endeavoring to exterminate the Italian Christians — The Unimportant Administrations of Gallus, ^milianus, Valerian, and Claudius — The Brilliant Reign of Aurelian — Tacitus assumes the Imperial Purple — He is followed by Probus, Carus, Carinus, and Numerianus — The Reign of Diocletian inaugurates a New Period — The Authority of the Government strengthened — Christianity rapidly advancing in Italy — The Church in the Catacombs, 23

I - CHAPTER IV.

PAGANISM OVERTHROWN IN ITALY.

Diocletian issues a Persecuting Edict against the Christians — He and Maximian abdicate — Galerius and Constantius rule Italy — Constantine defeats Maxentius,

V

VI CONTENTS.

PAGE.

and becomes Emperor — The Luminous Cross and the Conversion of Constantine — Christianity becomes tlie National Religion — The Religious Devotion of Constantine — The Bishop of Rome — Disgraceful Contentions — The Italian Church gradually becoming Formal, Superstitious, and Corrupt — The Practice of Monkery — Ecclesiastical Councils — The Doctrines of the Church — Translation of Relics — The Power and Wealth of the Clergy, 29

CHAPTER V.

AMBROSE — THE WALDENSES.

The Independence of the Diocese of Milan — The Birth of Ambrose — His Education and Promotion — Elected Bishop of Milan — The Conversion of Augustine — The Evangelical Views of Ambrose — His Writings and Musical Compositions — The Origin of the Waldenses — Various Theories — The Testimony of Jerome — The Waldenses in the Fourth Century — The Testimony of their Enemies 36

CHAPTER VI.

THE GOTHS IN ITALY.

Alaric invades Italy — His Forces induced to retire — The Martyr Telemachus — The Vandal Invasion — Alaric returns to Italy and pillages Rome — His Death and Burial — Attiha, King of the Huns, invades Northern Italy and destroys Several Cities — Rome plundered by Genseric, the Vandal King of Africa — The Emperor Maximus slain — Eight Sovereigns reign in Twenty Years — Odoacer proclaimed King of Italy, 41

Sclllt 11.

PAPAL DARKNESS PREVALENT.

CEXTUKX VI-XIV.

CHAPTER I.

THE REIGN OF THE LOMBARDS.

It^aly Tranquil and Flourishing — The Administration of Theodoric — Boethius slain — Amalsontha — Theodatus — Viteges — The Great General Belisarius — Totila captures Rome — The Gothic Power destroyed in Italy — The Lombard King. Audoin — His Conquests and Death — Clepho — Chilperic, the Frankish King, enters Italy — Authauris — Childebert — Gregory the Great — Benedict — Origin of the Benedictines, 45

CHAPTER II.

ITALY IN PAPAL DARKNESS.

Tho Deplorable Condition of Italy — The Industrious Benedictines — Boniface IV — Religious Disputes — Monophysites and Monothelites — Pope Martin I persecuted — The Sixth General Council — The Claim of Agatho to Supremacy — Superstitious Views of tlie Sacraments and Pilgrimages — Festivals in Honor of the Virgin Mary — The Pantheon, $1

CONTENTS. VII

Chapter III. Italy Under Prankish Rule

PAGE,

Leo III and Pope Gregory II — The Iconoclastic War — Eutychius — Luitprand — Charles Martel — Pepin enters Italy and defeats Astolph — The Pope of Rome becomes a Temporal Ruler — Desiderius conquered by Charlemagne — The Latter crowned King of Italy — The Flight of Pope Leo III, 54

Chapter IV. The Protest Of Claudius

Claudius of Turin — He denounces the Errors of the Papacy — The Prevalenee of Image -worship — The writings of Claudius — His Views of the Sacrament, the Primacy of Peter, etc. — Claudius sustained by Bishops and Syriods — The False Accusations of his Enemies — The Trial of Leo III — Charlemagne receives the Crown of the Csesars — Louis the Mild — Lothaire — Leo IV — Pope Joan — Various Pontiffs — The Assumed Decretals, 59

^ CHAPTER V.

RISE OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS.

The Death of Charles the Fat — Various Rulers and Popes — Alberic restores Republican Institutions in Rome — Otho III overthrows Popular Government — His Death — Liberty enjoyed in Rome and Other Italian Cities — The Wealthy and Powerful Re23ublics of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa — Four Emperors — Gregory VII and Henry IV— The Normans, 66

Chapter VI. The Struggles Of The Italian Republics

The War of Investitures— Henry V and Pascal II— The End of the Conflict— The Normans in Southern Italy — The Cities of Lombardy Independent — The Strong Republics oppress the Weak — The Struggle between Milan and Lodi — Frederic Barbarossa in Italy — The "Lombard League," 72

CHAPTER VH.

ARNOLD OF BRESCIA.

Arnold's Proposed Reforms — He is condemned and banished — The Bold Reformer returns to Rome — The City in a Tumult — Arnold denounces the Prevailing Corruptions — The Hero's Martyrdom, 82

Chapter VIII. The Franciscans And Dominicans

Legends of St. Francis's Birth — The Monk in Rome — He is commissioned by Innocent III to establish a Mendicant Order — Its Growth — St. Dominic visits Rome — The Work and Garb of the Dominicans — The Grandeur of their Convents — Prominent Italian Writers — Thomas Aquinas — Bonaventura, Z'J

Chapter IX. The Guelfs And Ghibelines

The Claims of the Popes — The Papal Power increasing — Origin of Guelfs and Ghibelines — Otho IV — Frederic, Honorius, and Gregory — The Capture of the

VIII CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Papal Fleet — Celesline IV — Innocent IV — The -Italian Republics — Conrad — Manfred, 95

Chapter II. The Revival Of Letters In Italy

Dante — His Poetical Works — The "Divina Commedia " — Dante on the Papacy — Petrarch — His Letter to Clement VI — Laura de Sade — Petrarch's Character and Writings — Boccaccio — His Poems — The ** Decamerone," 137

CHAPTER IIL

WARS OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS.

A Crisis in Lombardy — The Power and Wealth of Venice- -Its Wars with Milan — Florence — Its Government — Cosmo de Medici — The Milanese defeated by the Florentines and Venetians — Various Popes, 152

CONTENTS. IX

Chapter IV. Savonarola — Michael Angelo — Raphael

PAGE.

Girolamo Savonarola — Accepts the Monastic Life — Admired by Lorenzo de Medici — Accomplishes Reforms — The Fiery Trial — Savonarola's Martyrdom — His Character — Michael Angelo — His Works — Raphael — Other Distinguished Italians, 157

Chapter XI. The Reformation Extended By Commerce And War

The Intercourse between Germany and Italy — Charles V in Italy — His Controversy

with Clement VII — Rome pillaged — Terrible Scenes — The Reformation, . . . 223

CHAPTER XIL

THE REFORMATION IN VENICE.

The Condition of Venice Favorable to the Gospel — Luther's Writings circulated —

Rosselli's Letter — Protestantism advancing — Altieri's Letter, 233

X CONTENTS.

Chapter XIII. Milan Receiving The Gospel

PACK.

Paul III alarmed at the Progress of the Reformation — Celio Secundo Curio — His

Arrest and Imprisonment — His Remarkable Escape, 239

Chapter XIV. Mantua — Locarno — Istria — Ferrara

The Gospel in Mantua — Folengo — Cardinal Gonzaga — The Reformation in Locarno — Beccaria and Other Reformers — Islria receives Protestantism — Vergerio — The Court of Ferrara — Duchess Renee — She favors the Reformation, . 242

Chapter XV. The Protestant Cause In Modena

The Academy at Modena — Controversy with the Priests — Paolo Ricio — Giovanni

di Politiano — Cardinal Morone, 252

Chapter XVI

THE REFORMATION IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ITALY. Florence as a Literary Center — Brucioli, Marmochini, and Teofilo — The Writings of Brucioli — The Reformation in Bologna — John MoUio — A Reform Commission — Protestantism in Naples — Juan di Valdez — Peter INIartyr Vermigli — Bernardino Ochino — His Popularity in Venice — The Gospel in Sicily and Lucca — Aonio Paleario, 257

Chapter XVII. The Inquisition At Venice, Modena, And Ferrara

Pietro Caraffa— The Flight of Ochino and Martyr— The "Holy Office "—The Conflict at Modena — Protestants persecuted — Valentino — Trial of Castelvetro — Protestantism at Ferrara — Duchess Renee, 280

Chapter XVIII. Persecution In Northern Italy

The Firmness of Duchess Renee — Her Character — Her Children — Persecution in Venice — Altieri banished — Terrible Scenes in Capo d'Istria — Flight of Vergerio — The Martyrs of Venice — Guirlanda, Ricetto, Sega, Spinula, and Lupetino — Persecutions in Cremona, Parma, and Faenza, 297

Chapter XIX. The Cruelties Of The Papal Inquisition

The Sufferings and Banishment of the Locarnese Protestants — Persecutions in Lucca, Mantua, Milan, Florence, and Sienna — The Reign of Terror in Naples and Calabria — Wholesale Slaughter, 311

Chapter XX. Italian Martyrs

The Cruel Reign of Pius V — ^Jacobini, Fannio, and Mollio — Algieri, Gamba, and Varaglia — ^The Imprisonment and Martyrdom of Paschale — Carnesecchi, Paleario, and Beatrice Cenci, 335

CONTENTS. XI

Chapter XXI. Italian Rulers And Poets

PAGE.

The Italian Reformation suppressed — Death of Lorenzo de Medici — Alexander VI succeeds Innocent VITI — Ludovico Sforza — Pietro de Medici — Charles VIII of France — Decline of the Genoese Republic — Death of Leo X — Charles, Archduke of Austria — Andrea Doria— Ludovico Ariosto — Torquato Tasso — Various Italian Writers — Niccola Macchiavelli — His Diplomatic and Literary Career* — Political Writers, 355

Chapter XXII. Synod In The Waldensian Valleys

The Vaudois Church declining in Spirituality — The Synod at Chamforans — The

Waldenses revived — Delegates from Switzerland, 365

Chapter XXIII. The Waldensian Remonstrances

Emmanuel Philibert's Decree — Persecution at Carignano — Remonstrance to the

Prince — To the Queen — To the Council, 372

CHAPTER XXIV. THE PAPAL CRtrSADE IN THE VALLEYS

The Vaudois Messenger — The Monks of Pinerolo — Philip of Savoy — A IMonk's Sermon — La Trinita invades the "Valleys" — The Enemy repulsed — Deception and Persecution — The Vaudois Covenant — The Defeat of La Trinita's Army — " Articles of Capitulation," 377

Chapter XXV. Distinguished Pontiffs — Prominent Scholars

Clement VIII — He is resisted by the Venetians — Paul V and the Venetians — Urban VIII — Various Pontiffs — Galileo — His Imprisonment — Torricelli — Borelli — Malpighi — Sarpi — Pallavicini, 394

Chapter XXVI. The Famine— The Plague — The Massacre

The Vaudois aided by Foreign Contributions — Castocaro's Tyranny — The Fearful Pestilence — The Duchess Christina — The Inquisition at Work — Marchioness di Pianeza — The Exiles — Pianeza's Treachery — The Awful Massacre — Cromwell's Interposition, 399

Chapter XXVII. Gianavello — The Massacre — The Exiles

The Mountains of La Combe — Joshua Gianavello — The Deceptive Pianeza — Giai>- avello's Bravery — Massacre of the Vaudois — Their Courage — Cromwell's Letter — The Cruel Edict of Amndeus — The Exiled Vaudois, 417

Chapter XXVIII. The Return Of The Waldenses

The Exiles looking Homeward — Preparations for Departure — Henri Arnaud — The

Waldenses Victorious — The Sabbath at Prali — Leidet's Pulpit, 427

XII CONTENTS.

Chapter XXIX. The Waldenses Re-established In Their Valleys

PAGB.

The Vaudois at Bobbio and the "Rock, of Sibaud " — Arnaud's Warriors on La Balsiglia — The Giant Alps — Supplies for the Vaudois — Catinat defeated — French Cannonading — The "Old Mantle" covers the Vaudois, 434

CHAPTER XX:t.

FOREIGN RULE IN ITALY — PROMINENT POPES AND WRITERS.

Italy under Austrian Rule — Philip V of Spain — Prince Eugene of Savoy — The French and Spanish defeated — Victor Amadeus II and the Vaudois — Charles Emmanuel III — The Spanish Power — Clement XT — Benedict XIII — Clements XII, XIII, and XIV — The Jesuits suppressed — Alfieri and other Eminent Italians in Art, Science, and Literature, 442

Chapter XXXI. The French Campaign In Italy

Bonaparte's Victories in Italy — Overthrow of the Venetian Republic — The Cisalpine, Ligurian, Cispadane, Tiberine, and Parthenopasan Republics — The French Reverses in Italy 452

PAPAL DARKNESS DISAPPEARING.

CENTURY XIX.

First Decade, 1800-1810.

CHAPTER L

ITALY UNDER FRENCH RULE.

The Conflict in Ital)^ — The Passage of the Alps by Napoleon's Army — The French

Victory at Marengo — Napoleon's Supremacy complete, 458

Second Decade, 1810-1820, CHAPTER H.

BIRTH OF CAVOUR — ITALY OPPRESSED — GARIBALDI. The Birth and Childhood of Cavour — The French Rule in Italy overlhrown — The Despotic Power of Austria — Pius VII restores the Jesuits — Giuseppe Garibaldi — His Education — The Young Sailor, 461

Third Decade, 1820-1830.

CHAPTER III.

JOSEPH MAZZINI AND THE CARBONARI.

The Liberal Movement in Naples and Piedmont — Charles Felix — Young Mazzini

aroused — His Writings — Initiated into Carbonarism, 469

CONTENTS. XIII

Third Decade, Continued, 1820-1830.

CHAPTER IV.

THE WALDENSES — COLONEL BECKWITH— THE PAPACY.

PAGE.

Education in the "Valleys" — Aid from Philanthropists — Colonel Beckwith — His

Work among the Waldenses — Their Condition — Leo XH — Pius VHI, . . . 479

Fourth Decade, 1830-1840.

CHAPTER V.

THE ITALIAN REVOLUTION — "YOUNG ITALY."

The Insurrection in Various Cities — Its Suppression by Austria — Mazzinl — His Arrest and Imprisonment — His Release and Retirement to France — Visits Sismondi — His Flight to Corsica — Returns to France — His Letter to Charles Albert — "Young Italy" — Its Failure — "Young Europe" — Mazzini in England, 483

Fourth Decade, Continued, 1830-1840.

CHAPTER VI.

THE WALDENSES — GREGORY XVI — GARIBALDI.

Dr. Baird's Visit to the Waldenses — Their Usages and Doctrines — Colonel Beckwith's Efforts — Gregory XVI — The Degradation of Italy — Garibaldi's Career in South America, 497

Fifth Decade, 1840-1850.

CHAPTER VII.

MAZZINI IN EXILE — THE BANDIERAS.

Mazzini collects Foscolo's Writings— Carlyle's Opinion of Mazzini — AttliJio and

Emilio Bandiera — Their Expedition, Arrest, and Execution, ....... 502

Fifth Decade, Continued, 1840-1850, CHAPTER VIII.

CAMILLO CAVOUR — THE CRISIS IN ITALY.

Cavour's Policy — Piedmontese Reverses — The Condition of Europe— Various Policies proposed — Charles Albert abdicates — Victor Emmanuel, 508

Fifth Decade, Continued, 1840-1850.

CHAPTER IX.

ALESSANDRO GAVAZZI — PIUS IX — GIOBERTI,

Gavazzi as a Monk, Professor, and Priest — Nicoliui on Romanism — Gavazzi's Sermon in Rome — His Imprisonment — The Italians aroused — The Patriotic Army — Ovation to Gavazzi — His Bravery — Welcomed to Bologna — Pius IX abandons his Liberal Policy — Daniel Manin — Gioberti — His Writings, . . , 521

Fifth Decade, Continued, 1840- 1850.

CHAPTER X.

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC OVERTHROWN — GARIBALDI — ANTONELLI.

Garibaldi returns to Italy — Pius IX at Gaeta — Provisional Government in Rome — The French Repulsed — A Sjiirited Proclamation — Tlie Nenpolilans defeated — The Fall of Rome— Garibaldi and Anna— Sketch -of Anlonelli, 538

XIV CONTENTS.

Sixth Decade, 1850-1860.

CHAPTER XL

THE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CAVOUR.

PAGE.

Cavour and Rattazzi — Cavour's Proposed Reforms — Massimo D'Azeglio — Parties in

Parliament — Cavour's Resignation — Visits France and England, 566

Sixth Decade, Continued, 1850-1860.

CHAPTER Xn.

THE POLICY OF CAVOUR.

Cavour as President — Financial and Commercial Reforms — Cavour's Religious

Policy— His Liberal Views — Denounced by Factions — Public Works, .... 579

Sixth Decade, Continued, 1850-1860.

CHAPTER XIH.

OPENING OF THE NATIONAL DRAMA IN I^ALY.

Piedmont and the Crimean War — The Treaty of Alliance — Cavour's Anxiety- Bravery of the Italian Troops — The Congress at Paris — Death of Manin — Cavour's Triumph — The Alliance at Plombieres, 594

Sixth Decade, Continued, 1850-1860.

CHAPTER XIV.

ITALY BEFORE AND AFTER THE PEACE OF VILLAFRANCA.

The Italian Question — Cavour and Nnpoleon III — Austria's Rashness — War declared — Cavour's Labors — Battle of Montebello — Palestro — Magenta — The Austrians defeated — The Battle of Solferino — Peace of Villafranca — Cavour resigns, 615

Seventh Decade, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XV.

\ THE ANNEXATIONS — THE REVOLUTION IN SICILY.

Cavour resumes the Premiership — Tuscany and Emilia annexed to Piedmont — Cession of Savoy and Nice — Debate in Parliament — Cavour's Reply to Rattazzi and Guerrazzi — Garibaldi's Expedition to Sicily — Francis II defeated — Naples suiTenders, 634

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XVI.

CAVOUR AND THE UNITY OF ITALY.

The Sardinian Parliament — Victor Emmanuel proclaimed "King of Italy"- — The

Roman Question — Father Passaglia — Cavour and the "Temporal Power," . . 644

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XVII.

cavour's POLICY VICTORIOUS — THE STATESMAN'S DEATH. The Situation in Southern Italy — Cavour's Arduous Labors — Garibaldi's Caustic Addresses — Ricasoli's Reply — Garibaldi's vSpeech in Parliament — Cavour's Rejoinder — His Sickness and Death — General Sorrow — Cavour's Appearance, . . 650

CONTENTS. XV

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XVIII.

WALDENSIAN MISSIONS IN ITALY.

PAGE,

The Bible in Italy — The Waldensian Church — lis Theological School — The Leghorn Mission — Romish Opposilion — Letters of Drs. Revel and M'Clinlock — The Gospel in Milan, Aosta, Elba, and Naples — Gavazzi visits England, , . 665

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XIX.

ITALIAN MISSIONS OF THE "AMERICAN AND FOREIGN CHRISTIAN UNION."

The Society sends a Missionary to Florence — Work commenced" in the Island of

Elba — The Story of Francesco and Rosa Madiai — Papal Intolerance, .... 684

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XX.

THE ITALIAN CABINET— GARIBALDI — PROTESTANT WORK.

Rattazzi's Administration — Garibaldi preparing for War — The Hero wounded — The Italians aroused — Protestant Literature — Evangelical Missions — Death of General Beckwith, 688

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1850-1870.

CHAPTER XXI.

THE BRIGANDS — THE LIBERAL PRIESTS — MISSIONS.

Brigandage encouraged by the Papal Church — Garibaldi Resigns — Liberal Priests

proscribed — Waldensian Synod — The Wesleyan Mission, 697

Seventh Decade. Continued, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XXII.

THE ROMAN QUESTION — THE ITALIAN PRESS.

Garibaldi — Religious Corporations suppressed — The "September" Convention —

The Press — Conflict of Ideas — Liberal Papers criticising the Priests, .... 705

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XXIII.

RELIGIOUS PARTIES IN ITALY — THE PAOLOTTI.

The Views of the Three Parties — The Writings of Gabelli, de Boni, and Perfetti —

The Paolotti — -Their Perfect Organization and Power, 717

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XXIV.

PROTESTANT MISSIONS ADVANCING.

The Prospect in Northern Italy — Preaching in a Monastery — The Converted Superior — Reports from Como, Milan, Sienna, etc., 727

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XXV.

EVANGELICAL WORK IN ITALY.

The Valtellina — Colporteurs persecuted — The Mission at Carrara — The Avaricious Priest — The Labors of Don Ambrogio — Gavazzi in Milan — The Italian Free Clnirches — Various Missions — Religious Parties in Parliament, 73S

XVI CONTENTS:

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XXVI.

THE DEFEAT OF AUSTRIA — ITALY ANNEXES VENETIA.

PAGE.

Italy declares War against Austria — Victor Emmanuel's Proclamation — His Address

to the Venetians — Tlie Circular of Ricasoli, 753

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XXVII.

THE ROMAN QUESTION — PROTESTANT MISSIONS.

Garibaldi's Expedition against Rome— A Proposed Conference — The Parliament —

Various Evangelical Missions — Burning Protestestant Books, 760

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

PROCEEDINGS IN PARLIAMENT — EVANGELICAL MISSIONS — PAPAL COUNCIL.

Protest against FrencJi Intervention at Rome — The Gospel in Central and Northern Italy — The Life and Laljors of De Sanctis — (Ecumenical Council, . . . 766

Eighth Decade, 1870-1880.

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE "FREE CHURCH"— THE KING IN ROME — PROTESTANT MISSIONS.

The "Free Church" Assembly — Declaration of Principles — Papal Council — Victor

Emmanuel in Rome — Entrance of the Gospel — Several Missions Organized, . 777

CHAPTER XXX.

THE GREAT DEBATE — WALDENSIAN CONFERENCE — GENERAL ASSEMBLY.

A Remarkable Discussion — Italian Bible Society — Gavnzzi in America — Death of

Mazzini — Waldensian Conference — Free Church Assembly, 790

Eighth Decade, Continued, 1870-1880.

CHAPTER XXXI.

VARIOUS RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL EVENTS.

The "Military Church" in Rome — Missions in Florence and Rome — Religious

Corporations abolished — Roman Catholic Congress — Mrs. Gould's Work, . . 795

Eighth Decade, Continued, 1870-1880.

Chapter XXXII. Religious Processions Prohibited — American Methodist Missions

A Protestant Chapel dedicated — Religious Processions forbidden — Proposed Reforms — Death of Anlonelli — Several Mission Stations, 810

Eighth Decade, Continued, 1870-1880.

Chapter XXXIII

VARIOUS EVANGELICAL MISSIONS — THE DECEASED KING AND POPE — CLOSING EVENTS OF

THE DECADE.

The Waldensian and Free Italian Churches — Gavazzi's Anniversary — Death of Victor Emmanuel— Death of Pius IX — Leo XIII — Garibaldi in Rome — The End, 817