The founding of a new world

Preface

Twenty years ago the author became convinced that an urgent need of English-speaking Protestantism was a popular history of the Christian Church. Each year since has deepened his conviction of its necessity for the American Churches and the American people. No Church and no people can afford to be ignorant of its past. The society and civilization into which we are born is our heritage. These are mainly determined by the history of our country and of the Christian religion. The distinguishing feature of our civilization is that it is Christian. The Man of Galilee uttered words and lived a life by which public opinion judges men and nations. Our developing civilization feels the influence of the centuries of Christian history. Every intelligent man should know, at least in outline, the history of his own land and of the Christian Church. The forces molding the life of our times are the forces active in the one as in the other. Every Christian must rejoice in the knowledge of the providential guidance of the Church of God, and the development and conquests of the Christian religion. Our own life finds help in it, as did that of the psalmist and prophets of the Old, and the apostles of the New Covenant, in the history of Israel. Our hearts can not fail to glow as we see

i

2 Preface.

Christian history lengthening out the muster-roll of the heroes of the faith found in the eleventh chapter of the Epistle to the* Hebrews.

The gravity of the situation can hardly be overstated. Our schools teach everywhere the unity of nature, the unity of human history. Our Roman Catholic friends have their theory of the unity of Church history, which, however deficient in proof, does not fail in completeness. How, then, do we teach human history — the history of the Christian religion? Our American youth can study in our schools and colleges the history of Greece, of Rome, of Egypt, and of the Oriental nations of antiquity ; they can learn the course of the history of the Middle Ages, and the rise of the modern nations ; they can, in modern history, find instruction in the history of the United States, England, France, Germany, and other European and Asiatic nations; they can find guidance in universal history, in the history of civilization, the history of literature, of philosophy, of economics, of the special sciences; but where, outside of the theological seminaries, can they study the history of the Christian Church ? What Christian college has such a professorship? What Church instructs its own adherents? What reading-course supplies this lack? Can we afford to ignore Christian history? Are the divisions of Protestantism so fundamental that Protestants can not teach it? Have not even the errors and failures of Church history lessons we should heed?

It is believed there is room for a popular history of the Christian Church, which shall be accurate and impartial in its presentation of the facts ; which shall

Preface. 3

give the life and movement of the times ; which shall show the development and effect of the controlling forces of the Christian life and factors of Christian history ; and which shall give its readers some acquaintance with the greatest names in the recorded life of the Church, such as they have with Washington or Cromwell, with Napoleon or Bismarck. Such a history should be upon the shelves of the Church and Sunday-school libraries, welcomed by Young People's Societies and Reading Courses, and read and enjoyed in the family circle.

This book has been written for popular use. It is hoped it will have interest for those who only hear it read aloud. Yet care has been taken and accuracy sought that its arrangement and presentation of facts may afford material for careful study and independent judgment. While the author's opinions have not been concealed, he has endeavored to distinguish them from the statement of facts. It is believed it will not fail in inspiration and suggestion.

These considerations have determined the method employed in its composition. The aim has been to place the reader in the midst of the Christian life of the time. For this purpose the life of the state and the conditions of society have been presented in detail. These were as real to the Christians of those times as are to us our politics, economic and social conditions; indeed, they were much more directly affected by them. The history of the Church is more than the record of doctrines and usages which it rejected or retained ; it is the record of life ; and the Church which conquered the Roman Empire and its Teutonic invaders was very much alive. Because of

4 Preface.

the differences of opinion as to the teaching and tendencies of the early Church, these have been presented largely in the language of the writers of the time. Those who read this history are entitled to the testimony of the best authorities. It would have been a pleasure to give foot-notes and references; but for its purpose, the arrangement of the literature at the head of the chapters has been thought more serviceable. On controverted questions space forbids the statement of different views ; the materials for judgment, so far as possible, have been given, and the conclusion in the words of men eminent for their ability, learning, and impartiality. Such are Bishop I^ightfoot, on the Christian Ministry ; Canon Gore, on the Papal Supremacy; Professor Ramsay, on Apostolic Succession; and Dr. C. W. Bennett, on Baptism. In one passage, Mr. Lecky's summary of Eusebius, and in another Mr. Hodgson's of Procopius, have been given because a study of the original authors made clear that it would be difficult to improve them in faithfulness and effectiveness. An attempt has been made to show the relation of this history to forms of Church-life with which we are familiar, and for this purpose sometimes the bounds of the period have not been strictly observed. I wish to acknowledge the courtesy and kindness received for six years from the librarian and assistant of the Rochester Theological Seminary, and aid given by the Royal Library of Berlin. In addition to the reading of the works of Professor Harnack, I am glad to acknowledge the increased obligation from hearing two courses of his lectures on this period. I am most indebted to him in the treatment of Gnos-

Preface, 5

ticism, Manichaeism, the Christological Controversies, and Augustine.

The preparation of this volume has been the delight, as well as the toil of years. The inspiration of such noble company and triumphant faith has blessed my life. I owe the deepest personal obligation for help ministered to practical Christian living by men as far removed from each other, and as little attractive to my choice, as John Calvin and St. Anthony. Every genuine Christian life has help in it. It is hoped that this work may aid in making evident the unity of all Christians in the personal abiding of the risen L,ord and the ministration of the Holy Ghost — a unity which compasses all divisions and generations of the race, and unites the Church in earth and heaven.

May this presentation of the unity of Christian history, and the power and supremacy of the spiritual and moral forces of the Christian religion, aid in the advancement of the kingdom of God among men, and reveal the glory of the reigning Christ on whom the ages wait !

Table Of Contents

J&arf Jtrgf.

THE CONQUEST.

I. The Empire of Rome

The Lands of Rome — The Rule of Rome and Great Britain — The Rulers of this Empire — The Military Emperors— The Magistrates — The Municipalities — The City Magistracy — The Decurionate — Augustales — The Provincial Administration — Roman Taxation — Collection of Taxes — Roman Society — Economic Condition of the Empire — Commerce — Manufactures — Agriculture — Causes of Decline — Religion, 27

II. The Christian Church

Its Origin — The Doctrines — God, Forgiveness, Love, Immortality — The Society— Birth and Growth of the Church — The Apostolic Church — Paul — Peter — James — John — The Jews — The Greeks — Syria — In the West, 49

III. The Persecutions

Progress of the Conflict — Martyrs of Lyons — Tertullian's Witness — Martyrs at Carthage — The Apologists — Persecution of Diocletian — Summary — Motives of Christian Martyrdom — Christian and Other Martyrs — Our Debt to the Martyrs — Issue of the Conflict — Magnitude of the Conquest, 64

IV. The Christian Empire of Rome

West and East — Effect of Taxation — The Roman Empire in the East — Effect of Barbarian Invasions — Two Controlling Powers surviving the Downfall of Rome — The Em-

8 Table of Contents.

pire — Influence of the Greek Church — Eastern Emperors — Justinian — The Ruin of the Old World — Saxon Invaders — Fate of Italy — Downfall of Rome, 78

V. The Barbarians

The Goths — Vandals — Lombards— Conversion of the Barbarians — Clovis — Influence of the Church on the Barbarians — Work of Christian Missions among the Barbarians — Work of Captives— St. Patrick — Work of Hermits— St. Severinus— Work of Monks— St. Martin of Tours — St. Columba — Iona — Work of Bishops — Remigius and Clovis — Augustine of Canterbury — Contrasts of these Ages — The Element of Continuity — Failure of Materialistic Civilization — Divine Order Evident — Lessons of the Conquest, . 90

Parf j&enmb.

THE TRUTHS THAT WON.

I.

Teaching of the Eari^y Church— Apostles' Creed. Religion and Theology — Mission of Preaching in the Apostolic Age — Turning-point — Common Faith of the Early Christians — The Apostolic Fathers — Ebionites — Gnosticism — Gnostic Doctrines — Manichseism — Defense of the Faith — New Testament Canon — The Episcopate, . . 109

II.

Founding of Christian Theology — Origen. Montanism — Irenseus — Hippolytus — Tertullian — Clement of Alexandria — Origen — Concerning God — The Intercession of Angels — The Future State — Resurrection-germ Theory — Our Relation to the Scheme of Things — Defects of Origen — Biblical Scholar — Theologian— Character, . 124

III.

Doctrine of the Trinity— Creed of Nioea. Monarchianism — Dynamistic Monarchianism — Modalistic Monarchianism — Subordinationism — Arius and his Doc-

Table of Contents. g

trine — Athanasius — His Teaching — His Life — His Character — Oecumenical Councils — Nicaea — Its Creed — The Three Cappadocians — Creed of Constantinople, 142

IV.

Doctrine of the Person of Christ— Creed of Chai,-

cedon.

The Men of the Period — Nestorius — Cyril of Alexandria —

Eutyches — Council of Chalcedon — Creed of Chalcedon —

Results of the Council, , 157

V.

Pelagian Controversy— Doctrine of Human Sin and Redemption.

St. Augustine — The Pelagian Controversy — Semi-Pelagianism — Course of the Controversy — Augustine's Teaching — The Fall— Original Sin— The Mass of the Non-elect— Election and Preservation — Peculiar Doctrines — Character of his Thinking, (1) The Church, (2) Predestination, (3) The Evangelical Faith — Augustine's Meditations, . 166

THE NEW RULERS OF THE NEW WORLD.

I.

The Organization of the Eari/v Church. The Apostolic Church — Apostles — Prophets — Teachers — Church Officers — Deacons — Presbyters — Bishops — Apostolic Succession, - 181

II.

The Development of the Episcopate. Bishops and Presbyters — Defense against Heresy and the Apostolic Succession — Cyprian — Cyprian on the Episcopate — Influence of Augustine — Ambrose — Bishops in Gaul in the Teutonic Conquest, 190

III.

Provincial Synods— Metropolitans and Patriarchs.

Synods and Metropolitans — Their Election — Patriarchs, . 201 io Table pF Contents.

IV.

The Primacy of Rome:.

Source of the Importance of the See of Rome — First Center of the Church at Jerusalem — Rome takes the Place of Jerusalem — Effect of the Controversies with Heretics on the Position of Rome — Effect of the Organization of Synods — Rome the Only Apostolic Seat in the West — The Removal of the Capital from Rome to Constantinople — Effect of the Barbarian Conquest — Influence of Theological Controversies — Effect of the Metropolitan Constitution — Early Bishops of Rome — Innocent I — Leo I — Statement of Leo's Claims — Leo's Practice — Leo and the Council of Chalcedon — Character of Leo — From Leo to Gregory I — Gregory the First — Work of Gregory, (a) Choice of Bishops, (b) His Administration in Reference to the Bishops, (c) The Clergy, (d) Monks, (e) Care of the Patrimony, (/) Charities — Last Days of Gregory — Gregory's Appearance — The Pallium — Conquests of the Saracens — Forged Decretals — Causes of the Development of the Papacy, 205

V.

The CivERGY.

Growth of the Sacerdotal Ideal — Church Organization and Discipline — Celibacy of the Clergy — Exclusion from Ordination — Minor Orders — Effect of the Union of Church and State — Exemptions — Ideal of the Christian Ministry,

$art Inurllj.

WORSHIP AND DISCIPLINE.

I.

Worship of the Eari^y Church.

Influence of Worship in the Development of the Church- Worship of the Jewish Christians in the Apostolic Age — Worship of the Gentile Christians — The Love-feast — The Lord's Supper — Worship of the Post-apostolic Age — Letter of Pliny — Testimony of "The Teaching of the Twelve "— Justin Martyr — Order of Worship, 239

Table of Contents. ii

ii.

Worship of the Old Cathouc Church.

Two Principles of Worship — Testimony of Tertullian — Cyprian — Fasting — Order of Worship, 253

III.

Greek Cathouc Worship.

Description of Cyril of Jerusalem — The Greek Catholic Conception of Worship — Description of the Worship — Order of the Greek Liturgy, 259

IV.

Roman Cathouc Worship.

The Roman Catholic Conception of Worship — Comparison of the Greek and Roman Catholic Service — The Great Liturgies — The Doctrine of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper — Time and Method of Celebration — Baptism — Preaching — The Church-year — The Week — Hours of Prayer, -.- 266

The Discipline of the Church.

Discipline in the Early Church — The Effect of Montanism — Penitence after 250 A. D. — Tertullian on Penitence — Cyprian — The Penitential System; (a) The Mourners, (6) The Hearers, (c) The Kneelers, (d) The Bystanders — Effect of the Discipline of Penitence— Corrruptions of these Ages- Effect of Elaborate Ritual — Worship of Martyrs— Worship of Saints — Worship of the Virgin Mary — Heathen Elements in Christian Worship — Chrysostom — His Work at Antioch — At Constantinople — The Council of the Oak— His Banishment and Death — His Character — Personal Appearance — Source of his Power as a Preacher, .... 279

12 Table of Contents.

Part JifHi.

THE NEW SOCIETY.

I.

The Ou) Social Order in Rome.

Distinctive Difference between a Heathen and a Christian Civilization — Society in Heathen Rome — The Court — Messalina — Agrippina — Nero — Women — Divorce — Dissoluteness — Causes — Arria — Children — Progressive Corruption — Slaves — Sources of Supply — Classes of Slaves — Number of Slaves — Slave without Rights — Causes of Amelioration — Literature — Influence of Poetry on Education and Life — Philosophy — Ionic School — Pythagoras — Eleatic School — Socrates — Socratic Schools — Plato — His Doctrines—God—The World— Man — Ethics —Aristotle— His Doctrines — God — Man — Results of Greek Thinking — Stoicism — Ethics — Epicureanism — Skepticism — Roman Philosophy — Seneca — Epictetus — Philosophy in Education — Neo-Platonism — Religion — Idolatry and the Course of Human Life— The Goddess of Women— The Child and the Divinities who protect it — The After Life and its Divinities — The Amusements — The Theater — The Circus — Games of the Amphitheater — Combats of Gladiators — Sources of Supply and Training of the Gladiators — Battles in the Amphitheater — Naval Battles — Combats with Wild Beasts — Extent of the Prevalence of Gladiatorial Games — Time given to the Games in Rome — The Expense of the Games — The Coliseum — The Games in the Coliseum — The Abolition of these Games — Extent and Influence of these Games — Corruption of Roman Society — The Witness of Pompeii, 301

II.

Christian Life and Society.

The Effect of Christianity upon the Individual — The Influence of Old Associations — Social Reform — The Christian Home — Marriage — Children — Religious Life in the Home — Slaves — Christian and Heathen Society — Trades and Professions — Public Life — Christian Fellowship —

Table of Contents. 13

Communion with God — Instruction — Worship — Discipline — Christianity in Business Relations — Tenants — Resistance to the Oppression of the Powerful — Christian Charity — The Necessity and Dignity of Labor — The Service of Wealth — Hospitality — Care of the Poor and Distressed — The Congregational Charity becomes that of the Bishop for the Community — The Care of the Poor by the Church becomes Institutional — The Motive for bestowing Alms — Charitable Institutions — Hospitals — Caring for the Dead — The Release of Captives — The Catacombs, . . 339

III.

The Monastic Life.

The Monastic Life not found in the New Testament — The Monastic Ideal — The Reverse Side of the Monastic Life — No Monasticism in the Early Church — Causes of the Origin and Spread of Monasticism — Two Chief Causes — The Secularization of the Church — Physical and Social Condition of Egypt — Hermits and Anchorites — St. Anthony — Life of Anthony — His Temptations — Retirement and Counsel — His Visits to Alexandria — Wisdom of Anthony — His Serenity — The Founder of Monasticism — Rule of Basil — Santa Laura — Western Monasticism — St. Jerome — Marcella — Melania — Melania the Younger — Furia — Fabiola — Paula — Eustochium — Toxatius — Paula the Younger — Paulinus of Nola — Benedict of Nursia — Rule of Benedict — The Value of the Monasteries — The Curse of the Monastic Life, 360

IV.

Turning-points and Results.

Reign of Constantine — Eusebius of Caesarea — Christian Art — Frescoes — Mosaics — Sculptures — Architecture — Basilicas — Circular Churches — Santa Sophia — Interior of a Basilica — The Fall of Rome — Loss to the Churches through Barbarism — Gain to Civilization through the Church — The Noble Company of Men and Women who founded the New World — Darker Shades — Conclusion — Finis, , , , > 388

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

OPPOSITE PAGE

St. Sophia, Frontispiece.

Map of the Roman Empire, 26

St. Pauv • . 56

Christian Martyrs, 76

Tempi,e of Jupiter, 102

Roman Forum, . . . . . 208

Temple of Juno, 326

LITERATURE.

Many books are, doubtless, omitted which might Well have had a place here. The list is sufficiently complete, however, for the use of the average student.

On the Whole Period.

For the writings of the fathers in the original tongues, " Migne's Cursus Patrologiae," found in all the larger libraries, is full and complete. It has been used for this volume except for the apostolic fathers, where Harnack and Gebhardt and Zahn's " Patrum Apostolicorum Opera," and Bishop Lightfoot's "Apostolic Fathers," 4 vols., have been preferred; Vallarsi's edition of' 'Jerome" has been used; the " Monumenta Germanise" of Pertz and his successors have been consulted; also, Bouquet's " Recueil des Historiens des Gaules," and the "Acta Sanctorum " of the Bollandists. The source for the English reader is the " Ante-Nicene Library of the Fathers." I would gladly have conformed my quotations to this text, but for the fact that my own copy was beyond the sea. The volume containing the works of Eusebius, ably and helpfully edited by Dr. McGiffert, is sold by itself.

Neander and Gieseler are unsurpassed in their use of the sources, but their style and plan commends them only to the serious student. The text-books of Histories of Hase and Kurtz are well known and valuable, the Church. Moeller's is the last and best of the works of German scholars translated into English. The work of Karl Miiller is concise and much more readable, but is not yet translated. The reader should be warned against wasting his time upon translations of Mosheim's history. Milman's " History of Christianity " is well written, and should be read with Gibbon. Milman's " History of Latin Christianity " is a much better work; Vol. I treats of this period. Schaff's " Church History" is good, the work of a scholar, but diffuse. Professor Sheldon's " Church History" is equally scholarly, but more concise. It is an able, but not a specially popular book ; the history of doctrines is treated in a separate work. There are no better Church histories written in one volume than those of Dr. George P. Fisher and Bishop J. F. Hurst. The former excels in his treatment of the theological development, while the latter is particularly valuable on the modern history of the Church. The limitations imposed upon an author who writes a history of the Church in one volume, is shown in the fact that the history of the first six centuries covers, in Dr. Fisher's work, 146, and 100 pages in that of Bishop Hurst. The Church histories of Alzog and Hergenrother present the Roman Catholic view. The former is translated, and is the more impartial on this period. Neander, or SchafF, with Gibbon and Milman, will give a good view of the course of events in Church and State. De Pressense's series of volumes on this time is readable and interesting. Of great value are special articles in Herzog s " Real Encyclopaedia," McClintock and Strong's " Encyclopaedia," Smith and Wace's " Dictionary of Christian Biography," and Smith and Cheetham's " Dictionary of Christian Antiquities."

Part I. — Chapter I. — The Empire of Rome. Authorities

The best work on this period in English is Merivale's " Empire under the Romans," 7 vols. Valuable are Gibbon's " Decline and Fall," Vols. I and II, and Mommsen's " History of Rome," Vol. V. Smaller works are Merivale's or Pelham's " History of Rome,"

in one volume. Fisher's " Beginnings of Christianity," and Inge's " Society in Rome Under the Caesars, ' are interesting and helpful.

German authorities are: Mommsen and Marquardt's " Romische Alterthiimer," 6 vols.; Schiller- Voigt's " Romische Alterthiimer. Hermann Schiller's " Romische Kaiserzeit," 3 vols., is an excellent work.

Chapter II. — The Christian Church. Authorities

Schurer's u History of the Jews in the Time of Christ " is the best single work. Stapfer's " Palestine in the Time of Christ " is interesting and in one volume. Weiss's is the best "Life of Christ;" Conybeare and Howson not surpassed on u St. Paul." Westcott's •■ Introduction to the Study of the Gospels" and "History of the Canon of the New Testament " are excellent. Reuss's " History of the Canon of the Holy Scriptures " shows the growth of the Canon. " The Introduction to the New Testament," of Dr. Bernhard Weiss, and Dr. Sanday's Bampton Lecture on " Inspiration," are the best helps accessible to the English student. Bishop Lightfoot's " Essays on Supernatural Religion " are invaluable as discussions of the value of the evidence on which a judgment must be based. Neander's u Planting and Training of the Christian Church" is well worth reading, but the later authorities should be read first. The sections on the beginnings of Christianity in the Church Histories and Histories of Doctrines should be consulted.

Part I. — Chapter III. — The Persecutions.

Sources.

The Apologies of Justin Martyr, Tertulllan, Origen, and Lactantius, — nothing can take the place of these. They are found with il The Martyrs of Lyons,' 1 and the " Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas, ,, in the " Ante-Nicene Library of the Fathers." With them should be read the " Ecclesiastical History" of Eusebius.

Special Works.

Schultze's " Untergang des Griechischen und Romischen Heidenthums," 2 vols., is the best work on the subject. Excellent and interesting is Ulhorn's " Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism." The treatment of the subject in L,ecky's " History of European Morals" deserves attention. See also Donaldson's article, " Celsus," in the Ency. Brit. There is no better work in one volume than Ramsay's " Church and Roman Empire."

Part I — Chapter IV. — The Christian Empire of Rome.

Sources.

The best authorities are : Gibbon's " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," Findlay's "History of Greece," Vol. I, Hodgkin's " Italy and Her Invaders," 6 vols. In German, the section in Hauck's " Kirchengeschichte in Deutschland " is excellent. Specially commended are Oznam's " Byzantine Empire," in the " Story of the Nations" series, and Bryce's article, "Justinian," in Ency. Brit.

Part I. — Chapter V. — The Barbarians.

Authorities.

Gregory of Tours, Procopius, as in the last chapter ; Tacitus's " Germania," with the references in Caesar's "De Bello Gallico;" Gregory I's "Epistolae;" the lives of Saints Patrick, Columba, Severinus, and Columban (compare Gibbon and Hodgkin) ; Guizot's "History of Civilization." Dahn's Weitersheim's " Volkerwanderung " is a German authority. Bradley's " History of the Goths," in the " Story of the Nations " series, is an admirable treatment of the subject. Maclear's " Apostles of Mediaeval Europe," and Smith's " Mediaeval Missions," are good books.

Part II. — Chapter I.— Teaching of the Early Church. Authorities

Hagenbach's, Shedd's, Sheldon's, and Harnack's "History of Doctrines." Shedd is written in good style and strongly Calvinistic; Sheldon is accurate and excellent ; Harnack's is the latest and best of the German works; the German edition is used here. The sources are the New Testament and the " Apostolic Fathers;" the latter are found in the "Ante- Nicene Library."

Special Works.

Weiss's "Biblical Theology of the New Testament;" Wendt's "Teaching of Jesus." Schmidt's "Biblical Theology of the New Testament," is old but still useful. Bishop Lightfoot's excursus in his Commentary on the Galatians, and published separately in his " Dissertations " on " St. Paul and the Three," will always be worthy of thoughtful attention.

Part II. — Chapter II. — The Founding of Christian Theology. — Origen.

Sources.

Irenaeus, Tertullian, Hippolytus, Clement, and Origen in the "Ante-Nicene Library." The source for the Life of Origen is Eusebius's " Ecclesiastical History."

Special Works.

Bigg's " Christian Platonists of Alexandria;" Hatch's "The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the

Christian Church;" Farrar's " History of Interpretation." Westcott's " Origen," in his " Christian Thought in the West," is an admirable study. Patrick's " Apology of Origen against Celsus" is an excellent edition for the English reader.

Part II. — Chapter HI. — Doctrine of the Trinity. —

Creed of Nioea.

Sources.

Works of Athanasius, " Ante-Nicene Library;" works of Gregory of Nyssa, " Post-Nicene Library.,'

Special Works.

Dorner's "Doctrine of the Person of Christ;" Gwatkin's "Studies in Arianism;" Bright's " Introductions " to his editions of " Athanasius."

Hefele's " History of the Councils " is learned and fair; the first two volumes, covering this period, are translated into English. SchafF's "Creeds of Christendom " gives the creeds in the original and translation. The 21st chapter of Bishop Hurst's "Church History" gives an admirable summary. Liddon's "The Divinity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ " is strongly commended.

Part II. — Chapter IV. — The Doctrine of the Person of Christ.

Authorities.

Dorner and Hefele, as in the preceding chapter. Harnack's treatment of this period, in his " History of Doctrines," is very full and suggestive. Gore's "Life of Leo the Great."

Part II. — Chapter V. -Pelagian Controversy.

Sources.

Works of Augustine in " The Post-Nicene Library." See all the Histories of Doctrine.

Special Works.

Reuter's " Augustinische Studien; ,, Allen's "Continuity of Christian Thought," strongly commended ; Dorner's article, " Augustinus," in Herzog's Real Ency.

Part III.— The New Risers of the New World. Sources

Works of Cyprian in " Ante-Nicene Library;" Augustine in " Post-Nicene Library;" Ambrose, Leo, Gregory, in Migne " Patrologia;" Bright's " Sermons of Leo I."

Special Works.

Hatch's " Organization of the Early Christian Churches." Hatch's "Origin of Church Institutions" treats of a later period but is very valuable. Hatch's article, " Priest," in the " Dictionary of Christian Antiquities." Articles in the " Expositor," 1887, give the different views of the origin of episcopacy. Ramsay's "The Church and the Roman Empire." Greenwood's "Cathedra Petri" is full and accurate, the first two volumes are on this period. Geffken's "Church and State," 2 volumes. Article "Popedom" in Ency. Brit. H. C. Lea's "History of Sacerdotal Celibacy " is a most impartial and important work, and should be read by every student. See also lives of Ambrose ; Augustine ; Leo I, by Canon Gore ; Gregory I, by Bramley.

Part IV. — Worship and Discipline. Sources

"Letters of Pliny," "Teaching of the Twelve," "Justin Martyr," "Apostolic Constitutions," and "Ancient Liturgies," in the Ante-Nicene Library. Swainson's "Early Greek Liturgies," and Daniel's "Thesaurus Liturgicus," are authorities. The guide for this section has been Kostlin's -"Geschichte des Gottesdienst." Dr. Bennett's ''Christian Archaeology " is scholarly and valuable. Swainson's article, " Liturgy " in the " Dictionary of Christian Antiquities."

DISCIPLINE.

Sources.

See Cyprian, Tertullian, "Apostolic Constitutions;"

"Apostolic Canons," in " Ante-Nicene Library ;"

Hefele as above on the Canons of the Councils ;

Bright's " Canons of the First Four General Councils ;"

Mead's article, "Penitence," in the "Dictionary of

Christian Antiquities." Of the several lives of

" Chrysostom," Stephens's is the best.

Part V. — Chapter I. — The Old Social Order in Rome. Authorities

Friedlander's "Darstellung aus der Sittengeschichte Roms" is learned, interesting, and graphic in its portrayal. Dollinger's " Heidenthum und Judenthum,' , English translation, " Jew and Gentile in the Court of the Temple of Christ," is the work of an able scholar, and with all corrections of later writers an invaluable aid to the student. Of great help are Mommsen-Marquardt's, and Schiller- Voigt's "Romische Alterthiimer." Teuffel's "Geschichte Romische Eiteratur." Zeller's "History of Ancient Philosophy" is the fullest and best. Erdmann and Uberweg on Ancient Philosophy in their Histories of Philosophy are good, Erdmann to be preferred. It is also treated in Schwegler's "History of Philosophy," in one volume.