The true history of the American people ...

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Introduction

T is four hundred years since Columbus caught his first glimpse of the western world, but it is only two hundred and seventy- five years since the work of making this continent habitable began. From Jamestown and from Plymouth the streams of exploration and colonization flow steadily westward and southv/ard, eatherins volume and momentum until they unite the great oceans and cover the continent. The story of this vast unfolding of life under new conditions is told in this volume by different pens, but with one controlling idea — to show how and by what means a great nation grew out of the few and scattered seeds of a small emigration from beyond the sea. The great English statesman, Burke, has said somewhere that to be a statesman one must not only master the different conditions and occupations of a people, but must so realize them through his imagination that he sees in them one unbroken life. This volume has been prepared in the hope that it will present the life of the American people so clearly, vividly and comprehensively that the unity and magnitude of that life will be more evident than they have ever been before. A great people in a great country has so many occupations, so many kinds of wealth, such differences of condition, that it loses at times the consciousness of its family ties and affections. There are so many kinds of Americans, they are vi THE STORY OF AMERICA.

so widely scattered, and they are busy with such manifold interests, that the homestead is in great danger of being neglected by the children, and the sense of kinship is likely to be lost in the diversity of interests.

We talk a great deal about our power but we do not realize it ; we cannot realize it until we understand what it is which gives us power. We use a grea' many figures to convey an impression of our acreage and crops ; but ft is the farmer, the mechanic and the merchant who are the real capital of the country. Their character, energy, intelligence, thrift and practical sagacity constitute our real wealth ; the wealth which is not subject to the fluctuations of the market or the untimely conditions of the weather. This volume tells the story of material growth as fully and more comprehensively than most books ; but it tells also the story of America as it is written in the life, character and habits of the American man and woman.

To know the American you must know his ancestry and how he came where he now is ; that record is made here with a broad completeness which brings out the immense variety and volume of race force and character behind the people on this continent. To know the American you must know what religious, social and political influences shaped and moulded the lives of his forefathers ; those influences are all marked and traced here. To know the American of to-day you must know what experiences have befallen him on this side the ocean, how he has fared and what he has accomplished ; accordingly his history is fully spread out in these pages, and his explorations, settlements, wars, growth are told, not in detail but so as to cover the ground strongly and effectively. To know the American you must know what he is doing to-day ; where his work is and how he does it ; how he travels ; what inventions he uses ; what mechanical genius he displays ; what books he reads ; what church he attends ; what schools he maintains ; what his pleasures are ; and how he employs his wealth. This volume answers these questions. It is at once a history, a story, an encyclopaedia of national information, and a text-book of national character. It reports travels, describes settlements, gives account of wars, traces political ideas and growth, follows the lines of trade and of national prosperity, pictures what is going on in the shop, the office, the church, the school, the mine, the garden, the grain field, the home. It supplies the historic background of American life, and against this background it spreads out that life in broad, clear lines of growth and activity. It is the story of America, but it is still more the story of the American. Welldone or ill-done, it aims at nothing less than to show the American as he lives and works on the continent which he has conquered by sheer force of energy and intelligence.

There is no romance so marvelous as this record of fact ; none so full of incident, adventure, heroism, and human vicissitude. From the voyages of the earHest Spanish, French, and English explorers to the inventions and discoveries

INTRODUCTION. vii

of Edison the story never fails of thrilling interest. It is a romance of humanity written by the hand of Providence on the clean, broad page of a new continent. It is a Bible for new illustration of the old laws of right and wrong which underlie all histon,/ ; but it is a modern version of The Arabian Nights for marvels and miracles of human skill and achievements. The building of Aladdin's palace was a small affair compared with the building of some of our States ; and the rubbing of Aladdin's lamp was but a faint burnishing compared with the glow of prosperity which hard work has brought out on the face of this continent. There is no romance so wonderful as the story of life told, not by novelists of varying degrees of skill, but by great multitudes of eager, energetic men and women. It is doubtful if any country has ever developed greater energy of spirit or greater variety of character than this ; and this is the chief reason why our history has such significance and such fruitage of achievement.

To know this history is a duty and a delight. A man whose brave ancestors have carried the name he bears far, and made it a synonym for courage and honor, is rightly proud of his descent and gets from it a new impulse to bear as brave a part in his own day. Americans can honestly cherish such pride ; it is justified by what lies behind them. No man can be truly patriotic who does not know something of the nation to which he belongs, and of the country in which he lives. Such knowledge is a part of intelligent citizenship. In this country, where the government rests on the intelligence and virtue of the entire population, such a knowledge is a duty and a necessity. Men who reach eminence in their professions invariably have large ideas of those professions ; they know the history of the profession and the names of those who have advanced its influence and secured its honors. A man of business who takes the lead in his particular line of trade is uniformly distinguished by his superior knowledge of business problems and conditions. He studies his business in its large relations to the business of the country ; he looks at it with the eyes of a statesman. The intelligent American cannot be ignorant of the great history in which he has had so vital an interest, or of the life of his country to-day. Not to know these things is to miss a noble and inspiring landscape which we might see simply by the lifting up of the eyes.

It is for the family that this volume was primarily prepared. America is pre-eminently the country of homes ; that is the country which, by its free institutions and its large social and industrial conditions, makes comfortable homes possible to its entire population. These homes are not only the sources of happiness and the nurseries of purity and prosperity ; they are also the schools of citizenship. From these schools are graduated year after year, in unbroken and never-ending classes, the men and women who continue and enlarge the work and the influence of the nation. The Bible has been and will viii THE STORY OF AMERICA.

remain the great text-book in these schools ; but other books are needed, and this book aims to take its place as an indispensable book of instruction and entertainment. The history of a race is the best possible material for the education of the children of that race. We know this by instinct, and we act by instinct when we hold up constantly the lives and achievements of our great men as illustrations of honor, honesty and capacity. No teaching is so efiective ^as that which flows from persons and characters rather than from abstract principles and statements. Few boys care for patriotism as a quality of character, but every boy knows on the instant what patriotism means when the names of Washington and Lincoln arc spoken in his hearing. These great men render through character an even higher service than they render through sacrifice and action. They embody great virtues, they stand for great principles, they illustrate noble qualities. Being dead they still speak with voices whose range and power are denied to teachers who impart truth but do not li\e it on a great scale. Alfred the Great has been and still is one of the most persuasive and inspiring teachers England has ever had. His name brings instantly to mind the noblest traits of English manhood, the grandest type of English citizenship. To tell his story to a boy is to teach him the deepest lessons of life while he does not suspect anything more enduring than the entertainment of an hour. History is summed up in great men, and e\-ery virtue, ever)' \'ice, ever)' decisive popular movement is identified with or incarnated in some great man. The name of Washington is a most familiar name for truthfulness and integrity, that of Arnold for baseness and treachery, that of Jefferson for the democratic idea, the rule of the people. These names are always in the air because they have their general and enduring meanings ; and no man can estimate their educational value to the country. They are heard on every political platform, but they are heard still more frequenth' in the school room, and they are of more use there than most text-books.

It was the custom among some nations of antiquity to repeat to each fresh generation the noble deeds of their ancestors, thus making history a great oral tradition, and turning it from a dead record into a living romance. Real education is not knowledge of books but knowledge of life, and books are useful only so far as they lead us to this kind of knowledge. \\'hat men have been and have done is the best material for the education which trains one in courage, honesty, and energy as well as in mental quickness and skill. The Athenian boys learned Homer by heart; the 'Tliad " and "Odyssey" took the place of the pile of books which the school-boy of to-day carries under his arm when he sets his "morning face" schoolward. In this way boys learned beaut)' and eloquence of speech, and imbibed the spirit of art while they were yet at their games. But they learned even greater things than these ; they grew up with the heroes of their race and took part in their great deeds. The bravest and

IlSl TRODUCTION. ix

most poetic things which their race had done were familiar and became dear to them while their natures were most receptive and responsive. The past was not dim and obscure to them as it is to too many Americans ; it was a living past, full of splendid figures and heroic deeds. To boys so bred in the very arms and at the very heart of their race it was a glorious privilege to be an Athenian ; to share in a noble history, to be a citizen of a beautiful city, to have the proud consciousness of such place and fame among men. It is not surpris> ing that as the result of such an education the small city of Athens produced more great men in all departments in the brief limits of a century than most other cides have bred in the long course of history. There was a vital, inspiring education behind that splendid flowering of art, literature, philosophy and statesmanship.

The American boy and girl ought to have the same education. Too man} grow up with the most indefinite ideas of their own country. They do nol know what has been done here ; they do not even know how people live ir other parts of the broad land. They know something of their own commu nities, but they are ignorant of the greater community to which they belong The story of the countiy's birth and growth, of its struggles and achievements of its wonderfully diversified life, of its heroic men and noble women, ought tc be familiar to every boy and girl from earliest childhood. This knowledge ij the A B C of real education. It is to furnish this knowledge that this volume has been largely prepared. The home is never isolated and solitary ; it is ont of a great community of homes stretching across the continent. To get the best and the most out of its beautiful relations and its manifold opportunities each home must develop* the sense of kinship with other homes, and the con sciousness of common responsibility. Every child must fill a place in the nation and the world as well as in the home. He must know, therefore, whai the nation is and what it demands of him. He must feel the deep and wonder ful life, active and powerful over a whole continent, in which he shares and tc which he contributes.

This is the age c ' community feeling ; the sense of brotherhood among men of all races has never before been so pervasive and so real. A famine on the banks of the Volga brings quick response from the prosperous fields about the Mississippi. Nothing that happens in the remotest corner of the world is with out interest. To know how the other half lives is not only a universal desire, but a universal duty. This volume not only makes the present acquainted witb the past and so gives its historic background, but it brings to each occupatior and profession the work and condition of every other occupation and profession, and it lays before each section of the country the aspects and habits of every other secdon. It is a nadonal book ; it describes the West to the East and the North to the South. It tells the merchant how the farmer lives ; it gives the

X THE STORY OF AMERICA.

mechanic a picture of the miner's life ; it furnishes the planter a glimpse of the herdsman. It unfolds a map of the whole country, not in the hard and fast lines of geography, but in the streaming, rushing life of an inmense and energetic people. It supplies a clear and comprehensive view of the (rovernment in all its functions of administration ; it describes the ereat cities : it follows and pictures the countless channels and instrumentalities of travel and commerce ; it delineates the work of the farmer, the mechanic, the miner, the merchant ; it has something to say about churches, colleges, schools, literature, charities. It is, in a word, a national chart, text-book, history and romance for the home.

In the preparation of this volume we have Ind the assistance of a number of experienced writers specially qualified to present the subjects assigned to them. This co-operation of knowledge and work was not only necessitated by the magnitude and comprehensiveness of a book covering a period of four hundred years and embracing all the aspects, — historical, religious, industrial, social, and intellectual, — of the nation's life, but was deliberately chosen because it ensured greater variety, interest, arKd thoroughness than any single author could give such a work. Its advanta^res were recocjnized as counterbalancinor the additional expense involved. We have, however, planned the entire work, and, with the exception of the chapters which are signed by their writers, have outlined anr> thoroughly revised every part we have not ourselves written, thus securir. unity of aim and purpose throughout.

h.a.milton \v. m.\bie.

Marshal H. Bright.

■/^ootL or

US. /*1an OP War "=

•Built- fo«- t/HiBiT «T- ^voHLO^■F»lR

LIST OF CHAPTERS AND SUBJECTS.

INTRODUCTION,

Chapter I. Kindino The New Country 21

DISCOVERY AND DISCOVERERS THE NORSEMEN — DID THEY DISCOVER AMERICA? THE EVIDENCE —

CONCLUSIONS — COLUMBUS EARLY YEARS — CHARACTERS OF HIS TIME LEAVES ITALY FOR POR- TUGAL — HIS PLAN — SEES THE KING THE KING's INDIFFERENCE — VISITS SPAIN — A TRUE

FRIEND — DISAPPOINTMENT AND DELAY FERDINAND HIS COOLNESS TO COLUMBUS'S PROJECT

ISABELLA EXORBITANT TERMS — AT LAST SUCCESS — THE EXPEDITION FROM PALOS — MUTINY

COLUMBUS's FIRMNESS — MISTAKEN SIGNS — LAND AT LAST A NEW WORLD FOUND — RETURNS

TO SPAIN — VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES — HUMILIATION — HIS DEATH AT VALLADOLID.

Chapter II. Fost-columbian Explorers And Discoverers, 49

COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES — THEIR EFFECT — OTHER NATIONS AROUSED — THE CABOTS AND-

LABRADOR — AMERICUS VESPUCIUS^THE NAME AMERICA — CANNIBALS AND THEIR SACRIFICES

PINZON TURNS VOYAGER — HIS DISCOVERIES — DA GAMA DE CABRAL — BASTIDAS — DE LA COSA—

PONCE DE LEON — HIS CAMPAIGN IN FLORIDA VERAZZANO — BALBOA HE DISCOVERS THE,

PACIFIC — DAVILA — FERDINAND DE SOTO — ATTEMPTS TO CONQUER FLORIDA — A LONG MARCH- ONWARD TO THE FAR WEST — DE SOTO DISCOVERS THE MISSISSIPPI — DEATH AND BURIAL.

Chapter III. Settling The New Country .\. . . 69

8EGINNINGS OF IMMIGRATION — CONDITION OF EUROPE — FIRST ATTEMPT AT COLONIZATION- — THE

THIRTY YEARS' WAR — FIRST ROANOKE COLONY WOMEN AND THE COLONISTS RALEIGH

ASSIGNS HIS PATENT — ACADIE — THE VIRGINIA CHARTER — LAZINESS AND ILL FEELING — OBTAIN- ING A NEW CHARTER — THE POCAHONTAS MYTH — JOHN SMITH — HIS CHARACTER — THE PLY- MOUTH COLONY — A CRUEL WINTER — .MILES STANDISH — PICTURESQUE CHARTERS — MASSACHU- SETTS BAY COLONY INDIAN WARS BOUNDARY DISPUTES — TOWN MEETINGS — HENDRICK HUI>-

SON NEW AMSTERDAM — PENN — THE FRIENDS RAPID SUCCESS OF THE QUAKERS.

2 XI

:,i LIST OF CHAPTERS AXD SUBJECTS.

CHAPTER IV. PACk

IVIAKINQ THE NEW PEOPLE 89

■HE colonists' new CONDHION — LAND AND LABOR — THE RICE SWAMPS OK CAROLINA — THE PLAN- TATION — THE FARM — FORCING A STAPLE — A MULBERRY-TREE LAW — MANOF.IAL RIGHTS IN VIR- GINIA — THE FEUDAL SYSTEM — THE ORIGIN OF THE VIRGINIA PARISH — THE COUNTY AND THE COURT — CASTE — THE AMERICAN BARON — WHITE TRASH — EQUALITY IN NEW ENGLAND — WHITE SLAVES — RELIGIOUS FREEDOM— CHARACTER OF THE PURITANS — EARLY HISTORIES OF MASSA- CHUSETTS — COTTON MATHER AND TIIK WITCHES — NEW VORK's AUTO DA Vt — SYMBOLISM —

THE QUAKER AND THE PURITAN — A PROTEST AGAINST PERSECUTION — THE BLUE LAWS Til-

HUDSON RIVER ESTATES — SCHOOLS NORTH AND SOUTH — THE SPREAD OF INTELLIGENCE.

CHAPTER V. Ol.D COLONY IDA^VS A.ND "W^VS, 103

HOME AND .«OCIAI ^IFE — ISOL.\TION OF CO.MMUNITIES — THE TYPICAL PURITAN HOME — FRIENDLINESS AND REPRESSION — HOME INDUSTRIES — THE LOOM AND THE SPINNING WHEEL — HABITS OF THE PEOPLE — BOOKS AND READING — SCHOOL AND MEETING-HOUSE — MINISTER AND SQUIRE.

Chapter VI. Storv Oe The Buccaneers -a.nd Pira.tes, . . . 117

n3RTUGA — THE FIRST HO.ME OF THE BUCCANEERS — SPAIN JE.\LOUS OF THE FRENCH — THE CAPTURE OF

A WAR-SHIP — CHARACTER OF THE BUCCANEERS — PIERRE FRANCOIS AND THE PE.\RL FISHERS

A CHANGE OF B.\SE — PORTUGUES — SUPPOSED DEATH OF THE PIRATE — REJOICING OF THE SPAN- IARDS — BRAZILIANO — THE PROFLIGACY OF PORT ROYAL — D.WIs's STRATEGY DEFE.\T AND VEN- GEANCE OF LOLONOIS — WEALTH OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN CITIES — THE DEFENSE OF MERID.\

AN OLD SOLDIER OF FLANDERS — THE LAST OF THE BUCCANEERS — HENRY .MORGAN — HIS CAREER —

THE TAKING OF PUERTO BELLO — ST. CATHERINE'S FALLS MARACAIBO AGAIN — ^THE SPANISH

admiral's ULTIMATUM — HOW MORGAN ANSWERED IT — THEATRICAL CIVILITY — MORGAN

APPROACHES PANAMA — IN SIGHT OF PANAMA — AN ARDUOUS BATTLE — RICH BOOTY TREACHERY OF

MORilAN — OTHER PIRATES — KIDD — BLACKBEARD HOW KIDD GOT HIS COM.MISSION, ET"^.

CHAPTER \TI.

CUTTING LOOSE EROM EUROPE 133

OrjIOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS IN THE COLONIES — CHARTERS AND ASSEMBLIES TOWN MEETINGS IN

NEW ENGLAND — COUNTIES AS UNITS IN THE SOUTH — MASSACHUSETTS ANI? VIRGINIA REPRE- SENTATIVE TYPES — bacon's REBELLION — ANDROS'S TYRANNY — UNITY IN ACTION FOR SELF- DEFENSE — KING Philip's war. the dutch and the Spaniards, louisburgh, port royal—

WASHINGTON AND BR.\DDOCK — OVERTHROW OF THE FRENCH POWER IN AMERICA — THE ALBANY PLAN — NAVIGATION LAWS — THE STAMP ACT — NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION — TUK eOSl\iN .MASSACRE — BOSTON TEA PARTY — PORT BILL — FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS.

LIST OF CHAPTERS AND SUBJECTS. xiii

Chapter VIII. , Pack

THE WAR FOR IMDEPENDEXCE, 145

CHARACTER OF THE WAR — THE BRITISH PLAN OF CAMPAIGX BUNKER HILL TICONDEROGA — THE

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND HARLEM HEIGHTS — WASHING- TON'S CROSSING THE DELAWARE TRENTON AND PRINCETON —BURGOYNE'S EXPEDITION —

SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE — HOWE AT PHILADELPHIA BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN — WASHINGTON

AT VALLEY FORGE — THE FRENCH ALLIANCE — MONiMOUTH COURT HOUSE — INVASION OF GEORGIA AND SOUTH CAROLINA — GATES's FAILURE — GREENE's STRATEGY — BENEDICT ARNOLD'S TREACH- ERY — PAUL JONES AND THE " SERAMIS " AT YORK.TOWN — WASHINGTON'S DECISIVE MOVE- SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS — INDEPENDENCE ACKNOWLEDGED.

Chapter IX

STRUGQIvE EOR LIBERTY AWD GOVERXMENT, . . 173 BY FRANCIS NEWTON THORPE, PH.D.,

PROFESSOR OF SCHOOL OF AMERICAN HISTORY AND INSTI rUTlONS, UNIVEKSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

COLONIZ.^TION — SOME RESULTS — POPULAR RIGHTS NEW ENGLAND^THE STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY

LIMITATIONS — THE ENGLISH IDEA — COLONL\L LEGISLATURES — THE MONEY QUESTION — GOVERN

ING OUTSIDE OF CHARTER LIM1T.4TI0NS— TAX.\TION THOSE TEA CHESTS THE STRUGGLE FOR

INDEPENDENCE CONFEDERATION — THE FRANCHISE — PROPERTY QUALIFICATION — THAT STAR OF

EMPIRE — ITS WESTWARD COURSE — THEN AND NOW, ETC.

Chapter X. Ratheinders Axd Piomeers, 199

DANIEL BOONE — A PICTURESQUE CHARACTER — W.^LKER — STEWART HOLDEN — MONCEY — FINLEY

COOL — A FIRST VIEW OF KENTUCKY — THE BIVOUAC — A KENTUCKY FORT INDIAN CAPTURES — •

D.-^VID CROCKETT — A FASC!N..\TING CAREER LEWIS AND CLARK — THEIR WESTWARD TRAVELS

FREMONT KIT CARSON — ARCTIC EXPLORER.S — BEHRING — VAN WRANGEL ROSS PARRY SIR

JOHN FRANKLIN — THE GRINNELL EXPEDITION — KANE — DR. HAYES — SCHWALKER THE BENNETT

EXPEDITION CAPIAIN LONG — DEATH AND RESCUE.

Chapter XI. Rushing Back The Bouxdaries 215

ORIGINAL LINES ORDER OF ADMISSION OF THE STATES — THE FRENCH CESSION THE SPANISH CESSIQN

TEXAN ANNEXATION — MEXICAN CESSION RUSSIAN PURCHASE — THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS

Chapter XII. The Secomd War For Inderexdence, Or The

MEANING OF THE W.\R — -ITS CAUSES — NEUTRAL RIGHTS — IMPRESSING AMERICAN SAILORS INSULTS

AND OUTRAGES — THE "CHESAPEAKE" AND THE " LEOPARD " INJURY TO A.MERICAN C0S4

LIST OF CHAPTERS AXD SL'BJECTS.

MERC*. — i*APER BLOCKADES — THE ORDERS IN COINCIL — EMBARGO AS RETALIATION OLT? NAVAl

GLORY IN THIS WAR — FAILURE OF THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST CANADA — HILL's SURRENDER AT DETROIT — SPLENDID VICTORIES AT SEA — THE "CONSTITUTION AND THE " GUERRlfeRE " — THE

"wasp" and THE "frolic" — OTHER SEA-DUELS AMERICAN PRIVATEERS — ON THE LAKES —

perry's GRE.\T VICTORY — LAND OPERATIONS— BATTLE OF THE THAMES — WILKINSON'S FIASCO — THE "SHANNON" AND THE "CHESAPEAKE" — ENGLISH REINFORCEMENTS — LUNDY'S LANE AND PLATTSBURG — THE BURNING OF WASHINGTON — BALTIMORE SAVED — GENERAL JACKSON AT NEW ORLEANS THE TREATY OF PEACE — THE HARTFORD CONVENTION.

CHAPTER XIII. PACa

THE STORV OK THE IXDIA.X 247

OUR RELATIONS TO THE INDI.\N — PERIOD OF DISCOVERY — HOSPITALITY TO FIRST SETTLERS — ABUSE OF HOSPITAUTY — DlSTRl^ST AND WARFARE — COlONI.\L PERIOD — EARLY OLTBREAKS .AND MASSACRES — FRENCH A^D ENGLISH WARS — REVOLLTION.ARY WAR — INDIAN STRUGGLE FOR TERRI rORV.

Chapter XIV

THE IXDIAX OK THE XIXETEEXTH CEXTURY. . . ;6i BY HON. HENRY L. DAWES,

CHAIRMAN CVMMITTEK ON INDIAN APFAIKS, l'. S. SKNATB-

MATION.U. PERIOD CONFLICT BETWEEN T\VO aVlLIZ.\TIONS — INDI.AN BUREAU— GOVERNMENT POUCY

— TREATIES — RESERVATION PLAN — REMOV.U.S UNDER IT — INDIAN WARS — PL.\N OF CONCENTR.^- TION — DISTUKB.\NCE AND FIGHTING — PL-\N OF EDl'C\TION AND .\BSORPTION — ITS COMMENCE- MENT — PRESENT CONDITION OF INDIANS NATITIE OF EDUCATION .\ND RESLT.TS — lASiO IN

SKVER.\LTY L.\W — MISS10N.\RY EFFORT — NECESSITY .\ND DLTY OF .\ESORPTION.

Chapter XV. Story Ok The Xegro ^77

THE NEGRO IN .\MER1CA — THE FIRST CVRCO — BEGINNING OF THE SLWE TR.\FFIC — AS A LABORER — INCRE-\SK IN NU.MBERS — SUWERY : ITS DIFFERENT CH.\R.\CTER IN DIFFERENT STATES — POLlTIC\L DISTURBANCES — AGITATION AND AGITATORS — ^JOHN BROWN — WAR .0>D HOW IT SU.\NaPATED THE SL.\VE — THE FREE NEGRO.

CHAPTER X\T.

THE STORY OK THE CIVIL \VA.R . . . «j

fnnmr-T — not exclusively a SOITHERN 1DE.\ — an irrepressible CONFUCT — coming EVENTS— UNCOLN — A NATION IN ARMS — SUMTER — ANDERSON — McCLRIl.AN — \nCTORY AND DEFE.\T— > MONITOR AND MERRIMAC — ANTIETAM — SHILOH — BUEU. — GR\NT — GEORGE H. THOMAS — ROSE-

M.<RCH — THE CONFEDER.\TES WEAK^ENING — MORE VICIVRIES — AFPO>L\TTOX — LEE"S SURRENDER— FKOM WAR TO PE.\CE — KTC., ETC.

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LIST OF CHAPTERS AND SUBJECTS. xv

Chapter XVII. Pagm

SOIVIE KOROOTTEN LESSOXS OE THE WAR 317

BY ALEXANDER K. McCLURE,

EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR OP THE PHILADELPHIA TIMES.

EMANCIPATION — RELUCTANCE OF THE NORTH TO FIGHT — ^FORT SUMTER FALSE ESTIMATES ON

BOTH SIDES THE QUESTION OF THE RIGHT TO COERCE NAVAL WARFARE REVOLUTIONIZED—

GLOOMIEST PERIOD OF THE WAR DEFEAT OF THE ATLANTA — BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG — LEE — ■

SHERMAN JACKSON — LINCOLN — GRANT, ETC.

Chapter XVIII. Our Ela.q Ax Sea • . . . 339

THE ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN NAVY— JOHN PAUL JONES AND HIS FAMOUS VICTORY — SIGHTS ON

GUNS AND WHAT THEY DID — SUPPRESSING THE BARBARY PIRATES — OPENING JAPAN PORT

ROYAL PASSING THE FORTS THE "MONITOR" AND " MERRIMAC " — IN MOBILE BAY — THE

" KEARSARGE " AND THE "ALABAMA" NAVAL ARCHITECTURE REVOLUTIONIZED — THE SAMOAN

HURRICANE — BUILDING A NEW NAVY.

Chapter XIX. Dieeiculties With Foreigx Powers 361

PERPETUAL PEACE IMPOSSIBLE — THE BARBARY STATES — BUYING PEACE — UNCLE SAM AROUSED — THRASHES THE ALGERINE PIRATES — A SPLENDID VICTORY — KING BOMBA BROUGHT TO TERMS —

AUSTRIA AND THE KOSZTA CASE — CAPTAIN INGRAHAM — HIS BRAVERY "DELIVER OR i'lL SINK

you" — AUSTRIA YIELDS — THE PARAGUAYAN TROUBLE LOPEZ COMES TO TERMS THE CHILIAN

IMBROGLIO — BALMACEDA THE INSULT TO THE UNITED ST.A.TES — AMERICAN SEAMEN ATTACKED

MATTa's IMPUDENT LETTER BACKDOWN PEACE ALL's WELL THAT ENDS WELL, ETC.

Chapter XX. Arctic Adventurers 379

THE FATE OF SIR JOHN FRANKLIN — DR. KANE AND THE GRINNELL EXPEDITION — DR. HAYES DIS- COVERS GRINNELL LAND — THE DEATH OF CAPTAIN HALL — SCHW.\TKa's SEARCH FOR FRANKLIN RECORDS — THE JEANNETTE AND HER COMMANDER — DE LONG ON FLOATING ICE — DISCOVERS

BENNETT ISLAND — WEYPRECHT's GREAT PLAN AND THE GREELY EXPEDITION LOCKWOOD'S

FARTHEST NORTH.

Chapter XXI. Religion Under New Conditions, ...... 389

fBE OLD HEBREW COMMONWEALTH — WHEN LEADING SECTS ARRIVED — THEIR PRESENT NUMERICAL STRENGTH — CARDINAL F.^CTS IN RELIGIOUS HISTORY IN THE UNITED STATES — PHASES OF RELIGIOUS LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND — THE PURITAN MINISTER — HIS PREACHING — PURITAN MEET- ING HOUSES THE DUTCH " DOMINIE " — METHODIST CIRCUIT RIDER — GREAT PREACHERS:

JONATHAN EDWARDS, THE ELDER — GEORGE WHITEFIELD — NATHANIEL EMMONS — LYMAN BEECHER

HENRY WARD BEECHER — CHARLES GRANDISON FINNEY — DENOMINATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS:

FRIENDS — BAPTISTS — METHODISTS — CONGREG.\TIONALISTS — PRESBYTERIANS ROMAN CATHOLICS

—UNITARIANS — MOR.MONS — CONCLUSIONxvi LJST OF CHAPTERS AND SUBJECTS

CHAPTER XXII. TIIK I'LlOPLxEl UNDER NEW GONOITIONS 41S

THE NKW IiKMOCRACY MANHOOD SUFFRAGE FEDERATION THE EVOLUTION OF POLITICS AND

PARTIES THE FEDERALISTS HAMILTON DEMOCRATIC I'ARTV JEFFERSON WHIGS HENRY

CLAY WEIiSTER CALHOUN ABOLITIONISTS THE REPUBLICAN PARTY LINCOLN INDEPEN- DENTS. ETC.

CllAPTl'IR XXIII.

GOLD AND SIKVER MINING 427

OPENING THE WAV TO CALIFORNI.V DISCOVERY OF GOLD MARSHAL AND SUTTER PROFITS ONE

DOLLAR PER MINUTE SAN FRANCISCO WITH FIFTY HOUSF.S FIVE TIMES DESTROYED BY FIRE

DISCOVERY OF SILVER IN 18o7 THE FATE OF EARLY MINERS MINING LIFE VIGILANCE

COMMITTEES, ETC.

CHAPTER XXIV. THE PROBLaEM c:)R our national, OURRENOY, . . 439

BY HON. JOHN SHERMAN,

ITS UISTORV AND EVOLUTION. By J. K. Upton.

WHAT IS MONEY? ITS EARLY FORMS ITS FUNCTIONS LEGAL TENDER CONSIDERED UNDER THREE

FORMS ITS HISTORY DIVIDED INTO THREE PERIODS COLONIAL MONEY DEBASING THE

COINAGE PAPER MONEY BI-MKTAI.ISM CONTINENTAL CURRENCY MONEY UNDER THE

CONSTITUTION HAMILTON ON BI-METALISM REGULATION OF COINAGE MINTS PAPER MONEY

OF THIS PERIOD THE CRASH OF 18051 THE NATIONAL BANK CRISIS OF 1818 THE PANIC OF

18S7 ISSUE OF GREENBACKS HANK NOTE.S RESUMPTION OF SPECIE PAYMENTS GOLD AT 103

CONTRACTION OF THE CURRENCY GREENBACKS AT PAR FOLLOWED BY UNPARALLELED

PROSPERTY FUTURE CURRENCY OF THE COUNTRY.

Chapter XXV. How We Govern Ourselves 461

BY MISS ANNA L DAWES.

THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT CONGRESS HOW COMPOSED DUTIES EXECUTIVE ELECTION OF

PRESIDENT CABINET JUDICIARY POWERS OF SUPREME COURT FEDERAL SYSTEM RELA- TION OF STATES TO NATION THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS OF THE UNITED ST.'VTES.

Chapter XXVI. Our Presidents And Their Administrations. . 473

THE TWENTY. FOUR STATF.SMEN WHO HAVE OCCUPIED THE PRESIDENTIAL CHAIR BRIEF SKETCHES

OF THEIR LIVES THE MEMORABLE EVENTS OF THEIR ADMINISTRATIONS THE IMPORTANT FACTS

OF OUR POLITICAL. COMMERCIAL, AND SOCIAL HISTORY SINCE THE ADOPTION OF THE CON- STITUTION POLITICAL CHANGES HAWAIAN DIFFICULTY LABOR TROUBLES RECENT ELEC- TIONS THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR OUR NEW POSSESSIONS. ETC., ETC.

CONTENTS. xvii

Chapter XXVII. Fagk

IK THE ROCK-RIBBED HILLS BURIED TREASURES OF EARTH — RARE STONES VARIEGATED Mj»RPLES

■ — t;RANITES — HOW TO GET THE STONES OUT — A YOUNG INDUSTRY THE GREAT FLOUR MILLS

— OLD-TIME MILLING THE NEW PROCESS — THE GREAT FLOUR MILLS OF THE WEST THEIR

.VAST OUTPUTS, ETC. — THE GREAT OIL WELLS — A WONDERFUL INDlSfRY — MORE LIGHT — PETROLEUM — ITS HISTORY — DEVELOPMENT — GAS WELLS — THE GREAT PIPE LINES " GUSHERS ''•

— SUGGESTIVE FIGURES, ETC.

CHAPTER XXVIII. OUK W.A^R WITH SRAIN FOR CUBA'S KREEDOIvI, . . 57^

UNIVERSAL INTEREST IN THIS VVAR — OUR MOTIVES FOR IT — A HOLY WAR — BREAKING OFF DIPLOMAT^