Cattle feeding with sugar beets

Front matter

CATTLE FEEDING

WITH

SUGAR BEETS, SUGAR, MOLASSES

Preface

The author for many years past has felt convinced that the future success of the American beet sugar industry would depend upon the introduction of certain principles of economy that are not entirely in accordance with our customs. The utilization of waste is an issue that always appeals to countries where labor is cheap and the struggle of life is hard. In the United States it is only within the past two years that any serious attention has been given to feeding the residuum cossettes to cattle or finding some use for the molasses remaining after the campaign has ended. There is no doubt but that a large number of the European beet sugar factories would have long since ceased to exist had the residuums, pulp and molasses not been sold and thus become the sole money returns for the investors. In years when general prosperity prevails this income is that much more to be added to the general profits which frequentl}' during a single campaign reach a total of 80 per cent, on the invested capital.

In 1874 when the beet sugar agitation in the United States was begun, not a single acre was planted in beets and no beet sugar factory was working in this country ; the seeds imported were distributed in many states and the resulting beets were analyzed. There remained on the farmers' hands several tons of beets which had at first to be paid for out of the personal pocket of the writer: it was urged that a reasonable trial be given to these roots for feeding purposes ; this was done, and excellent results followed. Subsequently, the seeds of many varieties, which were gratuitously distributed, had no difficulty in finding some willing tillers to give them a fair trial. This led to solutions of difficult issues among farmers who had furnished beets to several of the early Canadian beet sugar fac-

VI PREFACE.

tories, when the inferior quality of the beets caused their refusal at the factory ; discouragement followed and many of the farmers cancelled their contracts and turned their attention in other directions. It was not long before it was realized that while $4.00 to $5.00 per ton could not be obtained at the factory for roots testing less than 10 per cent, sugar, on the other hand for feeding purposes they would be worth at least $3.50 as shown by the increase in milk, butter, etc. Some farmers have gone so far in this direction as to devote a certain area to beets every year since that time, while the Canadian factories that were Avorking in 1883 have now ceased to exist. During the interval of twenty years sugar beets have continued to be fed with excellent results in certain districts of Canada. In the United States root feeding to cattle is not as general as it should be and the farmers have thus wasted an opportunity. General information in regard to pulp feeding has been wanting, so it was considered urgent to visit most of the European farms and examine the question on the spot, and this present volume has been the result of that investigation. Of recent years in Continental Europe molasses feeding to cattle has gained in popularity. All the available documents on the subject in both French and German have been consulted and the practical results where this residuum has been regularly fed have been personall}' observed. Sugar may be had at such a low figure that it is interesting to examine just within what limit it also may be used for cattle. The theor}' of cattle feeding and requisites for success as considered from the standpoint of the leading German authorities such as Wolff and Kiihn, have been studied in detail, also the theories of many of the French savants upon the same subject. As the U. S. Department of Agriculture at Washington and the numerous experiment stations of the country have devoted considerable time to cattle feeding, their publications have been consulted and from them certain conclusions have been drawn that are not always in strict accordance with the theories of some of their experts. The results of the writer's personal practical experience is also given in these pages. As many technical terms are used there is given as Part VI a special chapter of definitions and technical considerations,

PREFACE. Vll

which enables any person without special scientific training to thoroughly understand the entire question discussed. The main object in view is to prevail upon farmers to use either sugar beets, sugar, or sugar beet residuum in its varied forms; by so doing they will have within their reach a source of profit

hitherto ignored.

L. S.. Ware.

Introduction

General Considekations on Cattle Feeding. ^^^^

Former modes; The cow formerly considered of secondary importance in general agricultural economy; Forage for cattle on the average European farm; Eesults realized not commensurate with the outlay 1

Present modes; Work of the agricultural chemist and of the chemists connected with the sugar factories; Hay as the standard of the nutritive value of forage in general; Constituents of fodder; Constituents for the production of muscular tissues 2

Direct action in the formation of fat; Additional factor towards the supply of non-nitrogenous substances; Standards of feeding; Nutritive value of the nitrogenous substances; How the best results are obtained. 3

Importance of fat; Role of cellulose; Importance of salt; Role of water... 4

Variable ration; Most advantageous condition for the utilization of the nutritious elements of a forage; Facts to be remembered in fattening of live stock; Hygienic conditions; Temperature of the stable; Order of meals ^

Importance of regular feeding for cows; Production of milk; Ration for working animals; Rations for stall-fed animals 6

Conclusions; How fodders may be made as profitable to farmers as the cultivation of cereals; Special advantages offered by the beet; Negative results of stall-feeding; Advantages of the pulp combination in the animal ration '

Results obtained in feeding scrub cattle with cossettes misleading 8

Part First

Feeding and Fattening Yol'ng Steees and Cattle. Theoretical considerations relating to the formation of fat; Principal groups of nutrients from which the fat is derived; Determination of the

problem how domesticated ruminating animals store up fat 9

Kiihn's experiments in reference to the percentage of fat furnished in fodder which is deposited in the body; Examinations as to the influence of carbohvdrates on the formation of fat; Origin of the fat formed;

(ix)

X CONTENTS.

PAGE

Effect of too much water in fodder; Influence of the ambient temperature of the stable; Importance of the size of the body 10

Bleeding animals to be fattened; Explanation of the influence of carbohydrates on the production and deposit of fat; What is shown by the general laws for the formation or production of flesh and fat 11

Theoretical considerations respecting flesh formation ; Early experiments having in view the production of flesh; Amount of protein decomposed from the body when the ration has been properly combined; Protein needed to sustain life in a normal condition of health 12

Effect of salt in reasonable amounts; Methods for economizing the quantity of albumin so as to obtain the maximum meat production; Stohmann's experiments; Effect of an addition of sugar in the shape of molasses or beet pulp to fodder 13

Consumption of carbohydi^ates by ruminating animals; General outline of the requisites for the practical and theoretical feeding and fattening of young cattle and steers; Wrong impression as to feeding semi-starved animals upon i-ations consisting of beet-sugar factory residuum products combined with other forages 14

Difiiculties contended with and experiments; Object of the consumption of food before a growing animal is weaned; Soxhlet's experiments; Feeding calves after being weaned 16

Water and its consumption by steers; Daily weighing; Varied feeds recommended; Essentials in fattening 16

Requisites for success; Duration of the fattening period; Advantages of sugar-beet residuum; Requisites for successful fattening; Importance of forcing animals to eat the greatest possible amount; Periods of feeding 17

Standards during the various periods of feeding; Success depends upon practical experience 18

Average cost for one pound increase in live weight; Money advantages of beet residuum; Needs for shipping facilities; Preparations for shipping fattened steers; Precautions in the use of s-alt in steer feeding 19

Essentials for success; Comforts for the steer to be fattened; Prof. Henry upon this subject; Feeding growing steers 20

Idea of the progress of the fattening to be obtained from the droppings; Prof. Henry on this subject; Milch cow feeding; General remarks 21

Combination of concentrates with roughage; Capacity of the milch cow to adapt itself to varied feeding; General interest in the question of feeding milch cows 22

Amount of milk a cow should yield; Dairying based on maternity of the cow, explained by Prof. Henry; Two sorts of milch cows 23

Considerations about milk and milking; Difference in the quantity and composition of milk; Influence of ihe time of milking upon the composition and quality of the milk; The true and only basis for the sale of milk 24

CONTENTS. XI

PAGE

Calving cow, and its needs; Calf feeding; Artificial means a mistake 25

Rations and feeds; Use of cob meal and corn in preference to whole ear corn; Advantages of certain cotton-seed meals; Influence of feeds upon butter and milk 26

Influence of certain feeding stuflfs upon the flavor of butter; Importance of the influence of inorganic substances on the quality and quantity of milk; Henneberg and Stohmann's experiments 27

Influence of fodders upon the flavor of milk; Theoretical considerations; Elimination of milk from the blood; Elaboration of milk from the colostrum 28

What milk in reality is; Importance of the composition and size of the milk glands; Abnormal development of the udder not a sure indication of the possibility of an abundant flow of milk 29

Advantages of albumin; Amount of digestible protein needed; Efiiect of an ino'ease in the amount of fat of a ration on the flow of milk; Wolff on this subject 30

Experiments of Kiihn and of Weiske; Essentials for successful dairying; Shelter, and its importance; Amount of air required 31

Comfort and ease for the cow; Stables; Breed and kind of cow; Cows should have a trial; Continued attention; Kindness 32

Feeding; Time of feeding; Successful cossette feeding; Excessive feeding; Difficulties in feeding 33

Stable feeding and exercise; Feeding with a view of butter production; Feeding according to records; Question of labor 34

Bacteria; W^ater in feeding; Influence of water upon food consumption ... 35

Influence of water on protein consumption; Water drunk and its influence. 36

EflTect of water when given in excess; Loss of water per diem; Diarrhoea caused by excessively diluted rations; Essentials of good water; Salt ... 37

Mistake in starting a dairy; Co-operative methods; Calculation of rations for milch cows; Preliminary remarks 38

Manurial value of the droppings; Difference in opinion as to standard rations 39

Composition of one hundred rations for dairy cows in different parts of the United States; Requirements of American cows as compared with European 40

The standard adopted; Advantage of the- use of special tables for computing rations for farm animals; Faulty rations 41

Composition of ration No. 1, fed to California dairy cows; Composition of ration No. 2, fed to California dairy cows 42

Manner of calculating a ration; Composition of suppositious ration for dairy cows 43

Modification of above ration; Further modification of above ration 44

Sheep feeding; General considerations; Impulse to sheep raising in the United States given by beet pulp utilization 45

Importance of having the ewes well looked after; Advantages of com-

Xll CONTENTS.

PAGE

parative breed tests; Mistake of shearing during feeding; Craig's

experiments 46

Surprising results in sheep fattening; Beet cossettes and the wool; Sheep

characteristics 47

Requisite feeding space and other essentials; Prof. Henry's views 48

Importance of sheep selection; Sheep fattening 49

Oats as a ration; Lands for pasturage suited to sheep; Winter feeding 50

Health of a sucking lamb; Weaning lambs 51

Feeding working animals; Theoretical considerations; Volt's experiments; Hanneberg's experiments upon sheep 52

Function of protein; Equivalents for 100 parts of fat 53

Production of muscular energy by albumin in the fodder; Facts to be considered in the production of work; Causes of gouty and rheumatic tendencies 54

Production of work from foods, and Sanson's results in this direction 55

Working oxen and cows; Ration of an animal doing work 56

Rations in general; General remarks; Variation in the daily ration with

the ambient temperature 57

Standards; Basis of all standard rations 58

Variation in standards; Variation in ration 59

Appetizing rations; Distribution of rations 60

Commercial value of fodders; All existing modes of estimation of value

very empirical; Money mode of valuation 61

Difference in the nutritive money value as admitted in the United States

from that adopted by Kiihn; Purchasing feeds 62

Rules proposed by the New Ycrk Agricultural Experiment Station; Cost

of rations 63

PART SECOND. Feeding Beets to Cattle

Preliminary remarks; Advantages of a succulent ration with corn 64

Preparation of beets before feeding; Steaming or cooking 65

Vertical and horizontal section of Leduc's beet-steaming pits; Steaming

process combined with fermentation 66

Arrangement of the pits and detail of chimney 67

Advantages of a reasonable fermentation 68

Maceration and its object; Comparative experiments; Beets and pulp

compared 69

Experiments upon sheep; Sugar-beets and mangels compared 70

Comparison of Tankard and sugar-beets 71

Comparative increase in weight of sheep fed with Tankard and with

sugar-beets; Size of root for cattle-feed 72

CONTENTS. Xin

PAGE

Plant food taken up by mangels and sugar-beets 73

Sugar-beets compaj-ed with rutabagas; Comparative analyses of a rutabaga and a sugar-beet 74

Efforts to create a semi-sugar-beet; Comparative yields of forage and semi-sugar-beets 75

Green corn fodder vs. sugar-beets for cattle feed; Green corn ensilage; Exhausting effects of green corn upon the soil 76

Plant food absorbed by one ton of sugar-beets and green corn; Plant food absorbed to the acre by ten tons of beets and twenty tons of green corn. 77

Large and small beets in cattle feeding 78

Sugar-beets more profitable than clover-hay for cattle-fodder; Experiments in feeding beets to cows and sheep in the United States; Preliminary remarks; Great changes in the existing dairying process by the introduction of the sugar-beet 79

Dr. Goessmann on sugar-beet feeding; Statement emanating from the Pennsylvania State College Experiment Station 80

Comparison of corn silage and roots for milch cows 81

Corn silage and clover silage vs. sugar-beets; Wisconsin experiments in feeding sh eep 82

Relative value of silage and field beets in the production of milk; Experiments at the Ohio experiment station 83

Silage vs. beets, showing feed refused 84

Total milk produced, and gain and loss in weight 85

Average daily yield of milk with and without beets in ration, Ohio station. 1890 86

Cost of harvesting, siloing, etc., per acre of beets and of corn; Consumption of dry matter by cows fed on beets and on silage; The problem of fattening animals 87

Comments on the Ohio experiments; Comparison between potatoes and beets 88

Results obtained by feeding a short-horn cow and a Holstein heifer on beets; Results obtained by feeding a short-horn cow and a Jersey heifer on potatoes 89

Difference between beet butter and potato butter; Other experiments to determine the value of potatoes and roots for fattening lambs 90

Comparative results obtained by feeding lambs with potatoes, beets and mangels; Results of experiments made to determine the relative value of sugar-beets for steers and sheep 91

Comparative feeding value of silage, beets and mangels for cows; Exj^eriments to determine the effect of different rations in fattening lambs 92

Comparison of cost of grain per 100 lbs. with roots, and without roots; Comparative experiments with siloed cossettes and forage beets; Feeding sugar-beet leaves and tops; Preliminary remarks 93

Composition of beet leaves and tops according to Dr. Herzfeld 94

Beet -leaf stripping i , 95

XIV CONTENTS.

PAGE

Early feeding and mistakes made; Harvesting the crop of beet leaves and

tops; Average crop to the acre 96

Value of beet leaves and tops; Beet-leaf keeping 97

Composition of beet leaves siloed in two ways; Methods of compressing

the leaves in the silos 98

Transformation in silos and losses; Analysis of siloed beet leaves, according to Stutzer 99

Efforts to hasten lactic acid fermentation; Faulty siloing; Leaves and

other substances in silo 100

Beet leaf siloing in Germany; Grouven's experiments in siloing leaves;

Changes which take place in the tops 101

Soft leaf fodder; Postelt's method; Beet-leaf washing; Lehmann and

Maercker's method for soured leaves 102

Acidulated beet leaves; The Mehay method 103

Beet-leaf drying, and its advantages 104

The Crummer dryer; Buttner and Meyer dryer 105

Vibrans' objections to this method 106

Wusterhagen dryer; Various modes of beet-leaf keeping 107

Proebent's experiments in beet-leaf drying 109

Advantages and disadvantages of beet-sugar; Beet-leaf feeding 110

Priester's experiments; Objections to beet-leaf feeding Ill

Oxalic acid — its influence 112

Zuntz's experiments; Gaspari's conclusions and recommendation 113

Conclusions respecting beet-leaf feeding; Eesults obtained in Germany.... 114 Relation of beet to leaf composition; Saline elements taken from the soil and contained in beet leaves; Experiments in which cows were fed

upon beet leaves 115

Surprising results in feeding milch cows with beet leaves; Money value of beet leaves and tops; Economical advantages of the utilization of beet

leaves 116

Feeding seed stalks and seed 117

CHAPTER I. Feeding Fresh and Siloed Sugar Beet Residuum

Early appreciation of the value of sugar-beet residuum cossettes; Objection to its use 118

Manner of using residuum; Diffusion cossettes; In what diffiision consists. 119

The main object of the sugar manufacturer; Composition of diffusion cossettes as they leave the diflTusion battery 120

Sugar left in the residuum; Excess of water; Desirability of eliminating the water of diffusion pulps; Dripping and straining 121

CONTENTS. XV

PAGE

Cossette presses; Objection to excessive pressure 122

Losses during pressing; Diversity of data; Experiments of Stammer and

of Classen 123

Kesults obtained by Friihling and Schultz; Analysis of beet residuum before and after preparation; The Klusemann press, illustrated and described 1 24

Selwig and Lange cone pulp press, illustrated and described 127

Advantages claimed for the conical cossette press 130

Daily delivery of 3-cone cossette presses of varying dimensions; The Ber-

green press, illustrated and described 131

Lallouette press, illustrated and described 134

Care needed during pressing; Pressing facilitated by heat; Modes for

facilitating pressing 136

Maercker's mode of working; Siekel's process; Muller's proposition;

Theory of the Manoury method 137

Mixing of lime with the cossettes; Scheermesser's method; Pulp or cossette contracts 138

Value of sugar-beet cossettes 139

Conveyance of cossettes to farms; Importance of keeping the residuum

clean 140

Changes when exposed to the air; Not to be fed alone to live stock; Feeding value of cossettes; Importance of adding lime 141

Phosphoric acid to be added; Beet cossettes in cattle feeding; Fattening

of sheep with beet cossettes in the United States 142

How to feed beet pulps; Dangers of feeding beet pulps 143

Advantage of the saturation of pulps with alcoliolic vapors; Beet pulp

disease; Most objectionable pulps. 144

Maladies due to decomposed or mildewed cossettes; Use of soui-ed cossettes; Conclusions as to dangers of cossette feeding 145

Pulp malady a comparatively new fad among scientists; Osteomalacia and

its causes 146

Feeding with the view to production of milk and butter; Synopsis of experiments made bearing on this question 147

Continued feeding with cossettes; Klein's observations 148

Excessive feeding; Water in beet pulp 149

Mistake to feed frozen cossettes; Rations for working oxen; Mode of stall-feeding oxen for the market on Austrian farms 150

Eation for bulls on an Austrian fai-m; Eations for live stock in general, as used in France; Eations for sheep; Eations for mules and horses;

Eation for pigs 151

Simon Legrand's ninety-four day experiment in feeding diffusion pulp to

cattle; Mixing cossettes with other fodders 152

Eations for milch cows recommended by Eisben 153

Increase in the milk production when soured cossettes are used 154

Digestibility of residuum cossettes; Cossettes as food for man 155

XVI CONTENTS.

PAGE

Cossettes as food for ganae; General remarks; What residuum cossettes feeding means in Germany; Siloing residuum cossettes; Silos for reducing cossettes 156

Size of silos recommended by Pellet and Lelavandier 157

Characteristic odors of butter made from milk of pulp-fed cows; Bottom paving of silos 158

Filling silos with beet cossettes 159

Coverings for the top of silos; Advisability of obtaining the best results in cossette keeping; Transformation during siloing 160

Sacrifice by organic transformation or putrefaction; Percentage of organic acid cossettes may contain; Temperature which the cossettes should reach 161

Transformation of the nitrogenous substances; Nutritive value of the amides; Percentage of anhydrous carbonic acid in the gases 162

Principal centers for change in silos; Early chemical changes during siloing (Maercker) 163

Chemical changes during prolonged siloing (Petermann) 164

Decrease in the number of cattle in Germany during the Franco-Prussian war in 1870; Digestibility of nitrogenous substances for soured and for fresh cosset t es 165

Liebscher's observations on the reduction of losses; Mixing chopped straw with the cossettes 166

Mixing the pulp with molasses; Mixing the residuum with some antiseptic; Surface siloing; Simple surface siloing illustrated and described. 167

Surface siloing using lumber, illustrated and described; Silo formed by excavating hillside, illustrated and described 168

Wood-built silo, illustrated and described 169

Dug-out type of silo, illustrated and described 170

Underground type of silo, illustrated and described 172

CHAPTER II. Dried Eesiuuxjm Cossettes

Early efforts in drying cossettes; Prize offered for a dryer; Objections to

using dried cossettes 173

The principal promoters of dried cossettes; Limit of pressing 174

Liming before drying; Hot diffusion facilitates pressing 1 75

The Pfeiffer compressed-air mode for employing the diffusors; Waste

gases for drying 176

Utilization of lost heat for drying; Eational appliances led to poor results. 177

The Mackensen dryer, illustrated and described 179

The Petry-Hecking dryer, illustrated and described 180

The Buttner and Meyer dryer, illustrated and described 181

Temperature of cossettes being dried 184

Complete drying unnecessary; Regulating the dryer 186

CONTENTS. XV 11

PAGE

Practical working of a drjer; Formula for the calculation of the efficiency of a cossette dryer, proposed by Eydlew.ski; Objectionable feature of

dryers 1 87

Analj'sis of fresh and dried pulp aiccording to Erunehfiut; Cost of plant... 188

Steam drying; Steam dryer, illustrated and described 189

The Thiesen dryer; The Heckmann dryer; Composition and appearance

of the dried residuum; Average composition of dried eossettes 191

Comparative analyses of dried oossettes and hay; Comparison between

siloed and dried eossettes 192

Active elements of fermentation 193

Advantages of dried -cossettej? for feeding; Heat needed to evaporate water

drunk 194

Vogel'.s experiments witii sheeij; Utilization of the force developed by the

heart; Results showing the influence of the excessive water absorbed ... 195 Influence of water in ration on milk and weight of cows; Di'ied eossettes

more hygienic tlian the siloed 196

Dried eossettes more readily handled than the fresli oi' siloed; Minej'al

substances in the dried eossettes 197

Conservation of dried eossettes; Change during keeping 198

Digestibility of eossettes; Eelative digestibility of fresh, dried, and siloed

•eossettes 199

Reduction in th<e tnutritive value of eossettes lay keeping; Moi'gen's experiments upon the digestibility of nitTOgen^ Precautions in feeding

eossettes 200

Complications caused by feeding eossettes 201

Quantity of dried eossettes to be fed; Experiment-s in feeding different kinds of eossettes; Composition of milk from^ows fed on fresh or dried

eossettes 202

Comparative nutritive value of rations varied by addition of different beet products; Comparative analysis of milk given wlien different beet produets were fed 203

Three experimental rations fed to oxen 204

Results of experimental rations; Experimental rations fed to six cows 205

Experimental rations fed to ten sheep 207

What is demonstrated by Maercker and Morgen''s experiments; Beneficial

effect on horses fed with eossettes 208

Actual economy in feedirig dried eossettes; Rations for live stock 209

CHAPTER IIL

Early Prejudice in the United States against Eeedin<g Cattle -witu Sugar-Beets and Residuum Cossettes.

American experience in diffusion pulp utilization; Difficulty the Maine

Beet Sugar Company had to contend with; Utilization of potato pulp. 210 Annoying prejudices against pulps and beets in the Northern States 211

XVIU CONTEiSTS.

pag:

Ignorance of certain officials 21!

Discrimination against sugar-beet refuse by the Minnesota Legislature;

Comments by the Minneapolis Journal 21t

Lead in sugar-beet ptilp; Extract from Bulletin No. 74 of the Utah Experiment Station 214

Successful introduction of pulp feeding in the United States; Early experiments at Chino; Mr. Gird's experiments 2V

Experiments at Oxnard 217

Experiments at Watson ville, Cal 21i

Conclusions of the California Experiment Station; Messrs. Jaffii and

Leroy Anderson on cossette feeding 21f

Satisfactory results of cossette feeding in California 22(

Agitation of the subject of feeding beet pulps in Nebraska 22]

Experience at Grand Island, Nebraska; Experience at Ames, Nebraska. 22! Remarks on silos by Mr. Allen; Experiments of the Standard Cattle Co. 22.'

Mr. Allen on feeding pulp to cattle 22'

Conclusions of the Michigan Experiment Station 22(

Experiments at the Pearl farm 22'

Cossette drying in Michigan and special appliance for that purpose 22J

Experience in New York 221

Experience in Utah, New Mexico, Oregon, Minnesota, Colorado, Iowa... 23(

Part Fourth. Chapter I

Molasses for Feeding.

Early experiments in molasses feeding 2Si

General use of molasses for feeding in Germany; Increasing popularity of

molasses feeding in Austro-Hungary 23r

Possibilities of molasses feeding in France; Molasses utilization one of the

essentials for profitable sugar-making 23i

Importance of molasses utilization in the United States; Rivalry among

manufacturers of molasses forages 231

Composition of molasses; Albumen not contained in molasses; Varied

opinions respecting the value of amides 23i

Substances other than amides and their influence; Beneficial effects of

molasses feeding 23'.

Physiological action of sugar and hydrocarbons 23i

Manner of feeding molasses; Milch cow feeding with molasses 23!

Favorable effect of molasses on the production of milk 24(

Experiments in the fermentation of milk; Molasses for feeding horses;

Experiments by L. Grandeau 24'

CONTENTS. XIX

PAGE

Work performed b_v horses, molasses being fed; Jorss' experiments;

Molasses feeding for broken-down horses 243

Advantages of molasses fodders for working horses; iSheep feeding with

molasses; Steer feeding with molasses 244

Influence of molasses combinations upon the ultimate quality of the meat. 245

Pig feeding with molasses 246

Pernicious effects of molasses feeding 247

Nutritive value and variations of molasses; Evident beneficial effects;

Practical comparative experiments in molasses feeding in France 248

Experiments in Germany 250

Varied molasses combinations; Molasses forages 251

Desirable limits in molasses feeding 252

Varying molasses rations for different animals; Money value of molasses. 253 Classification of molasses feed; Diluted and combined molasses for feeding. 254

Diluted followed by concentrated molasses for digestible forage 255

Eamm's investigations of feeding milch cows with liquid molasses 256

Hoppe on the question of molasses feeding 257

CHAPTER II.

Molasses Cossette Combinations.

Cossettes, fresh and dried, mixed with molasses for cattle feeding; Average composition of this forage 258

Molasses cossette preparation in diffusion battery; Natanson's method; Molasses and dried cossettes in combination 259

Analyses of molasses and dried cossette combinations; Increase of weight from the start by feeding this forage; Dried cossettes and molasses better than pressed cossettes and molasses 260

Early experiments with peat molasses feeding; Composition of a forage... 261

Peat and molasses better than bran and molasses; Possible intestinal complications through peat-molasses feeding 282

Digestibility of peat 263

Difference in opinion as to the value of peat-molasses feeding; Conclusions as to the value of peat-molasses feeding 264

Composition of the Toury peat-molasses combination; Example of a practical ration for horses 265

Varied peat-molasses combination; Feeding peat molasses to horses 266

Feeding peat-molasses to milch cows; Working oxen and cattle fed with peat-molasses 267

Pigs fed with peat-molasses; Oat flour and molasses combination; Wheatmolasses combination 268

Corn germs and molasses compared with corn feeding ; Wheat-bran molasses compared with corn germs 269

Bran and molasses combination; Bran compared with peat; Moss-molasses combination 270

XX CONTENTS.

PAGE

Facilitation of the absorption of the by-fodder and molasses by boiling

water; German patent for preparing molasses fodder 271

Glucose and rice flonr combination; Feeds sprinkled with molasses and

heated under pressure 272

Peanut-shell molasses combination; Composition of peanut shells 273

Composition of peanut shells combined with residuum beet molasses;

Practical tost of the ration 274

ComVjination for horses adopted at Tonry; Play, straw and molasses; Experiments with sheep 275

Eamm's experiments; Molasses and straw combination 276

Potato pulp and molasses; Brewers' grains and molasses 277

Palm oil cake molasses combinations 278

Two analyses of palm oil and molasses combinations 279

Blood-molasses combinations and its composition 280

Possibilities of blood-molasses combinations; Action of molasses as an antiseptic; Discovery of the disinfecting action of molasses 281

Method of preparing blocd-molasses combinations; Composition of blood-molasses combination; Use of varied absorbents 282

Analyses of three blood-molasses ccimbinations; Elimination of fibrin 283

Two analyses of blood-molasses combinations (fibrin eliminated); Feeding

horses with blood-molasses; Feeding cows; Feeding pigs 284

Feeding to animals in general; Feeding to horses; Extension given to

blood-molasses feeding; Money value of a forage-molasses 285

General rations of blood-molasses; Preparation of the blood-molasses fodder on the farm ; The Schrseder apparatus ; Difficulties in keeping

blood-molasses fodder 286

Vaury wheat flour-molasses combination, and its preparation 287

Preparation of solid molasses; Eequisite keeping qualities of molasses 288

Dishonest dealings in molasses '. 289

Keeping qualities of peat molasses; Manner of keeping molasses combinations in general; Molasses forage made at the factory 290

Practical working of the factory 291

Molasses combinations made at the farm 292

Simple appliances for mixing 293

Analyses of various molasses rations; Feeding all the molasses from a

given area of land 294

Various uses of molasses 295

Molasses for alcohol manufacture; Molasses permits the utilization of

slightly mildewed or tainted feeds; Molasses as a fertilizer 296

Analysis of molasses feed 298

Miiller's method of analysis 299

Emmerling's method of estimating the nutritive value of a forage made with molasses 300

CONTENTS. XXI

PAGE

PART FIFTH. Feeding with Rugae

Preliminary remarks; Chauveau's theory 301

Contrast between sugar destruction in the blood during rest and during

work; Practical tests upon men 302