Universal history in perspective

Index To The Maps

V'

Perspective Sketch of the Course of Empire Page 33

The First Settled Parts of the Earth 43

Palestine, or the Holy Land 52

Ancient Greece 58 -

Ancient Italy * 98

The Roman Empire 138

Asia Minor 172

The Caliphate, or Empire of the Saracens 190

Middle Europe, exhibiting the Empire of Charlemagne 203

The Western Continent 291

The British Islands 329

Spain and Portugal 367

Countries around the Baltic 402

Holland and the contiguous Countries 413

United States 430

Central Europe, exhibiting the principal Campaigns of Napoleon . . 450 India and China 481

Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1844, by

A. S. BARNES & CO.,

in the clerk's office of the District Court of the United States in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

Preface

Universal history, as a science, is great in itself, great in its consequences on human conduct and happiness ; and, at this moment, particularly important to the citizens of our republic.

The belief, that much experience in imparting knowledge would enable the author so to arrange and illustrate this vast subject, as to make it less difficult to acquire and retain, was the moving spring which at first produced this work, and which now presents it to the public in an improved form. This volume offers, in the combinations of the subjectmatter, and the arrangement by which it is presented, some original features ; and in its illustrations, we believe it will be found to solve the problem, what is the best form of presenting the grand outline of chronology. We refer, for this solution, to the plan, of which a sketch is presented in the frontispiece ; and which we call the Temple of Time ; and to the enlarged view of the floor-work of this Temple, contained in the Chart of " the Course of Time, or Picture of Nations." Here is addressed to the eye, on a small scale, a plan strictly scientific, (perspective being an exact science,) which is to the whole of history, as it exists in time, what a small map of the world, with its few lines of latitude and longitude, is to the same science as it exists in place. If but few cities are set down on such a map, whoever understands geography, having any other city given with its latitude and longitude, can refer it to its true situation on the map, and thus know its position relative to other places. Such will our Temple of Time be, in respect to the dates of events to those who understand it; and persons already acquainted with history comprehend it at a glance. Such a help, the most profound and cultivated mind need not despise ; for how often does it occur, that the contemplation of characters and events as they exist with others before or after them, leads to profound conclusions, concerning the causes and consequences of man's conduct and destiny. But to learn such a method in youth, to become accustomed thus to refer all events to a visible representation of time, where the whole subject of chronology is wrought into strict unity, and made sensible to the mind at a single glance, must be a lasting advantage.

Of the maps contained in this work, we need say nothing, because the public are already perfectly aware of the importance of such illustrations

IV PREFACE.

The repeated requests, that they might be inserted, from teachers who use our work in their schools, have led to their preparation. They contain, especially those which relate to the middle ages, names of places historically interesting, not easily found on other maps.

In the written work, an attempt has been made to exhibit history in its proper relative proportions. The painter allows to objects in space less and less room upon his canvass, as those objects recede into the distance. Such is equally the order of nature in regard to objects as they exist in time. Yet the mountain which is distant must have more room in the picture than the dark valley that lies near. Thus tower Greece and Rome, amid the dimness of antiquity, and thus sink the dark ages, though nearer to the foreground.

There are two methods between which, in a book for reading, not for reference merely, the writer must choose ; the ethnographical, by which nations are separately described, and the chronographical, by which the order of time is strictly preserved. When writers of universal history follow the ethnographical method, the reader is naturally led to consider contemporary events as consecutive, and to seek for some plan by which they may be placed together. This is to produce the chronographical arrangement which he is apt to think should have been followed by the writer. On the other hand, where the chronographical method prevails, the reader complains of a confusion arising from mingling together the histories of different nations, — selects the scattered parts belonging to each, and having put them together, produces the ethnographical plan. He now thinks that, because he has come to a good understanding of the subject, his method alone is good • not reflecting that he has had the advantages of both. The truth appears to be, that history cannot be well understood, unless the reader can, with the one method, trace every great nation by itself through all its most important changes, and with the other, conceive himself placed in any of the most noted periods of time, and glance through the whole range of contemporary events.

For such a comprehension of the subject, we refer to the illustrations already noticed ; where we have at the same glance both methods presented to the eye. In the text, we have pursued either, or combined both, as the occasion seemed to require. When a nation has had little connection with other nations, its history has been treated separately. When several nations have been blended, by reason of their relations with each other, as in case of war, their history, for the time, has also been thrown together.

To make this book easy to teachers, questions are placed at the foot of each page. By the manner in which these are put, passages of history which, from the imperfection of language, cannot be clearly expressed with the brevity to which our limits confine us, are made perspicuous.

PREFACE. V

Important events are brought into bolder relief; and sometimes the learner is called on to consider what moral reflections the subject may suggest. The division of the work into numbered paragraphs confines the subject of each question, and thus aids both teacher and pupil ; while it will be an important advantage to such as shall not only use the book in classes for recitation, but also for daily reading ; — following the maxim, that " in a school, what pupils study they should read, and what they read they should study."

To make this book convenient for reference, and a good family Universal History, an extended chronological table is prefixed, and many dates are set down in a bold character on the margin. No good teacher would oblige his pupils to learn all of these ; but they will by mere inspection know where to find them when occasion shall require. To make this book more attractive to learners, and to give to teachers a sample of the kind of facts, which they will do well to acquire and relate to their classes, the room on the margin has been occupied by side notes enclosed in brackets. These, which the pupil is not generally required to learn or to remember, will, we hope, make the time of study pass pleasantly, and cause the book to be regarded as an agreeable companion.

Universal history, as a science, is great in its consequences, as it forms the first study of the politician. No wise man presumes to form conclusions concerning the future destiny of nations, without first acquiring a knowledge of the past. It is at this time peculiarly important to Americans ; because to them the world are now looking for a response to the grand question, " Can the people govern themselves ?" And, perhaps, the next twenty years will decide it for coming generations. Shall monarchy in its palaces, and aristocracy in its lordly halls, then exult, as it is told that America is passing through anarchy to despotism, — while mankind at large mourn, and reproach us that we have sealed their doom as well as our own, and that of our posterity ? Or shall we continue to be that people, which of all others heretofore, or now existing, possess the most equitable government ; and to whom national calamity is but as a phrase ill understood? A history of the past, no more extensive than that which is here presented, might make us understand that phrase, with a salutary fear; and it might teach our posterity what we as good citizens must desire them to know — the virtues which exalt nation^, and the vices which destroy them ; — that so they may practise the one, and avoid the other.

September, 1844.

AND

Part I

Ancient His- B. C.

" Division of Countries among Noah's Sons, 2300 The Tower of Babel, and the Confusion of Languages, 2267 Tyre founded, - -

2204 Babylon founded by Nimrod, - 2188 Egyptian Monarchy founded by Menes or Mizraim, 2159 Nineveh built, and the Assyrian Empire founded, 2085 Shepherd Kings, .....

1921 Calling of Abraham, (from Haran,) 1897 Sodom and the cities of the plain destroyed, 1729 Joseph sold — 1706 Jacob goes down to Egypt, - 1571 Moses born. (He is the first of historians and lawgivers. 1491 Red Sea passed, ..... 1856 Argos and Sicyon founded, ...

1556 Athens founded. — 1522 Amphictyonic Council, - 1493 Letters brought into Greece,

Page

. 39

1491 Institution of the Passover, - - - - - 41

" The Moral Law given, - - - - - 43

1452 Moses dies. — (1453 Olympic Games begin.,) - - - 44

1451 Land of Canaan conquered and divided under Joshua, - - 44

1443 Joshua dies— Reign of the Judges begins, - - - 44

1400 Laws of Minos. — (1406 Deborah and Barak reign 40 years,) - 48

1400 Teucer first king of Troy.— 1359 (Gideon reigns 40 years,) - 49

1263 Argonautic Expedition, led by Jason, who succeeds by the aid of

Medea, - 49

1250 Sesostris reigns in Egypt. He conquers the south-west part of

1173 Siege of Troy begins.— (1148 Death of Eli— Samuel,) - - 49

1083 War of the Heraclidae, - - - - - - 50

1082 Cheops builds the first Pyramid, - - - - 46

(vii)

Vlll

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

Jlncient His. B. C.

^»^v^w 1055 David founds a kingdom, and is the greatest of sacred poets, " Ionian Colonies founded in Asia Minor, -

1045 Codrus dies— Medon first Archon,

1004 Solomon builds the Temple, ....

Page

980 Death of Solomon, - - - - - -52

975 Jews divided into the kingdoms of Judah and Israel, - - 52

914 Jehoshaphat's Alliance with Ahab, - - - - 54

870 Carthage founded by Dido, - - - - - 55

884 Lycurgus gives laws to Sparta, - - - - 55

886 finds the poems of Homer. (Four cities of Greece con-

tend for the honor of his birth,) - - - - 55 (776 Beginning of the Olympiads.) (Cycles of four years,) -

752 Founding of Rome by Romulus. (The Sabine Women seized,) 89

747 Destruction of the first Assyrian Empire, - - - 59

" Tiglath Pileser king of Nineveh, - - - - 59

743 First Messenian war, - - - - - - 63

721 Shalmaneser carries captive the Ten Tribes, - - - 60

717 Sennacherib's host destroyed, - - - - - 60

716 Numa Pompilius, - - - - - - 89

710 Dejoces founds the Median Empire, - - - - 62

685 Second Messenian War, - - - - - - 63

677 Esarhaddon takes Jerusalem, - - - - - 60

672 Combat of the Horatii and Curiatii, - - - - 90

658 Phraortes conquers Persia, - - - - - 62

612 Nineveh destroyed, - - - - - - 62

609 MEGIDDO, Egyptians defeat the Jews, - - - 61

587 Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem and destroys the first Temple, 61

560 Pisistratus makes himself Tyrant of Athens, collects the first

Public Library of Greece, - - - - - 64

560 The rich Crossus is king of Lydia, - - - - 65

" Pythagoras' School at Crotona, - - - - - 76

559 Cyrus unites Media and Persia, - - - - - 65

548 THYMBEA — Cyrus is victorious and gains the wealth and kingdom of Croesus, - - - - -66

538 Cyrus takes Babylon — takes Jerusalem, - - -66

529 is killed in Scythia, - - - - -66

525-515 The second Temple built by Ezra and Nehemiah, - - 96

521 Hippias and Hipparchus, - - - - - - 65

510 The Council of Five Hundred take the place of the Senate established by Solon, - - - - - - 65

509 Expulsion of Tarquin from Rome, - - - - 91

496 Darius invades Scythia, and Megabysus, his general, conquers

Thrace and Macedon, - - - - - 67

498 First Tribunes of the People at Rome, - - - - 93

494 Greeks take Sardis from the Persians and burn it, - - 68

491 Coriolanus joins the Volsci, - - - - - 93

490 MARATHON, Athenians under Miltiades, conquer the Persians

under Mardonius, - - - - - - 70

IX

Ancient His.

484 Aristides banished, but recalled, - - - - -71

480 Xerxes' Great Expedition, - - - - - 70

" THERMOPYLJE, Leonidas sacrifices himself with 300 Spartans, 71

" SAL AMIS, The Grecian fleets defeat the Persian, - - 73

" Flight of Xerxes, - - - - - - 73

479 Mardonius burns Athens, - - - - - 74

" PLATJEA— MYCALE, Greeks defeat the Persians, and drive

them from Europe, - - - - - - 74

470 River EURYMEDON, Cimon defeats the Persians, - - 75

451 Decemvirs created to compile laws for Rome, - - - 94

450 Cincinnatus Dictator, - - - - - - 95

449 Death of Virginia by the hand of her father, - - - 94

448 First Sacred War in Greece, - - - - - 77

445 Nehemiah rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem, - - - 96 444 Brilliant age of Greece. Pericles supreme at Athens — Phidias —

Apelles — Herodotus, - - - - - - 76

440 Socrates teaches at Athens, - - . - - - 75

401 Xenophon's Retreat, - - - - - - 81

436 The Corinthian War, - - - - - . 77

431 The Peloponnesian War, - - - ( - - 77

414 Alcibiades. — Athenian disasters at Syracuse, - - - 79

408 Sanballat builds a temple on Mount Gerizim at Samaria, - 96 405 MGOS-POTAMOS, Spartans gain the ascendency over the

404 Thirty Tyrants at Athens, - - - - - 80

395 Veii taken.— Camillus, - - - - - 95

390 First descent of the Gauls under Brennus, take Rome, - - 95

" Plato teaches at Athens, - - - - - 75

380 Pelopidas delivers Thebes from the Spartans, - - - 82

371 LEUCTRA, Epaminondas, the Theban, defeats the Spartans, 83 367 Dionysius the Elder, - - - - - .105

362 MANTINEA, Epaminondas is killed, and Thebes loses supremacy, - - - - - - - 83

330 Aristotle teaches at Athens, - - ' - - - 75 338 CHJEROISEA, Philip of Macedon makes himself master of

334 GRANICUS, Alexander the Great defeats the Persians, - 86 333 ISSUS, Alexander again defeats the Persians — takes Damascus

and Tyre — conquers Egypt, - - - -86

332 Alexander visits Jerusalem, - - - - - 97

332 ARBELA, Alexander defeats Darius, and becomes master of the

whole Persian empire, - - - - -86

323 Death of Alexander the Great, - - - - 99

322 Death of Demosthenes, - - - - - -102

301 IP SITS, Antigonus and his son defeated by four of Alexander's

generals, who now divide his empire among themselves, - 100 " Ptolemy assumes the government of Egypt, - - - 1-00 " Seleucus begins to reign in Syria, - - . - - 100 291 FORKS OF THE CAUDINE, the Samnites oblige the Romans to pass under the yoke, ----- 104

290 Samnites subdued bv the Romans, - - - - 104

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

Ancient His. B. C. PAGE

280 P AND SI A, Pyrrhus defeats the Romans, - - -104

279 Second invasion of the Gauls, who finally settle in Galatia, - 102

275 BENEVENTUM, the Romans defeat Pyrrhus, and subjugate

all Italy, - - 105

264 First Punic War, 106

260 Zadok founds the sect of Sadducees, - - - -119

251 The Achaean League — Arams, ..... 103

246 Arsaces I. founds a dynasty in Parthia, - - - 117

222 CLUSIUM, the Romans defeat the Gauls, and add to their dominions Cisalpine Gaul, ..... 108

206 Philopaemen, the last general of the Achaean League, - - 103

219 Hannibal takes Saguntum, ..... 108

" Second Punic War commences, ..... 108

218 Hannibal's passage of the Alps, - 109

" TICINUS, Hannibal defeats the Roman army under the consul

" TR EB I A, Hannibal's second victory, - - - -110

217 Lake THRASYMENUS, Hannibal's third victory, - - 110

216 Fabius Maximus, - - - - - - 110

" CA.NNJE, 70,000 Romans slain, - - - - 111

202 ZAMA, Hannibal defeated by Scipio Africanus, - - 112

198 The Jewish Sanhedrim instituted, - - - - 118

192 THERM OP YLJE, Antiochus the Great defeated by the Romans, 112 168 PYDNA, Paulus Emilius defeats Perseus, and the Romans become masters of Macedonia, - - - - - 113

147 The Maccabees oppose Antiochus Epiphanes, - - -118

146 Third Punic War closed by the destruction of Carthage, - 115

" Corinth destroyed and Greece subdued by Rome, - -119

133 Attalus III. bequeaths Pergamus to Rome, - - - 116

121 Mithridates the Great becomes king of Pontus, - - - 117

112 Jugurthine War— Metellus— Marius— Sylla, - - - 121

102 AIX, Marius defeats the Teutones. K. 200,000; pris. 90,000, - 122 " VERONA, he defeats the Cimbri. K. 140,000 ; pris. 60,000 - 122 91 The " Social War" costs Rome 300,000 lives, - - - 122

86 CHMRONEA and ORCHOMENUS, Sylla defeats Mithridatus in the First Mithridatic War, - - - - 123

87 Marius tyrannizes at Rome, - - - - . 123 86 Marius dies — Sylla returns to Rome to slaughter and destroy, 124 78 TARRACO, Sertorius in Spain defeats the Roman consuls.

Perpenna assassinates him, ..... 124

" Spartacus in " The Servile War" defeated by Crassus, - - 124

69 TIGRANOCERTA.—68 ARTAXATA, Lucullus, the Roman consul, defeats Mithridates and Tigranes in the f • Second Mithridatic War," - - - - - - - 125

66 EUPHRATES, Pompey totally defeats Mithridates, - - 125

64 Pompey establishes the Roman power in Pontus, Armenia, and

" Cataline's conspiracy defeated by Cicero, - - - 126

60 Julius Cjesar, Pompey, and Crassus, form the First Triumvirate, ....... 126

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

Middle Hist. B. C.

N «^~V*"^' 55 Caesar commands in Gaul — invades Britain, 54 Crassus invades Parthia — falls into a snare

finally his life, .... 49 Caesar passes the Rubicon, 48 July 20, PHARSALIA, Caesar defeats the party of the Senate,

commanded by Pompey, -

47 ZELA, Caesar subdues Pharnaces of Pontus, (" veni, vidi,

vici.") -----...

" Is made Perpetual Dictator, -

" Causes Carthage and Corinth to be rebuilt, -

44 March 15, Caesar Assassinated, -

43 Second Triumvirate — Octavius, Mark Antony, and Lepidus, " Arsaces XIV. of Parthia, aids Brutus and Cassius, 42 PHILIP PI, Octavius and Antony defeat them, - 41 Cleopatra in her galley sails up the Cydnus to Tarsus, - 31 ACTIUM, Octavius defeats the fleet of Antony and Cleopatra,

and subjugates Egypt, - - -

" Octavius, with the title of Augustus, master of the civilized

*' Universal Peace, - - - - - • .

4 BIRTH OF JESUS CHRIST, -

Page.

- 127 loses his army, and

136 137 137

PART IL

A.D.

Birth of Christ, (supposed 4 years before the vulgar era,) - 144

9 Herman, a barbarian, defeats Varus the Roman general, - 140

14 Tiberius succeeds Augustus, ..... 141

31 Crucifixion of our Saviour — His Resurrection, - - - 145

" Descent of the Holy Ghost on the day of Pentecost, - - 145

34 Martyrdom. of Stephen, - - - - - - 145

35 Conversion of Paul, - - - - - - 145

37 Caligula succeeds Tiberius. — 41 Claudius, - - - 142

54 Nero — 64 First Persecution of the Christians, - - - 142

59 Sertorius Paulinus destroys the Druids in Britain. — Defeats queen

64 Jews under Gessius Glorus rebel, .... 146

65 Martyrdom of St Peter and St. Paul at Rome, - - - 146

69 The Praetorian Guards kill Galba and make Otho emperor —

Vitellius succeeds, .... . 143

" Vespasian, governor of Judea, made emperor, - - - 143

70 Titus takes Jerusalem.— 1,100,000 perish, - - -147 78 Julius Agricola defeats Galgacus in Scotland, - - - 149 80 Herculanaeum and Pompeii destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius.

(Elder Pliny is suffocated by the noxious vapour.) - - 148

98 Domitian. — (95 Second Persecution of the Christians,)

" to 117 Trajan carries the Roman empire to its greatest Jimit, 150

107 Third Persecution of the Christians, - - - - 150

" Martyrdom of Ignatius, (bishop of Antioch,) - - -150

Xll

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

Middle Hist. A. D. Page

v^-n^-^ 117 Hadrian relinquishes the conquests of Trajan beyond the Danube

except Dacia, -------

118 Fourth Persecution of the Christians, -

135 Final Destruction of the Jews, who revolt under Barochab— " the

son of a star," ......

138 Titus Antoninus Pius — a good and peaceful man,

161 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. His reign disturbed, and his life

lost by means of barbarian inroads, . . . -

180 Commodus gives money to the barbarians to buy peace, - 193 Didius Julianus buys the empire of the Praetorians, " Septimius Severus restores military discipline ; builds a wall from

Solway to Tyne, in Scotland, -

211-222 Four emperors — Caracalla and Geta, Macrinus, and the

infamous Heliogabulus, -

212 Fifth Persecution of the Christians, under Caracalla, 222 Alexander Severus, (Julia Mammsea his mother.) His virtues

vainly strive against a downward age, 226 Parthian empire, with the Arsacides, extinct. The Persian

revives under the Sassanides, of whom Artaxerxes is the

235 Maximtnus, the Gothic giant, (causes the Sixth Persecution of the

Christians,) ------

236-49 Roman emperors — the two Gordians, father and son, Maxi-

mus and Balbinus — Philip the Arabian,

249 Decius. The Goths for the first time swarm upon the frontiers of the empire, -------

250 Seventh Persecution of the Christians. — Decius, 253 Emilianus — 254 Valerian, ----- 257 Eighth Persecution of the Christians, - - - - 268 Valerian invades Persia and is made prisoner by Sapor, - 270 Nineteen usurpers — war, pestilence and famine swept away one

half the inhabitants of the Roman empire. Claudius, a virtuous sovereign, succeeds, -

" Aurelian contracts the empire on the north ; conquers the barbarians, -----..

" CHALONS, defeats Tetricus, and establishes his authority over the west, -......_

272 PALMYRA, defeats Zenobia and establishes his authority in the east, .......

274 The Ninth Persecution of the Christians, ...

275 Tacitus, an aged and worthy senator, made emperor, 277 Florianus — Probus checks the barbarians, 282 Carus, Carinus, Numerian, - 284 Diocletian makes Nicomedia his seat — takes Maximianus as a

colleague, who holds his court at Milan, 296 Diocletian humbles the Persians — makes Tiridates king of Armenia, - - - - - -

303 The, Tenth and most severe Persecution of the Christians, when Diocletian burns 600 in a church in Nicomedia,

304 Diocletian and his colleague abdicate, - " Constantius and Galerius succeed — several other emperors —

great destruction of life by civil war, - - - 162-3

150 162

147 150

151 151 151

152 162

155 162 155 162 156

158 162 159 159 160

162 162

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

Xlll

323 Constantine sole emperor, makes Christianity the religion of the Roman empire. Makes Byzantium (Constantinople) the seat of the empire, ...... 163

325 First Ecclesiastical Council at Nice, condemn the opinions of

(321 The heathen temples destroyed,)

337 Constantine, Constantius, Constans — sons of Constantine,

but very inferior, .... . 164

360 Julian the Apostate. An able man. (Some reckon his continued ill usage of the Christians as the eleventh and twelfth persecutions.) He restores paganism and vainly endeavors to rebuild the temple, ..... 165-6

363 Jovian. — 364 Valentinian and Valens. Christianity restored, 167

376 Valens allows the Visigoths, (1,000,000 in number— 200,000 war-

riors,) who are driven by the Huns under Attila, to cross the Danube and settle in the empire, .... 168

378 ADRIANOPLE, the Visigoths under Fritrgern, aided by the Ostrogoths, defeat Valens with the loss of two-thirds of his army, - - - - - - - - 169

388 Theodosius, the last sole master of the Roman world. Domination of the church, - - - - - - 170

395 Theodosius divides the Roman Empire into the Eastern and

402-3 POLLENTIA and VERONA. Stilicho the general of Honorius, (Western emperor,) defeats Alaric, leader of the Visigoths, - - - - . . -174

" Honorius removes his capital from Milan to Ravenna, - - 174

406 Invasion of the German nations under Radagaisus. Repulsed from Italy, but make themselves masters of Gaul, which is lost to the Roman empire, .... 174-5

410 Alaric takes and sacks Rome. Dies and is buried in the bed of a stream, .......

412 Adolphus marries Placidia, and begins the kingdom of the Visigoths on each side of the Pyrenees, ....

427 Genseric, leader of the Vandals, establishes a kingdom in

Africa, - - -

428 Britain is abandoned by the Romans, .... 449 Hengist and Horsa, with the Saxons, arrive in Britain, -

452 CHALONS. Mi'ms defeats Atilla and the Huns, by the aid of

Theodoric, king of the Visigoths, ....

" Venice founded, .......

453 The death of Attila, which ends the great empire of the Huns, - 455 Genseric takes and pillages Rome. Treasures and vessels of the

temple of Jerusalem brought to Rome by Titus, shipped for

Carthage and lost at sea, .....

461-76 Count Recimer, the real sovereign, puts up several Roman

emperors, of whom Augustulus Romulus is the last, 476 Odoacer, the chief of the Heruli, becomes king >f Rome, 496 Clovis converted to Christianity — founds the kingdom of the

Franks. (Introduces the Feudal System,) - - - 187

176 185 185

177 219 177

179 179

XIV

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

Middle Hist. A. D. Page

v^^/-^/ 493 Theodoric the Great overcomes Odoacer, and founds "the kingdom of the Ostrogoths" in Italy, - 188 527 Justinian, emperor of the east, ..... 180 529 The first Monastery of the west at Monte Cassino, near Naples, 533 Justinian's Code of Laws, ..... 181 " Belisarius, his general, conquers Gelimer, and puts an end to the

kingdom of the Vandals in Africa, .... 180 553 Narses, another of his generals, defeats Totila, and puts an end

to the kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Italy, - - 181-89

" Kingdom of the Lombards founded by Alboin, - - - 189

609 Ina, king of the West Saxons, assembles the Wittegemot, the germ of the British parliament, .... 186

" Mahomet begins his alleged mission, - - - - 192

610 Heraclius, emperor of the east, invades Chosroes of Persia, who besieges Constantinople, ..... 183

622 The Flight of Mahomet from Mecca to Medina, 633 The Caliphate embraces nearly all which the Romans had possessed in the east, ......

636 The caliph Omar conquers Egypt and destroys the Alexandrian library, .......

651 Yezdegerd, the last of the Sassanides, defeated by the caliph

Othman, and Persia becomes a part of the caliphate, - 661 Caliph Moawiyah invests Constantinople, -

667 The invention of the Greek fire saves the city from the Mahome-

197 196

709 The Saracens conquer the Moors of Africa,

713 XERES. Tarik, at the head of the Saracens from Africa, de-

feats Roderick, the last of the Gothic kings, and makes Spain a part of the caliphate, .....

714 TOURS. Charles Martel gains a great battle, and stops the

progress of the Saracens, .....

741 The Greek church from opposition to image worship, separates

from the Roman or Latin church. (Final separation, 800,) - 198 754 Pepin takes the exarchate of Ravenna and gives it to the pope,

which is the beginning of the popedom, 757 Abdalrahman holds his splendid court at Cordova, 774 Charlemagne defeats Desiderius and puts an end to the " kingdom of the Lombards," ..... 781 The infamous Irene restores image-worship in the Greek church, 785 Charlemagne subdues the Saxons. He conquers the Saracens in Spain as far as to the Ebro, - - -

202 197

. 202

800 The Coronation of Charlemagne, " Haroun al Raschid, sixth of the Abassides, caliph — his capital Bagdad. The Arabians in the east and in Spain, the most learned people in the world, - - -