The life and adventures of Black Hawk: with sketches of Keokuk, the Sac and Fox Indians, and the late Black Hawk war

Preface

In presenting to the public the life and adventures of Black Hawk, some account of the Sac and Fox Indians — of Keokuk, their distinguished chief— and of the causes which led to the late contest between these tribes and the United States, was necessarily involved. The introduction of these collateral subjects, may possibly impart additional interest to this volume.

In speaking of the policy of the government towards the fragment of Sacs and Foxes, with whom Black Hawk was associated, it has been necessary to censure some of its acts, and to comment with freedom upon the official conduct of a few public officers.

The Indians are frequently denounced as faithless, ferocious and untameable. Without going into the inquiry, how far this charge is founded in truth, the question may be asked, has not the policy of our government contributed, essentially, to impart to them that character ? Have we not more frequently met them in

bad faith, than in a Christian spirit ? and sustained our A 2

0 PREFACE.

relations with them, more by the power of the sword than the law of kindness ? In the inscrutable ways of Providence, the Indians are walking in ignorance and moral darkness. It is the solemn duty, and should be the highest glory of this nation, to bring them out of that condition, and elevate them in the scale of social and intellectual being. But, how is this duty performed ? We gravely recognize them as an independent people, and treat them as vassals : We make solemn compacts with them, which we interpret as our interest dictates, but punish them if they follow the example : We admit their title to the land which they occupy, and at the same time literally compel them to sell it to us upon our own terms : We send agents and missionaries to reclaim them from the error of their ways — to bring them irom tne hunter to the pastoral life ; and yet permit our citizens to debase them by spirituous liquors, and cheat \hem out of their property : We make war upon them without any adequate cause — pursue them without mercy — and put them to death, without regard to age, sex or condition : And, then deliberately proclaim to the world, Shat they are savages — cruel and untameable — degraded and faithless.

If the present volume shall, in any degree, contribute to awaken the public mind to a sense of the wrongs inflicted upon the Indians, and to arouse the Christian statesmen of this land, to the adoption of a more liberal, upright and benevolent course of policy towards them,

PREFACE.

something will have been gained to the cause of hu manity and of national honor.

The author takes this opportunity of acknowledging his obligations to James Hall, Esq., for the valuable assistance received from him, in the preparation of this volume. In collecting the materials for that magnificent work, on which he is now engaged, " The History of the Indians of North America," this gentleman has become possessed of much interesting matter, in regard to the Sacs an4 Foxes, and especially the chief Keokuk ; to all of which he has kindly permitted the author to have access.

Cincinnati, May, 1838.

Chapter I

Origin of the Sac and Fox Indians — Removal to Green Bay — Then subjugation of the Illini confederacy — Their attack upon St. Louis in 1779 — Col. George Rogers Clark relieves the town — Governoi Harrison's letter— Maj. Forsyth's account of the conquest of the Illini — Death of the Sac chief Pontiac — Sac and Fox village on Rock river — Description of the surrounding country — Civil polity of the Sacs and Foxes — Legend about their chiefs — Division oi the tribes into families — Mode of burying- their dead — Idea of a future state — Their account of the creation of the world — Marriages — Social relations — Music and musical instruments — Pike's visit to them in 1805 — Population — Character for courage - - - - - 13

Chapter II

Treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians in 1789 — treaty and cession of land to the United States at St. Louis in 1804 — Black Hawk's account of this treaty— Erection of Fort Madison — The British excite the Sac and Fox Indians to make war upon the United States — A party under Black Hawk join the British standard in 1812 — Treaty at Portage des Sioux in 1815 — Treaty of peace with Black Hawk and his band at same place in 1816 — Treaty for part of their lands in Missouri in 1824— Treaty of Prairie des Chiens in 1825— Treaty for the mineral region in 1829— Treaty of peace in 1832, after the "Black Hawk war" — Present residence of tne Sacs and Foxes • - - - 49

Chapter III

birth of Black Hawk — Early adventures — Battles with the Osages and Cherokees — Death of his father — Interview with Lieutenant Pike — Attack upon Fort Madison — Joins the British in the late war — Marches to lake Erie — Returns home after the attack upon Fort Stephenson — Murder of his adopted son — Battle of the Sink-hole near Cap au Gris — Treaty of peace at Portage des Sioux in 1816. - 72

CONTEXTS.

Chapter IV

Building' of Fort Armstrong — The good Spirit of Rock Island — Deatn of Black H?wk's children — Young Sac offers to die in place of his brother — Black Hawk's visit to Maiden — Whipped by some whites — Whites settle at his village — Black Hawk's talk with Governor Coles and Judge Hall — Sale of the lands on Rock river — Indians ordered to remove — Agreement to remove for six thousand dollars — Memorial of the white settlers to Governor Reynolds — The Governor's letters to General Clark and General Gaines — The latter leaves Jefferson Barracks with six companies of the United States troops for Rock Island — ■ His interview with Black Hawk — Calls upon the Governor of Illinois for militia — The Indians abandon their village — treat)' of peace made with them — Official letters to the war department — Summary of the causes which brought on this disturbance — Black Hawk's attempt to form an alliance with other tribes ---87

Chapter V

Keokuk's 1 !birth — Kill3 a Sioux when fifteen years old — Prevents the abandonment of the Sac village — Bold manoeuvre with the Sioux — - Perils his life for the safety of his people — Speech to the Menominies at Prairie des Chiens — Called upon to lead his braves to join in the Black Hawk war — Allays the excitement of his people on this subject — Deposed from his post as head chief and a young man elected in his place — Re-established in power — Delivers up his nephew to the whites to be tried for murder — Letter to the Governor of Illinois — Council at Washington in 1837 — Retorts upon the Sioiifc— His visit to Boston — His return home — His personal appearance — And his character as a war and peace chief - -- -- -- -- 114

Chapter VI

Murder of twenty-eight Menominies by the Foxes of Black Hawk's band — xSaopope's visit to Maiden — Black Hawk recrosses the Mississippi — General Atkinson orders him to return — Stillman's attack — Defeated by Black Hawk — His white flag fired upon — He sends out war parties upon the frontier — Attack upon Fort Buffalo — General Dodge's battle on the Wisconsin — Black Hawk and his band leave the Four Lakes and fly to the Mississippi — Pursued by General Atkinson —Black Hawk's flag of truce fired upon by the Captain of the Warior — Twenty-three Indians killed ------- 137

CONTENTS.

Chapter VII

General Atkinson overtakes Black Hawk — Battle of the Bad Axe — Atkinson's official report — Incidents of the Battle — Capture of Black Hawk and the prophet — Naopope's statement to General Scott — General Scott and Governor Reynolds conclude a treaty with the Sacs, Foxes and Winnebagoes — Causes which led to the war — Motives for getting up Indian wars — First attack made by the Illinois militia — Report of the Secretary at War in regard to this campaign — General Macomb's letter to General Atkinson — Secretary Cass' statement of the causes which led to this war — Comments upon this statement, and its omissions pointed out - -- -- -- - 156

Black Hawk, Naopope, the Prophet and others confined at Jefferson Barracks — In April 1833 sent to Washington — Interview with the President — sent to Fortress Monroe — Their release — Visit the eastera cities— Return to the Mississippi — Conference at Rocl<- island between Maj. Garland, Keokuk, Black Hawk and other chiefs — speeches of Keokuk, Pasiishepaho and Black Hawk — Final discharge of the hostages — Their return to their families — Black Hawk's visit to Washington in 1837 — His return — His personal appearance — Military talents—Intellectual and moral character - 189

Appendix— Sketches of the Sioux - 222

Chapter VIII

Colonization of the Indians - Indian Dancing Ceremonies Sale of Whiskey to the Indians

'- 228 « 237 - 245 -« 428

HISTORl

OP THE

SAUKEE AND MUSQUAKEE NATIONS,

USUALLY CALLED THE

SAC AND FOX INDIANS.

Chapter I

Origin of the Sac and Fox Indians — Removal to Green Bay — Their subjugation of the Illini confederacy — Their attack upon St. Louis in 1779 — Col. George Rogers Clark relieves the town — Governor Harrison's letter — Maj. Forsyth's account of the conquest of the Illini— Death of the Sac chief Pontiac — Sac and Fox village on Rock river — Description of the surrounding country — Civil polity of the Sacs and Foxes — Legend about their chiefs — Division of the tribes into families — Mode of burying their dead — Idea of a future state — Their account of the creation of the world — Marriages — Social relations — Music and musical instruments— Pike's visit to them in 1805 — Population — Character for courage.

The word Saukee, or O-sau-kee, now written Sauk or more commonly Sac, is derived from a com pomid in the Algonquin or Chippeway language, a-saw-we-kee, which means " yellow earth." Musqua-kee, the name of the Fox Indians, signifies "red earth." These two tribes have long resided together, and now constitute one people, although there are some internal regulations among them which tend to preserve a distinctive name and lineage. The chiefs, on ceremonial occasions, claim B 13

LIFE OF BLACK HAWK.

to be representatives of independent tribes, but this distinction is nominal. For many years past the principal chief of the Sacs, has been, in fact, the chief of the Foxes likewise. They are united in peace and war, speak the same language, claim the same territory, have similar manners and customs, and possess traditions which represent them as descended from the one common origin— the great Chippeway nation.

Both tribes originally resided upon the waters of the St. Lawrence. The Foxes removed first to the west, and established themselves in the region Df Green Bay. Upon a river bearing their name, which empties into the head of this Bay, they suffered a signal defeat by a combined body of French and Indians, at a place, since known as La Butte de Mort, or the Hill of the Dead.* Subsequently to this battle, they were joined by the Sacs, who having become involved in a war with the Iroquois or Six Nations, were also driven to the westward. They found their relatives, the Foxes, upon Green Bay, but so far reduced in numbers, by the attacks of other tribes, that they were no longer able to sustain themselves as an independent people. The union between these two tribes, which then took place, and continues to this day, was as much a matter of- necessity as of feeling. The period of their migration from the St. Lawrence to the upper Lakes cannot be satisfactorily ascertained. La Hontan speaks of a Sac village on Fox river, as early as 1689; and Father Hennepin, in 1680,

* Schoolcraft's Travels, p. 347.

SAC AND FOX INDIANS.

mentions the Ontagamies or Fox Indians, as residents on the bay of Puants, now Green Bay.

From this place, the Sauks and Foxes, crossed over to the eastern bank of the Mississippi, and combining with other tribes, began to act on the offensive. The period of this irruption from the north, it is not easy to determine. Major Thomas Forsyth, who resided for near twenty years among the Sauks and Foxes, in a manuscript account of those tribes, now before us, says :

"More than a century ago, all the country, commencing above Rock river, and running down the Mississippi to the mouth of the Ohio, up that river to the mouth of the Wabash, thence up that river to Fort Wayne, thence down the Miami of the Lake some distance, thence north to the St. Joseph's and Chicago; also the country lying south of the Des Moines, down perhaps, to the Mississippi, was inhabited by a numerous nation of Indians, who called themselves Linneway, and were called by others, Minneway, signifying "men," This great nation was divided into several bands, and inhabited different parts of this extensive region, as follows : The Michigamies, the country south of the Des Moines; the Cohakias that east of the present village of Cohokia in Illinois; the Kas~ kaskias that east of the town of that name; the Tamarois had their village nearly central between Cahokia and Kaskaskia; the Piankeshaws near Vincennes; the Weasup the Wabash; the Miamies on the head waters of the Miami of the Lakes, on St. Joseph's river and at Chicago. The Pianke-

LIFE OF BLACK HAWK.

shaws, Weas and Miamies, must at this time have hunted south towards and on the Ohio. The Peorias, another band of the same nation, lived and hunted on the Illinois river: The Mascos or Mascon-tins, called by the French gens des prairies, lived and hunted on the great prairies, between the Wabash and Illinois rivers. All these different bands of the Minneway nation, spoke the language of the present Miamies, and the whole considered themselves as one and the same people; yet from their local situation, and having no standard to go by, their language became broken up into different dialects. These Indians, the Minneways, were attacked by a general confederacy of other nations, such as the Sauks and Foxes, resident at Green Bay a*id on the Ouisconsin ; the Sioux, whose frontiers extended south to the river des Moines: the Chippeways, Ottoways, and Potawatimies from the lakes, and also the Cherokees and Choctaws from the south. The war continued for a great many years and until that great nation the Minneways were destroyed, except a few Miamies and Weas on the Wabash, and a few who are scattered among strangers. Of the Kaskaskias, owing to their Avars and their fondness for spiritous liquors, there now (182 6) remain but thirty or forty souls; — of the Peorias near St. Genevieve ten or fifteen ; of the Piankeshaws forty or fifty. The Miamies are the most numerous; a few years ago they consisted of about four hundred souls. There do no* exist at the present day (1826) more than five him dred souls of the once great and powerful Mmne way or Iilini nation.

These Indians, the Minne ways, are said to have been very cruel to then prisoners, not unfrequently burning them. I have heard of a certain family among the Miamies who were called man-eaters, as they were accustomed to make a feast of human flesh when a prisoner was killed. For these enormities, the Sauks and Foxes, when they took any of the Minne ways prisoners, gave them up to their women to be buffeted to death. They speak also of the Mascontins with abhorrence, on account of their cruelties. The Sauks and Foxes have a historical legend of a severe battle having been fought opposite the mouth of the Iowa river, about fifty or sixty miles above the mouth of Rock river. The Sauks and Foxes descended the Mississippi in canoes, and landing at the place above described, started east, towards the enemy: they had not gone far before they were attacked by a party of the Mascontins. The battle continued nearly all day; the Sauks and Foxes, for want of ammunition, finally gave way and fled to their canoes; the Mascontins pursued them and fought desperately, and left but few of the Sauks and Foxes to carry home the story of their defeat Some forty or fifty years ago, the Sauks and Foxes attacked a small village of Peorias, about a mile below St. Louis and were there defeated. At a place on the Illinois river, called Little Rock, there were formerly killed by the Chippeways and Ottowas, a number of men, women and children of the Minne way nation. In 1800 the Kickapoos made a great slaughter of the Kaskaskia Indians. The b 2

I

LIFE OF BLACK HAWK.

Main-Pogue, or Potawatimie juggler, in 1S01, killed a great many of the Piankeshaws on the Wabash."

The land on which St. Louis stands, as well as the surrounding country, was claimed by the Dlini confederacy, which had acquiesced in the intrusion of the whites. This circumstance, it is supposed, led the northern confederacy to the attempt, which they made in 1779, to destroy the village of St. Louis, then occupied by the Spaniards. As the Sacs and Foxes were active participators in this attack, no apology is necessary for introducing the folio wing graphic account of it, from the pen of Wilson Primm, Esqr. of St. Louis. *

" In the mean time numerous bands of the Indians living on the lakes and the Mississippi — the Ojibeways, Menomonies, Winnebagoes, Sioux, Sacs, &c. together with a large number of Canadians, amounting in all to upwards of fourteen hundred, had assembled on the eastern shore of the Mississippi, a little above St. Louis, awaiting the sixth of May, the day fixed for the attack. The fifth of May was the feast of Corpus Chrisii, a day highly venerated by the inhabitants, who were all Catholics. Had the assault taken place then, it would have been fatal to them, for, after divine service, all the men, women and children had flocked to the prairie to gather strawberries, which were that season very abundant and fine. The town being left perfectly unguarded, could have been taken

* Published in the Illinois Magazine under the head of" History of St. Louis."

SAC AND FOX INDIANS.

with ease, and the unsuspecting inhabitants, who were roaming about in search of fruit, have been massacred without resistance. Fortunately, however, a few only of the enemy had crossed the river and ambushed themselves in the prairie. The villagers, frequently came so near them, in the course of the day, that the Indians from their places of concealment, could have reached them with their hands. But they knew not how many of the whites were still remaining in the town, and in the absence of their co-adjutors, feared to attack, lest their preconcerted plan might be defeated.

On the sixth, the main body of the Indians crossed, and marched directly towards the fields, expecting to fin/i the greater part of the villagers there; but i:i this they were disappointed, a few only having gone out to view their crops. These perceived the approach of the savage foe, and immediately commenced a retreat towards the town, the most of them taking the road that led to the upper gate, nearly through the mass of Indians, and followed by a shower of bullets. The firing alarmed those who were in town, and the cry " to arms ! to arms!" was heard in every direction. They rushed towards the works and threw open the gates to their brethren. The Indians advanced slowly but steadily towards the town, and the inhabitants, though almost deprived of hope, by the vast superiority in number of the assailants, determined to defend themselves to the last.

u In expectation of an attack, Silvio Francisco Cartabona, a governmental officer, had gone to St.

LIFE OF BLACK HAWK.

Genevieve for a company of militia to aid in de fending the town, in case of necessity, and had at the beginning of the month returned with sixty men. 'who were quartered on the citizens. As soon as the attack commenced, however, neither Cartabona nor his men conld be seen. Either through fear or treachery, they concealed themselves in a garret, and there remained until the Indians had retired. The assailed being deprived of a considerable force, by this shameful defection, were still resolute and determined. About fifteen men were posted at each gate ; the rest were scattered along the line of defence, in the most advantageous manner.

" When within a proper distance, the Indians began an irregular fire, which was answered with showers of grape shot from the artillery. The firing, for a while, was warm; but the Indians per ceived that all their efforts would be ineffectual on account of the intrenchments, and deterred by the cannon, to which they were unaccustomed, from making a nearer approach, suffered their zeal to abate, and deliberately retired. At this stage of affairs, the Lieutenant Governor made his appear ance. The first intimation that he received of what was going on, was by the discharge of artillery, on the part of the inhabitants. He immediately ordered several pieces of cannon, which were posted in front of the government house, to be spiked and filled with sand, and went, or rather was rolled in a wheelbarrow, to the scene of action. In a very peremptory tone, he commanded the inhabitants to cease firing and return to their houses. Those

SAC AND FOX INDIANS.

posted at the lower gate, did not receive the order, and consequently kept their stations. The commandant perceived this and ordered a cannon to be fired at them. They had barely time to throw themselves on the ground, when the volley passed over them, and struck the wall, tearing a great part of it down. These proceedings, as well as the whole tenor of his conduct, since the first rumor of an attack, gave rise to suspicions very unfavorable to the Lieutenant Governor. It was bruited about, that he was the cause of the attack, that he was connected with the British, and that he had been bribed into a dereliction of duty, which, had not providence averted, would have doomed them to destruction. Under pretext of proving to them that there was no danger of an at tack, he had a few days before it occurred, sold to the traders, all the ammunition belonging to the government; and they would have been left perfectly destitute and defenceless, had they not found, m a private house, eight barrels of powder, belonging to a trader, which they seized in the name of the King, upon the first alarm. Colonel George Rogers Clark, who was at this time at Kaskaskia, with a few men under his command, understanding that an attack was meditated on the town, offered all the assistance in his power, to aid in the defence. This offer was rejected by the Lieutenent Governor. All these circumstances gave birth to a strong aversion to the commandant, which evinces itself, at this day, in execrations of his character, whenever his name is mentioned to those who have known

LIFE OF BLACK HAWK.

him. Representations of his conduct, together with a detailed account of the attack, were sent to New Orleans by a special messenger, and the result was that the Governor General appointed Mr. Francisco Cruzat, to the office of Lieutenant Governor.

" As soon as it was ascertained that the Indians had retired from the neighborhood, the inhabitants proceeded to gather the dead, that lay scattered in all parts of the prairie. Seven were at first found and buried in one grave. Ten or twelve others, in the course of a fortnight, were discovered in the long grass that bordered the marshes. The acts of the Indians were accompanied by their characteristic ferocity. Some of their victims were horribly mangled. With the exception of one individual, the whites who accompanied the Indians, did not take part in the butcheries that were committed. A young man by the name of Calve, was found dead, his skull split open, and a tomahawk, on the blade of which was written the word Calve, sticking in his brain. He was supposed to have fallen by the hand of his uncle. Had those who discovered the Indians in the prairie, fled to the lower gate, they would have escaped; but the greater part of them took the road that led to the upper gate, through the very ranks of the enemy, and were thus exposed to the whole of their fire. About twenty persons, it is computed, met their death in endeavoring to get within the entrenchments. None of those within were injured, and none of the Indians were killed, at least none of them were found. Their object was not plunder, for they did not attempt, in their retreat, to take away with them any of the cattle or the horses that were in the prairie, and that they might have taken; nor did they attack any of the neighboring towns, where danger would have been less, and the prospect of success greater. The only object they had in view was the destruction of St. Louis; and this would seem to favor the idea that they were instigated by the English, and gives good ground, when connected with other circumstances, to believe that Leyba was their aider and abettor. * * * *

" A Mr. Chancellier had gone on the day of attack, to the prairie for strawberries, with his wife, two daughters and an American, the first that had ever been in the country, in a cart drawn by two horses. When they perceived the Indians, they immediately fled towards the town in the cart; Mr. Chancellier being seated before, and the American behind, in order to protect the women, who were in the middle. In their flight the American was mortally wounded. As he was falling out, Mr. Chancellier seized him and threw him into the midst of the women, exclaiming, " they shan't get the scalp of my American." He was at the same time struck by two balls, which broke his arm in as many places, above the elbow. His wife received a bullet through the middle of her hand, the elder daughter was shot through the shoulder, immediately above the breast, and the younger was struck on the forehead, but the ball glanced aside and merely stunned her. The moment Mr. Chancellier arrived

LIFE OF BLACK HAWK.

at the gate, his horses dropped dead, pierced with a hundred wounds, but his family was saved."

Mr. Primm, the writer of this interesting narrative, has probably not been fully informed in regard to the extent of Colonel George Rogers Clark's participation in this affair. In a written memorandum now before us, made on the authority of his brother, General William Clark of St. Louis, who it is presumed has possession of his father's official papers, it is stated, in reference to this affair, that although the Spanish Governor could not be made to believe that an attack was intended, the principal inhabitants sent over an express to Colonel Clark, who was then at Kaskaskia with five hundred men, to come and protect them. He accordingly marched his force up opposite the town and encamped a little distance from the river. He did not send over any troops, but was to do so, in case of an attack; when it was actually made Colonel Clark crossed the river; and upon seeing the "long knives," as the Indians called his troops, they hastily retreated, having killed seventy-two or seventythree of the Spaniards, before his arrival. This sudden appearance of Colonel Clark, upon the scene of action, explains the conduct of the Indians. So large a body of warriors, making a preconcerted attack, upon a town but badly protected, would not, it is thought, have given up the assault so suddenly and before they had lost a single man, unless alarmed by the presence of a superior force. On the supposition that Colonel Clark actually crossed the river with his troops, the flight of the Indians

SAC AND FOX INDIANS.

is easily explained. They were probably apprised of Colonel Clark's being at Kaskaskia, and his name was every where a terror to the Indians. As an evidence of this, a short time afterwards, he sent a detachment of one hundred and fifty men, as far up the country as Prairie des Chiens, and from thence across Rock and Illinois rivers and down to Kaskaskia, meeting with no molestation from the Indians, who were si ruck with terror at the boldness of the enterprise, saying that if so few dared to come, they " would fight like devils."

General William H. Harrison, long familiar with the North West Indians, in an official letter to the secretary at War, dated H. Q. Cincinnati, March 22d, 1814, giving an able view of the Indian tribes, makes the following remarks on the descent of this northern confederacy, upon the great Illini nation.

" The Miamies have their principal settlements on the forks of the Wabash, thirty miles from fort Wayne; and at Mississineway, thirty miles lower down. A band of them, under the name of Weas, have resided on the Wabash, sixty miles above Vincennes; and another under the Turtle, on Eel river, a branch of the Wabash, twenty miles north west of Fort Wayne. By an artifice of the Little Turtle, these three bands were passed on General Wayne as distinct tribes, and an annuity was granted to each. The Eel river and Weas however to this day call themselves Miamies, and are recognized as such by the Mississineway band. The Miamies, Maumees, or Tewicktovies are the un-