History of Italy from the commencement of the Christian era to the present day

Contents

PAGAN DARKNESS DISPELLED.

CENTURY I-Vff.

Chapter I The Dawn In Italy

PAGE.

Early Tribes — Various Titles — Pagan Worsliip — Its Degrading Influence — The Christian Church in Rome — Paul in the Eternal City — The Cruel Reign of Nero — The Martyrdom of Paul — The Prosperity of Italy under the Administrations of Vespasian and Titus — The Christians persecuted in the Reign of Domitian — The Benevolent and Tolerant Nerva, 9

Chapter II. ^ Pagan Darkness Disappearing

Italy Peaceful and Prosperous during the Administrations of Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus — The Persecution of Christians permitted by Marcus Aurelius — The Emperor impressed by a Remarkable Circumstance — The Corrupt Reign of Commodus — Pertinax deposed and muidered — Septimius Severus on the Throne — The Rapid Progress of Christianity in Italy-^Paganism declining — The Testimony of the Martyrs, 16

CHAPTER HI.

THE LIGHT SHINING IN ITALY.

The Short Reign of Heliogabalus — The Benevolent Alexander Severus — The Condition of Italy under Maximinus, Gordian, Philip, and Decius — Paganism endeavoring to exterminate the Italian Christians — The Unimportant Administrations of Gallus, ^milianus, Valerian, and Claudius — The Brilliant Reign of Aurelian — Tacitus assumes the Imperial Purple — He is followed by Probus, Cams, Carinus, and Numerianus — The Reign of Diocletian inaugurates a New Period — The Authority of the Government strengthened — Christianity rapidly advancing in Italy — The Church in the Catacombs, 23

• CHAPTER IV.

PAGANISM OVERTHROWN IN ITALY.

Diocletian issues a Persecuting Edict against the Christians — He and Maximian abdicate — Galerius and Constantius rule Italy — Constantine defeats Maxentius,

V

VI CONTENTS.

PAGE.

and becomes Empei-or — The Luminous Cross and the Conversion of Co^istantine — Christianity becomes the National Religion — The Religious Devotion of Constantine — The Bishop of Rome — Disgraceful Contentions — The Italian Church gradually l)ecoming Forma], Superstitious, and CorrujDt — The Practice of Monkery — Ecclesiastical Councils — The Doctrines of the Church — Translation of Relics — The Power and Wealth of the Clergy, 29

CHAPTER V.

AMBROSE — THE WALDENSES.

The Independence of the Diocese of Milan — The Birth of Ambrose — His Education and Promotion — Elected Bishop of Milan — The Conversion of Augustine — The Evangelical Views of Ambrose — His Writings and Musical Compositions — The Origin of the Waldenses — Various Theories — The Testimony of Jerome — The Waldenses in the Fourth Century — The Testimony of their Enemies, .... 36

CHAPTER VI.

THE GOTHS IN ITALY.

Alaric invades Italy — His Forces induced to retire — The Martyr Telemachus — The Vandal Invasion — Alaric returns to Italy and pillages Rome — His Death and Burial — Attila, King of the Huns, invades Northern Italy and destroys Several Cities — Rome plundered by Genseric, the Vandal King of Africa — The Emperor Maximus slain — Eight Sovereigns reign in Twenty Years — Odoacer proclaimed King of Italy, 41

5Hiit n.

PAPAL DARKNESS PREVALENT.

CESTUKY VI-XIV.

CHAPTER I.

THE REIGN OF THE LOMBARDS.

Italy Tranquil and Flourishing — The Administration of Theodoric — Boethius slain — Amalsontha — Theodatus — Viteges — The Great General Belisarius — Totila captures Rome — The Gothic Power destroyed in Italy — The Lombard King. Audoin — His Conquests and Death — Clepho — Chilperic, the Frankish King, enters Italy — Authauris — Childebert — Gregory the Great — Benedict — Origin of the Benedictines, 45

CHAPTER IT.

ITALY IN PAPAL DARKNESS.

Tho Deplorable Condition of Italy — The Industrious Benedictines — Boniface IV — Religious Disputes — Monophysites and Monothelites — Pope Martin I persecuted — The Sixth General Council — The Claim of Agatho to Supremacy — Superstitious Views of the Sacraments and Pilgrimages — Festivals in Honor of the Virgin Mary — The Pantheon 5^

CONTENTS. VII

Chapter III. Italy Under Prankish Rule

PAGE.

Leo III and Pope Gregory II — The Iconoclastic War — Eutycliius — Luitprand — Charles Martel — Pepin enters Italy and defeats Astolph — The Pope of Rome becomes a Temporal Ruler — Desiderius conquered by Charlemagne — The Latter crowned King of Italy — The Flight of Pope Leo III, 54

CHAPTER ,IV.

THE PROTEST OF CLAUDIUS.

Claudius of Turin — He denounces the Errors of the Papacy — The Prevalence of Image -worship — The writings, of Claudius — His Views of the Sacrament, the Primacy of Peter, etc. — Claudius sustained by Bishops and Synods — The False Accusations of his Enemies — The Trial of Leo III — Charlemagne receives the Crown of the Csesars — Louis the Mild — Lothaire — Leo IV — Pope Joan — Various Pontiffs — The Assumed Decretals, 59

Chapter V. Rise Of The Italian Republics

The Death of Charles the Fat — Var-ious Rulers and Popes — Alberic restores Republican Institutions in Rome — Otho III overthrows Popular Government — His Death — Liberty enjoyed in Rome and Other Italian Cities — The Wealthy and Powerful Republics of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa — Four Emperors — Gregory VII and Heni-y IV— The Normans, 66

Chapter VI. The Struggles Of The Italian Republics

The War of Investitures — Henry V and Pascal II— The End of the Conflict — The Normans in Southern Italy — The Cities of Lombardy Independent — The Strong Republics oppress the Weak — The Struggle between Milan and Lodi — Frederic Barbarossa in Italy — The "Lombard League," 72

CHAPTER VH.

ARNOLD OF BRESCIA. .

Arnold's Proposed Reforms — He is condemned and banished — The Bold Reformer returns to Rome — The City in a Tumult — Arnold denounces the Prevailing Corruptions — The Hero's Martyrdom, 82

Chapter VIII. The Franciscans And Dominicans

Legends of St. Francis's Birth — The Monk in Rome — He is commissioned by Innocent III to establish a Mendicant Order — Its Growth — St. Dominic visits Rome — The Work and Garb of the Dominicans — The Grandeur of their Convents — Prominent Italian Writers — Thomas Aquinas — Bonaventura, 87

Chapter IX. The Guelfs And Ghibelines

The Claims of the Popes — The Papal Power increasing — Origin of Guelfs and Ghibelines — Otho IV — Frederic, lionorius, and Gregory — The Capture of the

VIII CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Papal Fleet — Celestine IV — Innocent IV — The [Italian Republics — Conrad — Manfred, 95

Chapter II. The Revival Of Letters In Italy

Dante — His Poetical Works — The *<Di^ina Commedia " — Dante on the Papacy — Petrarch — His Letter to Clement VI — Laura de Sade — Petrarch's Character and Writings — Boccaccio — His Poems — The " Decanierone," 137

Chapter III. Wars Of The Italian Republics

A Crisis in Lombardy — The Power and Wealth of Venice- -Its Wars with Milan — Florence — Its Government — Cosmo de Medici — The Milanese defeated by the Florentines and Venetians — Various Popes, 152

CONTENTS. . IX

Chapter IV. Savonarola — Michael Angelo — Raphael

PAGB.

Girolamo Savonarola — Accepts the Monastic Life — Admired by Lorenzo de Medici — Accomplishes Reforms — The Fiery Trial — Savonarola's Martyrdom — His Character — Michael Angelo — His Works — Raphael — Other I^istinguished Italians, ... ... .1 . 157

Chapter V. First Persecutions Of The Waldenses

The Tragedy of Pragelas — Cataneo's Expedition — The Fearful Massacre — the Invaders defeated, 169

Chapter VI. Failure Of Cataneo's Expedition

The Val di Angrogna — Cataneo repulsed — The Pra del Tor — The White Cloud —

Captain Sacquet — The Humane Prince, Charles II, 181

CHAPTER VIL

LUTHER'S JOURNEY TO ROME.

The Monk on his Pilgrimage — An Italian Monastery — Luther in Florence — The Campagna — Luther in Rome — The Prevailing Impiety — The Church of the Lateran — Scala Santa, 187

CHAPTER VIH.

THE PAPACY AND ITALY.

Pope Julius II — Leo X — The Corruptions of the Papal Court — Indifference and

Skepticism — The Patriotic Spirit, 201

CHAPTER IX.

ITALY RECEIVING LIGHT FROM GERMANY.

The Reuchlin Controversy — Luther's Writings in Italy — Protestant Books in —

Rome — Egidio di Porta — Baltasare Fontana, 207

CHAPTER X.

SACRED LITERATURE IN ITALY.

Various Italian Scholars — The Writings of Pico — Authors of Hebrew Works —

Italian Commentators and Translators, 213

CHAPTER XL '

THE REFORMATION EXTENDED BY COMMERCE AND WAR.

The Intercourse between Germany and Italy — Charles V in Italy — His Controversy

with Clement VII — Rome pillaged — Terrible Scenes — The Reformation, . . . 223

CHAPTER XII.

THE REFORMATION IN VENICE.

The Condition of Venice Favorable to the Gospel — Luther's Writings circulated —

Rosselli's Letter — Protestantism advancing — Altieri's Letter, 233

X CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XIII.

' MILAN RECEIVING THE GOSPEL.

PAGB.

Paul III alarmed at the Progress of the Reformation — Celio Secundo Curio — His

Arrest and Imprisonment — His Remarkable Escape, 239

CHAPTER XIV.

MANTUA — LOCARNO — ISTRIA FERRARA.

The Gospel in Mantua — Folengo — Cardinal Gonzaga — The Reformation in Locarno — Beccaria and Other Reformers — Istria receives Protestantism — Vergerio — The Court of Ferrara — Duchess Renee — She favors the Reformation, . 242

CHAPTER XV.

THE PROTESTANT CAUSE IN MODENA.

The Academy at Modena — Controversy with the Priests — Paolo Ricio — Giovanni

di Politiano — Cardinal Morone, 252

CHAPTER XVI.

THE REFORMATION IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ITALY.

Florence as a Literary Center — Brucioli, Marmochini, and Teofilo — The Writings of Brucioli — The Reformation in Bologna — ^John Mollio — A Reform Commission — Protestantism in Naj)les — Juan di Valdez — Peter Martyr Vermigli — Bernardino Ochino — His Popularity in Venice — The Gospel in Sicily and Lucca — Aonio Paleario, 257

CHAPTER XVII.

THE INQUISITION AT VENICE, MODENA, AND FERRARA.

Pietro Caraffa— The Flight of Ochino and Martyr— The "Holy Office "—The Conflict at Modena — Protestants persecuted — Valentino — Trial of Castelvetro — Protestantism at Ferrara — Duchess Renee, 280

CHAPTER XVIII.

PERSECUTION IN NORTHERN ITALY.

The Firmness of Duchess Renee — Her Character — Her Children — Persecution in Venice — Altieri banished — Terrible Scenes in Capo d' Istria — Flight of Vergerio — The Martyrs of Venice — Guirlanda, Ricetto, Sega, Spinula, and Lupetino — Persecutions in Cremona, Parma, and Faenza, 297

CHAPTER XIX.

THE CRUELTIES OF THE PAPAL INQUISITION.

The Sufferings and Banishment of the Locarnese Protestants — Persecutions in Lucca, Mantua, Milan, Florence, and Sienna — The Reign of Terror in Naples and Calabria — Wholesale Slaughter, 311

CHAPTER XX.

ITALIAN MARTYRS.

The Cruel Reign of Pius V — Jacobini, Fannio, and Mollio — Algieri, Gamba, and Varaglia — The Imprisonment and Martyrdom of Paschale — Carnesecchi, Paleario, and Beatrice Cenci, 335

CONTENTS. XI

CHAPTER XXL

ITALIAN RULERS AND POETS.

PAGE.

The Italian Reformation suppressed — Death of Lorenzo de Medici — Alexander VI succeeds Innocent VITI — Ludovico Sforza — Pietro de Medici — Charles VIII of France — Decline of the Genoese Republic — Death of Leo X — Charles, Archduke of Austria — Andrea Doria — Ludovico Ariosto — Torquato Tasso — Various Italian Writers — Niccola Macchiavelli — His Diplomatic and Literary Career — Political Writers, 355

CHAPTER XXIL

SYNOD IN THE WALDENSIAN VALLEYS.

The Vaudois Church declining in Spirituality — The Synod at Chamforans — The

Waldenses revived — Delegates from Switzerland, 365

CHAPTER XXUL

THE WALDENSIAN REMONSTRANCES.

Emmanuel Philibert's Decree — Persecution at Carignano — Remonstrance to the

Prince — To the Queen — To the Council, 372

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE PAPAL CRUSADE IN THE VALLEYS.

The Vaudois Messenger — The Monks of Pinerolo — Philip of Savoy — A Monk's Sermon — La Trinita invades the "Valleys" — The Enemy repulsed — Deception and Persecution — The Vaudois Covenant — The Defeat of La Trinita's Army — *' Articles of Capitulation," 377

CHAPTER XXV.

DISTINGUISHED PONTIFFS — PROMINENT SCHOLARS.

Clement VIII — He is resisted by the Venetians — Paul V and the Venetians — Urban VIII — Various Pontiffs — Galileo — His Imprisonment — Torricelli — Borelli — Malpighi — Sarpi — Pallavicini, , . . . . 394

CHAPTER XXVI. '

THE FAMINE — THE PLAGUE — THE MASSACRE.

The Vaudois aided by Foreign Contributions — Castocaro's Tyranny — The Fearful Pestilence — The Duchess Christina — The Inquisition at Work — Marchioness di Pianeza — The Exiles — Pianeza's Treachery — The Awful Massacre — Cromwell's Interposition, 399

CHAPTER XXVII.

GIANAVELLO — THE MASSACRE — THE EXILES.

The Mountains of La Combe — Joshua Gianavello — The Deceptive Pianeza — Giaiv avello's Bravery — Massacre of the Vaudois — Their Courage — Cromwell's Letter — The Cruel Edict of Amadeus — The Exiled Vaudois, 417

CHAPTER XXVIII.

THE RETURN OF THE WALDENSES.

The Exiles looking Homew^ard — Preparations for Departure — Henri Arnaud — The

Waldenses Victorious — The Sabbath at Prali — Leidet's Pulpit, 427

XTI CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE WALDENSES RE-ESTABLISHED IN THEIR VALLEYS.

PAGE.

The Vaudois at Bobbio and the "Rock of Sibaud " — Arnaud's Warriors on La Balsiglia — The Giant Alps — Supplies for the Vaudois — Catinat defeated — French Cannonading — The "Old Mantle" covers the Vaudois, 434

CHAPTER XXX.

FOREIGN RULE IN ITALY — PROMINENT POPES AND WRITERS. .

Italy under Austrian Rule — Philip V of Spain — Prince Eugene of Savoy — The French and Spanish defeated — Victor Amadeus II and the Vaudois — Charles Emmanuel III — The Spanish Power^ — Clement XT — Benedict XIII — Clements XII, XIII, and XIV — The Jesuits suppressed — Alfieri and other Eminent Italians in Art, Science, and Literature, 442

CHAPTER XXXI.

THE FRENCH CAMPAIGN IN ITALY.

Bonaparte's Victories in Italy — Overthrow of the Venetian Republic — The Cisalpine, Ligurian, Cispadane, Tiberine, and Par then opasan Republics — The French Reverses in Italy, 452

PAPAL DARKNESS DISAPPEARING.

century xix.

Chapter I. Italy Under French Rule

The Conflict in Italy — The Passage of the Alps by Napoleon's Army — The French

Victory at Marengo — Napoleon's Supremacy complete, 458

Second Decade, 1810-1820.

Chapter II. Birth Of Cavour — Italy Oppressed — Garibaldi

The Birth and Childhood of Cavour — The French Rule in Italy overthrown — The Despotic Power of Austria — Pius VII restores the Jesuits — Giuseppe Garibaldi — His Education — The Young Sailor, 461

Third Decade, 1820-1830.

CHAPTER IIL

JOSEPH MAZZINI AND THE CARBONARI.

The Liberal Movement in Naples and Piedmont — Charles Felix — Young Mazzini

aroused — Plis Writings — Initiated into Carbonarism, 469

CONTENTS: xiii

Third Decade, Continued, 1820-1830.

Chapter IV. The Waldenses — Colonel Beckwith— The Papacy

PAGE.

Education in the "Valleys" — Aid from Philanthropists — Colonel Beckwith — His

Work among the Waldenses — Their Condition — Leo XH — Pius VIH, . . . 479

Fourth Decade, 1830-1840.

Chapter V. The Italian Revolution— " Young Italy."

The Insurrection in Various Cities — Its Suppression by Austria — Mazzini — His Arrest and Imprisonment — His Release and Retirement to France — Visits Sismondi — His Flight to Corsica — Returns to France — His Letter to Charles Albert — "Young Italy" — Its Failure — "Young Europe "—Mazzini in England, 483

Fourth Decade, Continued, 1830-1840.

Chapter VI. The Waldenses — Gregory XVI — Garibaldi

Dr. Baird's Visit to the Waldenses — Their Usages and Doctrines — Colonel Beckwith's Efforts — Gregory XVI — The Degradation of Italy — Garibaldi's Career in South America, 497

Fifth Decade, 1840-1850.

CHAPTER VH.

MAZZINI IN EXILE — THE BANDIERAS.

Mazzini collects Foscolo's Writings — Carlyle's Opinion of Mazzini — Attlilio and

Emilio Bandiera — Their Expedition, An'est, and Execution, 502

Fifth Decade, Continued, 1840-1850.

Chapter VIII. Camillo Cavour — The Crisis In Italy

Cavour's Policy — Piedmontese Reverses — The Condition of Europe — Various Policies proposed — Charles Albert abdicates — Victor Emmanuel, 508

Fifth Decade, Continued, 1840-1850.

Chapter IX. Alessandro Gavazzi — Pius IX — Gioberti

Gavazzi as a Monk, Professor, and Priest — Nicolini on Romanism — Gavazzi's Sermon in Rome — His Imprisonment — The Italians aroused — The Patriotic Army — Ovation to Gavazzi — His Bravery — Welcomed to Bologna — Pius IX abandons his Liberal Policy — Daniel Manin — Gioberti — His Writings, , . . 521

Fifth Decade, Continued, 1840- 1850.

Chapter X. The Roman Republic Overthrown — Garibaldi — Antonelli

Garibaldi returns to Italy — Pius IX at Gaeta — Provisional Government in Rome — The French Repulsed — A Spirited Proclamation — The Neapolitans defeated — The Fall of Rome — Garibaldi and Anna — Sketch of Antonelli, 538

XIV CONTENTS.

Sixth Decade, 1850-1860.

CHAPTER XL

THE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CAVOUR.

PAGE.

Cavour and Rattazzi — Cavour's Proposed Reforms — Massimo D'Azeglio — Parties in

Parliament — Cavour's Resignation — Visits France and England, 566

Sixth Decade, Continued, 1850-1860.

Chapter XII. The Policy Of Cavour

Cavour as President — Financial and Commercial Reforms — Cavour's Religious

Policy— His Liberal Views — Denounced by Factions — Public Works, .... 579

Sixth Decade, Continued, 1850-1860.

Chapter XIII. Opening Of The National Drama In Italy

Piedmont and the Crimean War — The Treaty of Alliance — Cavour's Anxiety — Bravery of the Italian Troops — The Congress at Paris — Death of Manin — Cavour's Triumph — The Alliance at Plombieres, 594

Sixth Decade, Continued, 1850-1860.

Chapter XIV. Italy Before And After The Peace Of Villa Franca

The Italian Question — Cavour and Napoleon III — Austria's Rashness — War declared — Cavour's Labors — Battle of Montebello — Palestro — Magenta — The Austrians defeated — The Battle of Solferino — Peace of Villafranca — Cavour resigns, 615

Seventh Decade, 1860-1870.

Chapter XV. The Annexations — The Revolution In Sicily

Cavour resumes the Premiership — Tuscany and Emilia annexed to Piedmont — Cession of Savoy and Nice — Debate in Parliament — Cavour's Reply to Rattazzi and Guerrazzi — Garibaldi's Expedition to Sicily — Francis II defeated — Naples surrenders, 634

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

Chapter XVI. Cavour And The Unity Of Italy

The Sardinian Parliament — Victor Emmanuel pi-oclaimed "King of Italy" — The

Roman Question — Father Passaglia — Cavour and the *< Temporal Pov^^er," . . 644

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

Chapter XVII

cavour's POLICY VICTORIOUS — THE STATESMAN'S DEATH.

The Situation in Southern Italy — Cavour's Arduous Labors — Garibaldi's Caustic Addresses — Ricasoli's Reply — Garil^aldi's Speech in Parliament — Cavour's Rejoinder — His Sickness and Death — General Sorrow — Cavour's Appearance, . . 650

CONTENTS. XV

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

Chapter XVIII. Waldensian Missions In Italy

PAGE.

The Bible in Italy— The Waklensian Church— Its Theological School— The Leghorn Mission — Romish Opposition — Letters of Drs. Revel and M'Clintock — The Gospel in Milan, Aosta, Elba, and Naples — Gavazzi visits England, . . 665

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

Chapter XIX. Italian Missions Of The "american And Foreign Christian Union."

The Society sends a Missionary to Florence — Work commenced in the Island of

Elba — The Story of Francesco and Rosa Madiai — Papal Intolerance, .... 684

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

Chapter XXV. Evangelical Work In Italy

The Valtellina — Colporteurs persecuted — The Mission at Carrara — The Avaricious Priest — The Labors of Don Ambrogio — Gavazzi in Milan — The Italian Free Churches — Various Missions — Religious Parties in Parliament, - 738

XVI CONTENTS.

Seventh Decade, Continued, i860- 1870.

Chapter XXVI. The Defeat Of Austria — Italy Annexes Venetia

PAGE.

Italy declares War against Austria — Victor Emmanuel's Proclamation — His Address

to the Venetians — The Circular of Ricasoli, 753

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XXVn.

THE ROMAN QUESTION — PROTESTANT MISSIONS.

Garibaldi's Expedition against Rome — A Proposed Conference — The Parliament —

Various Evangelical Missions — Burning Protestestant Books, 760

Seventh Decade, Continued, 1860-1870.

CHAPTER XXVni.

PROCEEDINGS IN PARLIAMENT — EVANGELICAL MISSIONS — PAPAL COUNCIL.

Protest against French Intervention at Rome — The Gospel in Central and Northern Italy — The Life and Labors of De Sanctis — GEcumenical Council, . . . 766

Eighth Decade, 1870-1880.

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE "FREE CHURCH" — THE KING IN ROME — PROTESTANT MISSIONS.

The "Free Church" Assembly — Declaration of Principles — Papal Council — Victor

Emmanuel in Rome — Entrance of the Gospel — Several Missions Organized, . 777

Eighth Decade, Continued, 1870-1880.

CHAPTER XXX.

THE GREAT DEBATE — WALDENSIAN CONFERENCE — GENERAL ASSEMBLY.

A Remarkable Discussion — Italian Bible Society — Gavazzi in America — Death of

Mazzini — Waldensian Conference — Free Church Assembly, 790

Eighth Decade, Continued, 1870-1880.

CHAPTER XXXI.

VARIOUS RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL EVENTS.

The "Military Church" in Rome — Missions in Florence and Rome — Religious

Corporations abolished — Roman Catholic Congress — Mrs. Gould's Work, . . 795

Eighth Decade, Continued, 1870-1880.

CHAPTER XXXII.

RELIGIOUS PROCESSIONS PROHIBITED — AMERICAN METHODIST MISSIONS.

A Protestant Chapel dedicated — Religious Processions forbidden — Proposed Reforms — Death of Anlonelli — Several Mission Stations, 810

Eighth Decade, Continued, 1870-1880.

CHAPTER XXXIIL

VARIOUS EVANGELICAL MISSIONS — THE DECEASED KING AND POPE — CLOSING EVENTS OF

THE DECADE.

The Waldensian and Free Italian Churches— Gavazzi's Anniversary — Death of Victor Emmanuel— Death of Pius IX— Leo XIII— Garibaldi in Rome— The End, 817

List of Illustrations.

PAGE.

Count Camillo Cavour, Frontispiece.

The Coliseum, 15

The Twelve Coesars, 27

The Pantheon (Interior and Exterior), 55

Hildebrand (Pope Gregory VII), 71

St. Mark's, Venice, 81

Dante, 142

Petrarch, , 150

Boccaccio, 150

The Bridge of Sighs, 153

Lorenzo de Medici, 158

Michael Angelo, 165

Raphael, 167

Christopher Columbus, 168

View of La Torre, 176

Pass of Pra Del Tor, .182

Giotto, 189

Campagna di Roma, 194

Scala Santa, 199

Leo X, 202

"Search the Scriptures," .... 220 Ruins Around the Forum, . . . 227

Florence, 257

Bay of Naples, 264

Peter Martyr, 285

Duchess Renee, 299

PAGE

28. The Vaudois Taking their Oath, 386

29. Milton's Visit to Galileo, .... 398

30. Church of Chabas, Oldest m the

" Valleys," 433

31. Vittorio Alfieri, 451

32. Pius VII, 465

33. Mazzini, 476

34. Victor Emmanuel, . ' 518

36. St. Peter's and the Vatican, . . . 543

37. Antonelli, 565

38. Rattazzi, 580

39. D'Azeglio, 602

40. General Cialdini, 629

41. Cathedral and Leanmg Tower of

Pisa, 639

42. Tomb of General Beckwith, . . . 696

43. Cathedral at Milan, 739

44. Gavazzi, 745

45. Garibaldi, 760

46. De Sanctis, 772

47. Procession m St. Peter's, .... 776

48. Reading the Dogma m Council, . 783

49. St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal

Church, Rome, 816

50. Leo XIII, S24