The era of Napoleon

Front matter

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Chapter I. Causes Amd Commencement Of The Revolution

Importance ot tne subject — Causes of the savage character of the French Revolution — Decreasing power of the nobles — Philosophy and Literature — State of the Church — Privileges of the nobles — Taxation — Feudal services — Royal prerogative — Corruption at court — Embarrassments of the finances — States. General — Contests between the parties — Vacillation of the court^National Assembly — Sitting of June 23rd — Concessions of the King — Defection of the Duke of Orleans — Further concessions of the King — Consternation in Paris

Troops withdrawn to Versailles — Tumults in Paris — Storming of the Bas-

tile — Spread of the insurrection — National Guard, with La Fayette at their head, set out for Versailles — First tumults there — The mob break into the Palace — Royal family are forced to return to Paris — Progress of events — Measures of the National Assembly — Finances — Confiscation of the Church property — Assignats — Emigration of the nobles — Dissolution of the National Assembly : - ...--•---

CHAPTER n.

FROM THE OPENING OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY TO THE DEATH OF LODIS.

Character of the Legislative Assembly — Its parties — Its measures — Oppression of the clergy — Declaration of war against Hungary and Bohemia — Commencement of the War — Insurrection of the Girondists — Proclamation of the allies

Storming of the Tuilcries — Imprisonment of the king and his family —

La Fayette's escape from his army and imprisonment at Olmutz — Infernal Triumvirate — Revolutionary Tribunal — General arrest of proscribed persons

Massacres of the prisoners — Reflections on these atrocities — Legislative

Assembly gives place to the National Convention — Its parties — The Republic proclaimed — Finances — Universal Suflfrage — Attempt to impeach Robes, pierre and Marat — Preparations for the trial of Louis XVI.— Charges against

him His previous treatment in prison — Appears before the Convention —

Prepares his Will— Trial commences— Its result— Girondist?— Orders for the King's Execution — Parting with his family — His death lanuary 21st, 1793— His interment — Reflections — His character : • - 10 — 18

CHAPTER IIL

STATE OF EUROPE PRIOR TO THE WAR.

Effects ol the Revolution on other States — Condition of Great Britain — Opinions —Parties — Mr. Fox — Mr. Pitt — Mr. Burke— Condition of Austria — Prussia

CONTENTS.

PACIK

— Russia — Sweden — Turkey — Italy — Piedmont — Holland — Switzerland — Spain — Forces of France — Treaty between Sweden and Austria — Death of the monarchs of these two countries — Francis, Emperor of Austria — Efforts of the French to spread their Revolutionary principles — Effect of these measures in England — France declares war against Great Britain : - . 18—34

CHAPTER IV.

French armies take the field — Their numbers — Numbers of the allies — Invasioa of Flanders — Ease with which it was repelled — Effect of the defeat in Paris — King of Prussia joins the army — Allies invade France — Their success — Their inactivity — Defeat of Dumourier — Negotiations with Dumourier — Retreat of the allies — Renewed attempt on Flanders — Operations in Alsace and the Low Countries — And in Flanders — Battle of Jemappes — Victory of the French — Effects of Revolution in Flanders — French reverses on the Upper Rhine — Close of the campaign : - - 24 — 3&

CHAPTER V.

FRENCH REPUBLIC FROM THE DEuTH OF THE KING TO THE FALL OF

ROBESPIERRE.

Difficulties in Paris — Revolutionary Tribunal — Trial of Marat — Efforts of the Girondists — Commission of Twelve — Disturbance in the Convention — In. surrection of the Club of Cordeliers. — Defeat of the Girondists in the Convention — Renewal of the insurrection — Military preparations — Second defeat of the Girondists — Their arrest and dissolution — Jacobins in power — Opinions and revolts throughout France — Committee of Public Safety — Law of suspected persons — Revolutionary Committees — Change of the Cal. endar — Assassination of Marat — Proscription of the Girondists — Death of the young Prince, Louis XVII. — Death of Marie Antoinette, October 16th, 1793 — Violation of the Royal sepulchres in France — Abjuration of Chris, tianity — Worship of Reason — Effects of these measures — Proscription and Execution of Bailly, Custine, the Duke of Orleans, Desmoulins and Danton —Dictatorship of Robespierre — Massacres throughout France — Reaction of feehng in Paris — Accusation of Robespien-e — His arrest — ^His execution — lylose of the Reign of Terror : 30 — 38

CHAPTER VI.

WAR IN LA VENDEE.

Description of La Vendee — Its inhabitants — Commencement of hostilities — Leaders — Orders of the Convention — Bravery and great success of the Roy. alists — Their prisoners — Continued success of theVend^ans — Advance upon Nantes — Republicans gain some success but are at length totally defeated — Renewed efforts of the Convention on a large scale — Devastation oi La Ven. d^e — Alternate success of each party — Continued victories of the Vendeans unavailing — Cessation of hostilities — War of extermination commenced by order of the Convention — Atrociouf cruelties of C arricr : - 39 — 44

CONTENTS. li

CHAPTER VII.

PAOK

Alliance of the European powers against France — Their want of union — Insubordination of the French troops — French Finances — Commencement of the campaign — Siege of Maestricht — Defeat of the French — Dumourier takes command — Battle of Nerwinde and defeat of the French — Negotiations between the allies and Dumourier, and Dumourier's flight — Congress at Antwerp — Vigorous measures of the Convention — Disasters of the French on the northern frontier — Operations on the Flemish frontier — Proximity of the allies to Paris — Military preparations in France — Carnot — General discomfiture of the allies, and subsequent reverses of the French — Siege of Maubeuge commenced — Jourdan takes command and raises the siege — Moreau attacks the Prussians at Permasin and at Weissenberg, and is defeated — Fate of Strasburg — Secession of Prussia — Operations before Landau — Campaigns on the Spanish frontier — Campaign in the maritime Alps — Cap. ture of Lyons and massacre of the Royalists — Toulon — Its defences — Its investment — Progress of the siege — Evacuation of Toulon — Distress and escape of the inhabitants — Destruction of the French fleet — Massacre of the citizens : .....-...- 44 — 54

CHAPTER VIH.

French navy — French and British ships of war — Success of the British fleets in the West Indies — And in the Mediterranean — The Channel fleet under Lord Howe encounters the French under Admiral Joyeuse — Victory of the British commander — Effects of this victory — Allied plan of Campaign — Forces on both sides — The allies underrate the power of Revolutionary France — Alter, nation of success — Operations of Jourdan — Movements in West Flanders — Defection of Austria — Success of the allies — Battle of Fleurus — Operations on the Rhine — In Piedmont and Nice — Campaign on the Spanish frontier — Jourdan and Kleber assume the offensive in the north — Winter campaign —Subjugation of Holland — Capture of the Dutch fleet : - - 55—61

CHAPTER IX.

POLAND.

Kingdom of Poland — ^Primitive and savage character of the former government — Clergy — Nobility— Peasantry — Power of the King — John Sobieski — Factions after his death — First partition of Poland — Second partition— Resistance of the Poles — Kosciusko — His success — Insurrection in Warsaw — Provisional government established — Defeat of Koscnisko — Siege of War. saw — The siege is raised — Second siege of Warsaw — Its capture — Termination of the Polish Republic — Reflections : . ... 61 — ••

CHAPTER X

CONSOLIDATION OF THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT: CAMPAIGN OF 1795.

Parties in Paris after the fall of Robespierre — Humane measures of the Convention— Club of La Jeunesse Dor^e— Repeal of the Revolutionary laws, and lil C O N TE N r S.

impeachment oi the Jacobin leaders — Insurrection of the Fauxbourgs — Firmness of the Convention^ — Their success— Execution of Jacobin prisoners — The Convention form a new Constitution — Remarlis on this Constitution — It is opposed — The Convention appeal to the army — They appoint Napoleon Bonaparte to the command— Victory of Bonaparte over the insurgents — Secession of European powers from the alliance, but Austria and England unite, nevertheless — French naval preparations — Campaign in the maritime Alps — Position of the armies on the northern and eastern frontier — Jourdan's operations and defeat on the Rhine — Expedition to Quiberon Bay — Defeat of the Royalists — Republican atrocities — Capture of the Cape of Good Hope: 6&— 73

CHAPTER XI.

CAMPAIGNS OF 1796.

Bonaparte's plan of campaign in Italy — His marriage with Josephine — Condition of the French army — And of the allies — Action at Montenotte — Great success of Napoleon — His alliance with Sardinia — He follows up his success — Battle of Lodi — His entry into Milan and military exactions — Vacillation of Venice — Continued success — Siege of Mantua — Advance of Wurmser — Defeat of Ma sena — Napoleon raises the siege of Mantua — Defeat of the Austrians at ' onato and Salo — Personal danger of Napoleon — Battle of Medola — Wurniser divides his forces — And advances upon Mantua — Action of Caldiero — And of Areola — Battle of Rivoli — Reflections on this cam. paign — Civil war in La Vendue — Condition of England — Disturbances in London — Debate on the war — Proposals for peace — Relative position of forces on the Upper and Lower Rhine — Opening of the campaign — Operations in the mountains and passes of the Black Forest — Discomfiture of Mo. reau — Great disasters of the French — Moreau retreats through the Black Forest — Continued defeats of the French — Siege and capture of Kehl — Treaty between France and Spain — Ireland — French naval armament des. tined for Ireland — Death of the Empress Catherine — Resignation of Genered Washington ; - 74 — 8 '

CHAPTER XIL

AiTairs in England — Suspension of specie payments in Great Britain — ^Limitau tion of the Bill decreeing the suspension — Supplies for the year — Conspiracy in the British Navy — Mutiny at the Nore — Operations of the hostile fleets — Action off Cape St. Vincent — Battle of Camperdown— Effect of these victories — Death of Mr. Burke — Defection of Russia — Armies in Italy — Battle of Tagliamento — Napoleon, after many minor actions, forces his way across the Alps to the Austrian frontier — Armis tice of Leoben — Treaty of Judemberg — Partition of the Venetian territories — Venice — Revolutionary principles in Venice — Insurrection in the Venetian provinces — Effects of these movements — Napoleon declares war against Venice — Capture of Venice — Its spoliation — Operations on the Rhine — Prussia — Genoa — Napoleon at Montebello — Domestic affairs of France — Dissensions between the Royalists and Jacobins — Measures of the Directory — Their victory — Its results : 86 — 97

I

I

CONTENTS. Ziii

CHAPTER XiII.

EXPEDITION TO EGYPT.

PASB.

Napoleon returns to Paris — Naval preparations — Precautions of the British goreminent — French fleet sails from Toulon — Nelson pursues — Napoleon arrives in Egypt, captures Alexandria and advances to Cairo — Battle of the Pyramids — Nelson arrives at Aboukir — Battle of the Nile — Honors conferred on Nelson — Effects of this victory — Napoleon's expedition to Syria — Capture of Jaffa and massacre of prisoners — Advance to Acre — British squadron, under Sir Sidney Smith, arrives there — Napoleon attacks the place — Arrival of the Ottoman fleet — Napoleon retreats — Defeats the Turks at Aboukir: 97~lttl

CHAPTER XIV.

FROM THE PEACE OF CAMPO FORMIO TO THE RENEWAL OF THE WAR.

Measures for the defence of England — Progress of Revolution in Holland — and in Switzerland — The Swiss fly to arms — Success of the French in the larger Cantons — and of the Swiss in the mountains — Sufferings of the Swiss — Their final defeat — The Ecclesiastical States are next attacked — Outbreak at Rome — France declares war against Rome — Violence to the Pope — and his death — Pillage of Rome — Cis. Alpine Republic — Humiliation of the King of Sardinia — Revolutionary proceedings at Naples — Defeat of the Neapolitan troops — Flight of the Neapolitan Court — Championnet advances to Na. pies — Desperate battle there — Disturbance in Ireland — Plan of the Insurrection — Measures of the opposite party — And of the Government — Progress of the Insurrection — France and the United States — Controversy between them — ^Hanse Towns — Effects of French aggression : . . . 102 — 114

CHAPTER XV.

Preparations of Austria — of Russia — of Great Britain — French forces — .Tourdan opens the campaign — His defeats — Impolitic measures of the Aulic Council — Campaign in Italy — Effect of defeat on the Republicans there — Massena takes command — The Arch-Duke Charles attacks him — Massena's defeat^ Suwarrow — Operations of Moreau in Italy — Suwarrow's great success — Naples — .Tunction of Moreau and Macdonald — Suwarrow defeats Macdo. nald — Fall of Turin — King of Naples resumes the throne — Punishment of the insui-gents — Capitulation of Mantua — and of Alexandria — Battle of Novi — Continued errors of the Aulic Council — Disasters to which it leads — Surrender of Zurich — Achievements of Suwarrow — His retreat through the Mountains — Effects on the allies of these disasters — Expedition to Holland — Its first success and eventual defeat — Battle of Coni — Surrender of that town — Close of the campaign : 114 — 13t

CHAPTER XVI.

FROM THE REVOLUTION OF SEPTEMBER 3rD, TO THE CAMPAIGN OF 1800.

Progress of the Revolution in France — Elections — Conspiracy of Si6yes — Napo. leon abandons his army in Egypt — His return to France— His residence in

Xiv CONTENTS.

PACK

Paris — Conspiracy to place the government in his hands — Council of Five Hundred resolve to remove to St. Cloud — Their proceedings there — Vio. lent measures in both Councils — Napoleon disperses the members by force, and takes command of the Government — His proposals for Peace to Greut Britain — Debate in Parliament — Domestic transactions of Great Britain Rupture betvveen England and Russia — Measures of Austria to continue the war — And of Napoleon — Napoleon's ambitious projects and measures: 126^139

CHAPTER XVII.

FIRST CAMPAIGN OF 1800.

Austrian for".es — French forces — Opening of the campaign — Battle of Engen — Battle of Moeskirch — Action at Biberach — Position of the Austrians — Active operations on both sides — Campaign of Italy — French disasters theie — Siege and capture of Genoa — Napoleon crosses the Alps by the Great St. Bernard — His progress in Italy — His entrance into Milan — He defeats the Austrians — Critical position of Melas — Battle of Marengo^Victory of the French — Its results: 133^141

CHAPTER XVIII.

SECOND CAMFAieN OF 1800.

Treaty between Great Britain and Austria — Austria temporizes with France- Novel proposal of Napoleon to Great Britain — Negotiations for peace — Napoleon's obstinacy breaks ofl'the negotiations — Plot to assassinate Napoleon — French and Austrian forces — Capture of Malta by the English — Accession of Pius VII. — Renewal of hostilities — Moreau's operations in Germany — Battle of Hohenlinden — Retreat and disaster of the Austrians — Arch-Duke Charles takes command of the army — Solicits and obtains an armistice — Macdonald's march across the Alps by the Splugen — He advances into Italy — Armistice of Treviso — Treaty between France and Naples — Treaty of LuneviUe: . . 141—148

CHAPTER XIX.

FROM THE PEACE OF LUNEVILLE TO THE DISSOLDTION OF THE NORTHEKlf MARITIME CONFEDERACY.

Difficulties between Great Britain and Denmark — British fleet proceeds to Copenhagen — Treaty with Denmark — Arbitrary measures of Russia — Man. time Confederacy against Great Britain — Retaliatory measures of Great Britain — Embarrassments of the English ministry — Mr. Pitt resigns — His successors pursue his policy — Sir Hyde Parker sails to Copenhagen — Battle of Copenhagen — Victory of the British — Occupation of Hanover by the Prussians — Death of the Emperor Paul — Accession of Alexander — His measures and policy — Treaty between Russia and Great Britain — Dissolu. tion of the Confederacy : ... ... MQ — 154

CONTENTS. XY

CHAPTICR XX.

BXPEDITIONS TO EGYPT AND ST. DOMINGO EUROPE, FROM THE PEACE JF

AMIENS TO THE RENEWAL OF THE WAR.

tAQM'

Advance of the Turkish army toward Egypt — Negotiations for peace frustrated by the British — Defeat of the Turks — Expedition of Sir R. Abercromby — Battle of Alexandria — British take possession of Cairo — Surrender of the French army — Attempts of Napoleon to regain Egypt — Naval action between the British and French — Treaty between France and Spain — Preparations of Napoleon for invading England — French treaties with Turkey, Bavaria, America, Algiers, and Russia — Etfects of the peace — Ambitious projects of Napoleon — Expedition to St. Domingo — Its first success and final defeat — Condition of St. Domingo — Napoleon's aggressions in Europe — Revolution in Holland — And in the Cis- Alpine Republic — Prosperity of Great Britain — Causes of irritation between England and France — Mutual recriminations — Extraordinary scene with Lord Whitvvorth at theTuileries — Eng. land declares war — Imprisonment of British travellers in France : - 155 — 164

CHAPTER XXI.

FRANCE, FROM THE PEACE OF AMIENS TO NAFOLEOn's ASSUMPTION OF THE IMPERIAL CROWN.

Condition of France when Napoleon seized the reins of power — Necessity for a despotic government — Napoleon's measures against the Jacobins — He establishes the Legion of Honor — Reestablishes the Catholic religion — Amnesty in favor of exiles and emigrants — Changes in the Constitution — Proposals to Louis XVIII. — Civil Code of Napoleon — Law of succession — Confiscation of property the great sin of the Revolution — Napoleon's flattering pros, pects — Moreau — Royalist conspiracy of Pichegru — Arrest of the Duke d'- Enghein — His trial and execution, March 21st, 1804 — Consternation in Paris when this murder was known — Murder of Pichegru — And of Wright — Trial of Moreau — He embarks for America — Napoleon assumes the Imperial Crown: - - 164—173

CHAPTER XXII.

FROM THE RENEWAL OF HOSTILITIES TO THE DECLARATION OF WAR BY SPAIN.

Preparation for war — Commencement of hostilities — Renewed preparations of Napoleon for the invasion of England — And of Eigland for repelling it — Insurrection in Ireland — Naval operations — Illness of the King — Mr. Pitt recalled to the ministry — Condition of Austria — Of Prussia — Of Russia — Impression produced in Europe by the murder of the Duke d' Enghein — Coronation of Napoleon and .losephine — Rupture between Spain and Great Britain — The former power declares war against the latter : . - 173 — 17

CHAPTER XXIIL

FROM THE OPENING OF THE SPANISH WAR TO THE BATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ.

Mapoleon's journey to Italy — Treaty between Great Britain and Russia — Napo. leon assembles his army and flotilla at Boulogne for the invasion o^ England 2

CONTENTS.

— Forces for the. expedition — The French Admiral, Villeneuve, puts to sea — Nelson sails in pursuit— Movements of the hostile fleets — Action of Sir Robert Calder, off Ferrol — Its important results — Napleon abandons the project of Invasion and moves his troops to the Rhine — Relative forces of France and the allies — Nelson sails for Cadiz — Battle of Trafalgar — Results of the battle — Death of Nelson — Honors to his memory — Napoleon's operations on the Rhine — He violates the Prussian neutrality — Indignation of Prussia — Defeat of Auffemberg — Combat at Elchingen — Archduke Ferdinand cuts his way through the French lines — Entire Austrian army under Mack surrenders to Napoleon — Campaign in Italy — Battle of Verona — And of Caldiero — Aiistrians retreat — Napoleon traverses Bavaria — Russians, Austrians and French approach Vienna — Convention between Russia and Prussia — Success of Ney and Augereau in the Tyrol — Proposals of Austria for an Armistice — Movements around St. Polten — Kutusoff retreats — Combat with Mortier — Lannes and Murat advance upon Vienna — The Emperor Francis evacuates his Capital — Napoleon occupies Vienna — Junction of the Russian and Austrian armies — Preparations on both sides for a general action — The Battle of Austerlitz — Its results — Armistice of Austerlitz — Prussia recedes from the Convention with Russia — And joins Napoleon — Treaty of Presburg — Spoliation of Naples — Death of Mr. Pitt : . . . 179 — ^194

CHAPTER XXIV.

FROM THE PEACE OF PRESBURG TO THE FALL OF PRUSSIA.

Condition of Europe — New ministry in England — Mr. Fox, Prime Minister — French Finances — Occupation of Naples by the French — Insun-ection in Calabria — Battle of Maida — Louis Bonaparte made King of Holland — French naval defeats — DifTerences between Great Britain and the United States of America — Position of Prussia — Hostilities between England and Prussia — Napoleon's exactions — Confederation of the Rhine — Irritation of Prussia — Treaties of Russia and Great Britain with Prussia — Imprudence of Prussia — Napoleon invades Prussia — Manoeuvres of the two armies — Battle of Jena — Battle of Auerstadt — Great results of these battles — Entire overthrow of Prussia — Napoleon enters Berlin — His cruelty there — Contributions levied on the conquered provinces — Napoleon moves to the Vistula : 194 — ^SOft

CHAPTER XXV.

CAMPAIGN OF EYLAU.

Russian forces — Russia applies to England — Impolitic and unjust course of the British government — The armies approach each other — Napoleon goes to Warsaw — Commencement of hostilities — Battle of Pultusk — Its result — The armies go into winter-quarters — Hostilities renewed — Russians retrea* to Prussich-Eylau — Battle of Prussich-Eylau — Its result — Napoleon retreats — Affairs of Turkey — Turkey declares war against Great Britain — Attack on Constantinople — Change of ministry in Great Britain : - - 205— Jil3

CHAPTER XXVI.

CAMPAIGN OF FRIEDLAND AND TILSIT.

Commencement of the campaign — Siege and capture of Dantzic — Foices" of the two Nations — Russians defeat Ney at Guttstadt — Russians retire to Heils. berg — French attack and are repulsed — Russians eventually retreat to Fried.

CONTENTS. XVII

PACK.

land — Battle of Friedland- -Proposals for Peace — Napoleon and Alexander confer at Tilsit — Treaty between France and Russia — And with Prussia — Secret articles of the Treaty of Tilsit: 213—219

CHAPTER XXVII.

FROM THE PEACE OF TILSIT TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES IN THE

SPANISH PENINSULA.

Napoleon's hostility toward Great Britain — The Continental System — Berlin Decree — Measures of Great Britain — Milan Decree — Singular result of these measures — Enthusiasm and adulation of the Parisians on Napoleon's return to the Capital — Suppression of the Tribunate — And other despotic measures — Proscriptions — Internal prosperity of France — Penal Code — Its atrocious severity — Conscriptions — Political changes in Central Europe — Internal affairs of Prussia — Austria — Sweden — Designs of Russia and France on the fleets of Denmark and Portugal — England anticipates their rnc^vements and takes possession of the Danish ships — Negotiations with England — Turkey breaks from her alliance with France — Napoleon's proceedings in Italy — His encroachments in Western Europe :...-.. 913 — 228

CHAPTER XXVIII

PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS OF THE PENINSULAR WAR.

Difterences between France and Spain — Napoleon discovers the hostile intentions of Spain and Portugal — He resolves to subjugate the Peninsula — Commences hostilities in and against Portugal — Junot advances to Lisbon — The Portuguese Royal Family embark for Brazil — Junot occupies Lisbon — His government— Affnirs of Spain — Treaty of Fontainebleau — Invasion of Spain — The King, Charles IV. attempts to escape to America — Is prevented — He resigns hiscrownin favor of his son, Ferdinand VII. — French troops approach Madrid — Murat takes possession of the Spanish Capital — Political intrigues between Chales IV., Ferdinand, and Napoleon — By the representations of Savary, Charles, Ferdinand, and the Spanish Royal Family are induced to travel to Bayonne to meet Napoleon — Murat's misgovernment in Madrid — Insurrection and massacre of the inhabitants — Effects of these atrocities — Napoleon's duplicity toward the Spanish Royal Family — Charles executes a second abdication — Ferdinand is forced to a similar measure — Joseph Bonaparte declared King of Spain — Napoleon's Constitution for Spain — Joseph's Ministry : 228 — ^238

CHAPTER XXIX.

CAMPAIGN OF 1808 IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.

The Spanish Peninsula — Forces destined to take part in the Peninsular war- Revolts and massacres throughout Spain — Success of the French troops — First siege of Saragossa — Siege of Valencia — Defeat of the Spaniards under Blake and Cuesta — Atrocities of the French soldiers in Rio Seco and Cordova — French retreat from the latter place — Their total defeat — Indignation > of Napoleon at Dupont's surrender — Joseph evacuates Madrid — Reverses of the French — Arrival of Wellington in Portugal — He defeats the Frerch under Laborde and Junot — An Armistice is concluded and the French

11 CONTENTS.

evacuate Portugal — Sir John Moore arrives at Lisbon — And marches into Spain — Movements of Austria — Interview between Alexander and Napoleon at Erfurth — Murat made King of Naples — Napoleon's preparations to invade Spain — His great success against the Spanish forces — He advances to Madrid — Its capture — Sir David Baird lands at Corunna and joins Sir John Moore . — Advance and retreat of the British army — Sir John Moore continues his retreat toward Corunna — Battle of Corunna — Death of Moore: - 239 — ^259

CHAPTER XXX.

FIRST CAMPAIGN OF 1809 IN GERMANY.

M'lasures of Austria during the peace — Position of the French and Austrian forces — Napoleon's instructions to Berthier — Napoleon takes command^ Action at Thaun — Subsequent discomfiture of the Austrians — The Arch, duke captures Ratisbon — Combat at Landsliut — And at Ratisbon — Battleof Echmul — The Archduke retreats — Napoleon retakes Ratisbon — Results of the campaign, thus far — Reverses of the French in other quarters — Hiller takes post at Ebersberg — Massena attacks and defeats him — Napoleon ad vances to Vienna — and takes possession of that city — The Archduke Charles approaches Vienna — Position of the two armies — Battle of Aspern — Napoleon retreats to Lobau and intrenches himself there : . . . 253 — 262

CHAPTER XXXI.

FROM THE CAMPAIGN OF WAGRAM TO THE DETHRONEMENT OF THE POPE.

Napoleon prepares to cross the Danube — Position of the Archduke — The French cross the river — And the Austrians retire to Wagram — Description of Wagram — Battle of Wagram — The Archduke retreats to Bohemia — Na poleon grants an Armistice — Treaty of Vienna — Napoleon destroys the ramparts of Vienna — Operations in the Tyrol — Great success of the Tyr» lese — Treaty with them — Execution of Hofer — Expedition of the British against Antwerp — Their partial success and retreat — Dissensions between the Pope and Napoleon — The former is made prisoner and conveyed to France: - 263—27^

CHAPTER XXXII.

MARITIME WAR ; AND CAMPAIGN OF 1809 IN SPAIN AND PORTtTGAL.

British Naval expedition to Basque Roads — Its success — Success of the British in the East and West Indies — Portugal — Spain — Forces of the Spaniards — And of the French — Opening of the campaign — Second siege of Saragossa — Its capture — Pillage by Lannes and Junot — Disasters following the fall of Saragossa — Siege and capture of Gerona — Success of Victor in Central Spain — Soiflt invades Portugal — And captures Oporto — Wellington arrives at Lisbon — Marches against Oporto and retakes it — Soult's perilous retreat

Wellington advances toward Madrid — Battle of Talavera — Wellington,

unsupported by the Spaniards, resolves to retire to the banks of the Tagus — Ungenerous apathy of the Spaniards in their own cause — ^Wellington remon. strates — And abandons them to their own resources — Battle of Ocana — Wei. lington's system of maintaining his troops — And Napoleon's - 274— 28i

CONTENTS. Xli

CHAPTER XXXIII.

EVENTS or 1810 : campaign of Torres vedras.

FAGC.

Napoleon's position — His want of an heir — Offers of his hand — Makes known his intentions to Josephine — Her (iio;nified conduct — Her divorce — Negotiations with Austria — Marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise — Russia takes umbrage — Napoleon's measures force the King of Holland to abdicate — H:? differences with Lucien — And with Joseph — Soult commences operations in Spain — Siege of Cadiz — French and allied forces in Portugal — Massena captures Ciudad Rodrigo and Almeida — Wellington falls back to Busaco — Battle of Busaco — Wellington retires to Torres Vedras — Massena retreats — Soult captures Badajoz — Wellington pursues Massena — Action of Barrosa — Massena withdraws from Portugal — Battle of Fuentes d' Onoro — Illness of George III. — Prince of Wales made Regent — Exchange of prisoners — Capture of the Island of Java : . - . 285 — ^293