Mexico and its religion; with incidents of travel in that country during parts of the years 1851-52-53-54, and historical notices of events, connected with places visited

Front matter

Uzs

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT

SANTA ANNA,

Preface

The custom of mingling together historical events with the incidents of travel, of amusement with instruction, is rather a Spanish than American practice ; and in adopting it, I must crave the indulgence of those of my readers who read only for instruction, as well as of those who read only for amusement.

The evidence that I have adduced to prove that the yellow fever is not an American, hut an African disease, imported in slave-ships, and periodically renewed from those cargoes of human rottenness and putrefaction, I hope will be duly considered.

The picture of inner convent life, and the inimitable gambling scene in the convent of San Francis, I have not dared to present on my own responsibility, nor even that of the old English black-letter edition of Friar Thomas, but I have reproduced it from the expurgated Spanish edition, which has passed the censors, and must therefore be considered official.

I have presumed to follow the great Las Casas, who called all the historians of the Conquest of Mexico liars ; and though his labored refutation of their fictions has disappeared, yet, fortunately, the natural evidences of their untruth still remain. Having before me the surveys and the levels of our own engineers, I have presumed to doubt that water ever ran up hill, that navigable canals were ever fed by "back water," that pyramids

IV PREFACE.

(teocalli) could rest on a foundation of soft earth, that a canal twelve feet broad by twelve feet deep, mostly below the water level, was ever dug by Indians with their rude implements, that gardens ever floated in mud, or that brigantines ever sailed in a salt marsh, or even that 100,000 men ever entered the mud-built city of Mexico by a narrow causeway in the morning, and after fighting all day returned by the same path at night to their camp, or that so large a besieging army as 150,000 men could be supported in a salt-marsh valley, surrounded by high mountains.

In answer to the question why such fables have so long passed for history, I have the ready answer, that the Inquisition controlled every printing-office in Spain and her colonies, and its censors took good care that nothing should be printed against the fair fame of so good a Christian as Cortez, who had painted upon his banner an image of the Immaculate Virgin, and had bestowed upon her a large portion of his robbery ; who had gratified the national taste for holy wars by writing one of the finest of Spanish romances of history ; who had induced the Emperor to overlook his crime of levying war without a royal license by the bestowal of rich presents and rich provinces ; so that, by the favor of the Emperor and the favor of the Inquisition, & filibuster o, whose atrocities surpassed those of every other on record, has come down to us as a Christian hero.

The innumerable little things about their Indian mounds force the conviction on the experienced eye of an American traveler that the Aztecs were a horde of North American savages, who had precipitated themselves first upon the table-land, and afterward, like the

PREFACE. V

Goths from the table-lands of Spain, extended their conquests over the expiring civilization of the coast country ; and this idea is confirmed by the fact that the magnificent Toltec monuments of a remote antiquity, discovered in the tropical forests, were apparently unknown to the Aztecs. The conquest of Mexico, like our conquest of California, was in itself a small affair ; but both being immediately followed by extensive discoveries of the precious metals, Mexico rose as rapidly into opulence as San Francisco has in our day.

The evidence that I have presented of the inexhaustible supplies of silver in Northern Mexico, near the route of our proposed Pacific Railroad, may be interesting to legislators. These masses of silver lie as undisturbed by their present owners as did the Mexican discoveries of gold in California before the American conquest, from the inertness of the local population, and the want of facilities of communication with the city of Mexico.

The notion that the Mormons are destined to overrun Mexico is, of course, only an inference drawn from the exact parallel that exists between the circumstances under which this delusion has arisen and propagated itself and the history of Mohammedanism from its rise until it overran the degenerated Christians of 'the Eastern empire.

From want of space, I have been obliged to omit much valuable original matter procured for me by officers of government at the palace of Mexico, to whom, for the kind attention that I have upon all occasions received from them, I heartily return my most sincere

thanks.

E. A. WILSON.

Rochester, Sebtember 1st, 1855.

CONTENTS,

Chapter I

Arrival at Vera Cruz. — Its appearance from the Steamer. — Getting Ashore. — Within the City. — Throwing Stones at an Image. — Antiquity of Vera Cruz. — Its Commerce. — The great Norther of 1852. — A little Steamer rides out the Tempest. — The Vomito, or Yellow Fever. — Ravages of the Vomito. — The Vomito brought from Africa in Slave-ships. — A curious old Book. — Our Monk arrives at Vera Cruz, and what befalls him there. — Life in a Convent. — A nice young Prior. — Our Monk finds himself in another World... Page 15

Chapter II

An historical Sketch. — Truth seldom spoken of Santa Anna. — Santa Anna's early Life. — Causes of the Revolution. — The Virgin Mary's Approval of King Eerdinand. — The Inquisition imprisons the Vice- King. — Santa Anna enters the King's Army. — The plan of Iguala. — The War of the two Virgins. — Santa Anna pronounces for Independence 30

Chapter III

Incidents of Travel. — The Great Road to the Interior. — Mexican Diligences. — The Priest was the first Passenger robbed. — The National Bridge. — A Conducta of Silver. — Our Monk visits Old Vera Cruz. — They grant to the Indians forty Years of Indulgence in return for their Hospitality. — The Artist among Robbers. — Mexican Scholars in the United States. — Encerro 39

Chapter IV

Jalapa. — The extraordinary Beauty and Fertility of this Spot. — Jalap, Sarsaparilla, Myrtle, Vanilla, Cochineal, and Wood of Tobasco. — The charming Situation of Jalapa. — Its Flowers and its Fruits. — Magnificent Views. — The tradition that Jalapa was Paradise. — A speck of War. — The Marriage of a Heretic. — A gambling Scene in a Convent 52

Vlll CONTENTS.

CHAPTEE V.

The War of the Secret Political Societies of Mexico. — The Scotch and the York Free-Masons. — Anti-Masons. — Rival Classes compose Scotch Lodges. — The Yorkinos. — Men desert from the Scotch to the York Lodges. — Law to suppress Secret Societies. — The Escoces, or Scotch Masons, take up arms. — The Battle. — Their total Defeat... Page 68

Chapter VI

Mexico becomes an Empire. — Santa Anna deposes the Emperor. — He proclaims a Republic. — He pronounces against the Election of Pedraza, the second President. — His Situation in the Convent at Oajaca. — He captures the Spanish Armada. — And is made General of Division 73

Chapter VII

In the Stage and out of the Stage. — Still climbing. — A moment's View of all the Kingdoms of the World. — Again in Obscurity. — The Maguey, or Century Plant. — The many uses of the Maguey. — The intoxicating juice of the Maguey. — Pulque. — Immense Consumption of Pulque. — City of Perote. — Castle of San Carlos de Perote. — Star-light upon the Table-land. — Tequisquita. — " The Bad Land." — A very old Beggar. — Arrive at Puebla 79

Chapter VIII

Puebla. — The Miracle of the Angels. — A City of Priests. — Marianna in Bronze. — The Vega of Puebla. — First View of the Pyramid of Cholula. — Modern Additions to it. — The View from its Top. — Quetzalcoatl. — Cholula and Tlascala. — Cholula without the Poetry. — Indian Relics 88

Chapter IX

A Ride to Popocatapetl. — The Village of Atlizco. — The old Man of Atlizco and the Inquisition. — A novel Mode of Escape. — An avenging Ghost. — The Vice-King Ravillagigedo. — The Court of the Vice- King and the Inquisition. — Ascent of Popocatapetl. — Plow a Party perished by Night. — The^ Crater and the House in it. — Descent into the Crater. — The Interior. — The Workmen in the Volcano. — The View from Popocatapetl. — The first White that climbed Popocatapetl. — The Story of Corchado. — Corchado converts the Volcano into a Sulphui'-mine >. 101

Chapter X

Texas. — Battle of Madina. — First Introduction of Americans into Texas. — Usm-pation of Bustamente. — Texas owed no Allegiance to the

CONTENTS. IX

Usurper. — The good Faith of the United States in the Acquisition of Louisiana and Texas. — Santa Anna pronounces against Bustamente. — Santa Anna in Texas. — A Mexican's Denunciation of the Texan War. — His Idea of our Revolution. — He complains of our grasping Spirit. — The right of the United States to occupy unsettled Territory. — A few more Pronunciamientos of Santa Anna. — The Adventures of Santa Anna to the present Date Page 113

CHAPTER XL

Prom Puebla to Mexico. — The Dread of Robbers. — The Escort. — Tlascala. — The Exaggerations of Cortez and Bernal Diaz. — The Truth about Tlascala. — The Advantages of Tlascala to Cortez. — Who was Bernal Diaz. — Who wrote his History. — Pirst View of Mexico. 122

Chapter XII

Acapulco. — The Advantages of a Western Voyage to India. — The great annual Fair of Acapulco. — The Village and Harbor of Acapulco. — The War of Santa Anna and Alvarez. — The Retreat. — Traveling alone and unarmed. — The Peregrino Pass. — Quiricua and Cretinism. — Chilpanzingo. — An ill-clad Judge. — Iguala. — Alpayaca. — Cuarnavaca , 132

Chapter XIII

California. — Pearl Fisheries. — Missions. — Indian Marriages. — Villages. — Precious Metals. — The Conquest of California compared with that of Mexico. — Upper California under the Spaniards. — Mexican Conquest of California in 1825. — The March. — The Conquest. — California under the Mexicans. — American Conquest. — Sinews of foreign Wars. — A Protestant and religious War. — Early Settlers compared. — Mexico in the Heyday of Prosperity. — Rich Costume of the Women. — Superstitious Worship. — When I first saw California. — Lawyers without Laws. — A primitive Court. — A Territorial Judge in San Francisco. — Mistaken Philanthropy. — Mexican Side of the Picture. — Great Alms. — City of Mexico overwhelmed by a Water-spout. — The Superiority of Californians 142

Chapter XIV

First Sight of the Valley of Mexico. — A Venice in a mountain Valley. — An Emperor waiting his Murderers. — Cortez mowing down unarmed Indians. — A new kind of Piety. — Capture of an Emperor. — Torturing an Emperor to Death. — The Children paying the Penalty of their Fathers' Crimes. — The Aztecs and other Indians. — The Difference is in the Historians. — The Superstitions of the Indians. — The Valley of Mexico. — An American Survey of the Valley. — A topographical View. — The Ponds Chalco, Xochimulco, and Tezcuco were never Lakes 167

Chapter XV

The Two Valleys.— The Lake with a leaky Bottom.— The Water could not have been higher. — Nor could the Lagunas or Ponds have been much deeper. — The Brigantines only flat-bottomed Boats. — The Causeway Canals fix the size of the Brigantines. — The Street Canals. — Stagnant Water unfit for Canals. — The probable Dimensions of the City Canals. — Difficulties of disproving a Fiction. — A Dike or Levee. — The Canal of Huehuetoca. — The Map of Cortez. — Wise Provision of Providence. — The Fiction about the numerous Cities in and about the Lake Page 176

Chapter XVI

The Chinampas or Water Gardens. — Laws of Nature not set aside. — Mud will not float. — The present Chinampas. — They never could have been floating Gardens. — Relations of the Chinampas to the ancient State of the Lake in the Valley 186

Chapter XVII

The gambling Festival of San Augustine. — Suppressed by Government. — The Losses of the Saint by the Suppression of Gambling. — How Travelers live in the Interior. — A Visit to the Palace 192

CHAPTER XVHI.

Visit to Contreras and San Angel. — The End of a brave Soldier. — A Place of Skulls. — A New England Dinner. — An Adventure with Robbers — doubtful. — Reasons for revisiting Mexico. — The Battle at the Mountain of Crosses. — A peculiar Variety of the Cactus. — Three Men gibbeted for robbing a Bishop. — A Court upon Horseback. — The retreat of Cortez to Otumba. — A venerable Cypress Grove. — Unexpectedly comfortable Quai-ters. — An English Dinner atTezcuco. — Pleasures unknown to the Kings of Tezcuco. — Relics of Tezcuco. — The Appearance of the Virgin Mary at Tezcuco. — The Causeways of Mexico 196

CHAPTER XTX.

The Streets of Tacuba. — The Spaniards and the Indian Women. — The Retreat of Cortez. — The Aqueducts of Mexico. — The English and American Burying-grounds. — The Protestant President. — The rival Virgins. — An Image out of Favor. — The Aztecs and the Spaniards 208

CHAPTER XX.

The Paseo at Evening. — Ride to Chapultepec. — The old Cypresses of Chapultepec. — The Capture of Chapultepec. — Molina del Rey. —

CONTENTS. XI

Tacubaya. — Don Manuel Escandon. — The Tobacco Monopoly. — The Palace of Escandon. — The "Desierto." — Hermits. — Monks in the Conflict with Satan. — Our Lady of Carmel Page 219

CHAPTER XXI.

Walk to Guadalupe. — Our Embassador kneeling to the Host. — An Embassador with, and one without Lace. — Eirst sight of Santa Anna. — Indian Dance in Church. — Juan Diego not Saint Thomas. — The Miracle proved at Rome. — The Story of Juan Diego. — The holy Well of Guadalupe. — The Temple of the Virgin. — Public Worship interdicted by the Archbishop. — Refuses to revoke his Interdict. — He fled to Guadalupe and took Sanctuary. — Refused to leave the Altar. — The Arrest at the Altar.. 229

CHAPTER XXII.

The old Indian City of Mexico. — The Mosques. — Probable Extent of Civilization. — Aztecs acquired Arts of the Toltecs. — Toltec Civilization, ancient and original. — The Pyramid of Papantla. — The Plunder of Civilization. — Mexico as described by Corte'z. — Montezuma's Court. — The eight Months that Cortez held Montezuma. — What happened for the next ten Months. — The Siege of Mexico by Cortez. — Aztecs conquered by Eamine and Thirst. — Heroes on Paper and Victories without Bloodshed. — Cortez and Morgan 242

CHAPTER XXIII.

The new City of Mexico. — The Discoveries of Gold. — Ruins at Mexico. — The Monks, and what Cortez gained by his Piety. — The City of Mexico again rebuilt. — The City under Ravillagigedo. — The National Palace. — The Cathedral. — A whole Museum turned Saints. — All kneel together. — The San Carlos Academy of Arts. — Reign of Carlos III.— The Mineria 259

CHAPTER XXIV.

The National Museum. — Marianna and Cortez. — The small Value of this Collection. — The Botanic Garden. — The Market of Santa Anna. — The Acordada Prison. — The unfortunate Prisoner. — The Causes of that Night of Terror.— The Sacking of the City.— The Parian.— The Causes of the Ruin of the Parian. — Change in the Standard of Color.— The Ashes of Corte'z 271

CHAPTER XXV.

The Priests gainers by the Independence. — Improved Condition of the Peons. — Mexican Mechanics. — The Oppression they suffer. — Low state of the Mechanic Arts. — The Story of the Portress. — Charity of the Poor. — The Whites not superior to Meztizos. — License and Woman's Rights at Mexico. — The probable Future of Mexico. — Mor-

Xll CONTENTS.

monism impending over Mexico. — Mormonism and Mohammedanism Page 280

CHAPTEE XXVI.

The Plaza of the Inquisition. — The two Modes of human Sacrifice, the Aztec and the Spanish. — Threefold Power of the Inquisition. — Visit to the House of the Inquisition. — The Prison and Place of Torture. — The Story of William Lamport. — The little and the big Auto da Fe. — The Inquisition the real Goverment. — Ruin of Spanish Nationality. — The political Uses of the Inquisition. — Political Causes of the Bigotry of Philip II. — His eldest Son dies mysteriously. — The Dominion of Priests continues till the French Invasion 292

CHAPTER XXVII.

Miracles and Earthquakes. — The Saints in Times of Ignorance. — The Eruption of Jorullo. — The Curse of the Capuchins. — The Consequences of the Curse. — The unfulfilled Curse. — The Population of the Republic— Depopulation from 1810 to 1840.— The Mixture of Whites and Indians not prolific. — The pure Indians. — The Meztizos. — The White Population. — Negroes and Zambos. — The Jew and the Law of Generation. — The same Law applies to Cattle. — It governs the Generation of Plants. — Intemperance and Generation. — Meztizo Plants short-lived. — Mexico can not be resuscitated. — She can not recover her Northern Provinces 304

CHAPTER XXVIH.

The Church of Mexico. — Its present Condition and Power. — The Number of the " Religios." — The Wealth of the Church.— The Money-power of the Church. — The Power of Assassination. — Educating the People robs the Priest. — Making and adoring Images. — The Progress downward 319

CHAPTER XXIX.

Causes that have diminished the Religios. — The Provincials and Superiors of Convents. — The perfect Organization. — The Monks. — San Franciscans. — Dominicans. — Carmelites. — The well-reputed Ordei's. — The Jesuits. — The Nuns. — How Novices are procured. — Contrasted with a Quaker Prison. — The poor deluded Nun. — A good old Quaker Woman not a Saint. — Protestantism felt in Mexico 330

CHAPTER XXX.

The Necessity of large Capitals in Mexico. — The Finances and Revenue. — The impoverished Creditors of the State. — Princely Wealth of Individuals 348

CONTENTS. Xlll

CHAPTER XXXI.

Visit to Pachuca and Real del Monte. — Otumba and Tulanzingo. — The grand Canal of Huehuetoca. — The Silver Mines of Pachuca. — Hakal Silver Mines. — Real del Monte Mines. — The Anglo-Mexican Mining Fever. — My Equipment to descend a Mine. — The great Steam-pump. — Descending the great Shaft. — Galleries and Veins of Ore. — Among the Miners one thousand Eeet under Ground. — The Barrel Process of refining Silver. — Another refining Establishment Page 352

CHAPTER XXXII.

A Visit to the Refining-mills. — The Falls and basaltic Columns of Regla. — How a Title is acquired to Silver Mines. — The Story of Peter Terreros, Count of Regla. — The most successful of Miners. — Silver obtained by fusing the Ore. — Silver "benefited" upon the Patio. — The Tester of the Patio. — The chemical Processes employed. — The Heirs of the Count of Regla. — The Ruin caused by Civil War. — The History of the English Company 362

CHAPTER XXXIII.

Toluca. — Queretaro, Guanajuato, and Zacatecas. — Fresnillo. — "Romancing." — A lucky Priest. — San Luis Potosi. — The Valenciana at Guanajuato. — Under-mining. — A Name of Blasphemy. — The Los Rayas. — Immense Sums taken from Los Rayas. — Warlike Indians in Zacatecas 372

CHAPTER XXXIV.

Sonora and Sonora Land Speculators seeking Annexation. — Sonora and its Attractions. — The Abundance and Purity of Silver in Sonora. — Silver found in large Masses. — The Jesus Maria, Refugio, and Eulalia Mines. — A Creation of Silver at Arizpa. — The Pacific Railroad. — Sonora now valueless for want of personal Security. — The Hopes of replenishing the Spanish Finances from Sonora blasted by War.— Report of the Mineria. — Sonora. — Chihuahua 382

Appendix

A. Mineria Report on the Mineral Riches of Sonora 391

B. Report on the Mineral Riches of Chihuahua 398

C. Report on the Mineral Riches of Coahuila 400

D. Report on the Mineral Riches of Lower California 402

E. The Remains of Cortez 405

MEXICO AID ITS RELIGION.

Chapter I

Arrival at Vera Cruz. — Its appearance from the Steamer. — Getting Ashore. — Within the City. — Throwing Stones at an Image. — Antiquity of Vera Cruz. — Its Commerce. — The great Norther of 1852. — A little Steamer rides out the Tempest. — The Vomito, or Yellow Fever. — Ravages of the Vomito. — The Vomito brought from Africa in Slave-ships. — A curious old Book. — Our Monk arrives at Vera Cruz, and what befalls him there. — Life in a Convent. — A nice young Prior. — Our Monk finds himself in another World.

It was a stormy evening in the month, of November, 1853, when the noble steamship Texas cast anchor in the open roadstead of Vera Cruz, under the lee of the low island on which stands the famous fortress of San Juan de Ulua. Hard by lay a British vessel ready to steam out into the teeth of the storm, as soon as the officers should receive from us a budget of newspapers. We were too late to obtain a permit to land that evening, so that we lay tossing at our anchors all night, and until the sun and the shore-boats appeared together on the morning following.

The finest view of Vera Cruz is from the harbor ; and the best time to look upon it is when a bright sun, just risen above a watery horizon, is reflected back from the antiquated domes and houses, which are visible above the old massive city wall.

Soon we were in one of the canoes alongside, and were quickly transported to the mole, on which we landed, among bales of cotton and bundles of freight that encumbered it. The iron gate of the city was now opened, and we passed through it, mixed up in the crowd of bare-footed "cargadores" or porters, who were carrying upon their backs bales of cotton, and depositing them in various piles in front of the custom-house. How quietly and quickly these cargadores do their work ! and what great power of muscle they have acquired by long application at this laborious calling !

What a contrast does this city present to New Orleans, which we had left only four days before ! Instead of the noise and bustle of a commercial emporium, all here is as quiet and as cleanly as a church-yard. Even the chiming of bells for the dying and the dead, which so incessantly disturbs the living by night and day in the season of the "vomito" or yellow fever, is no longer heard, for it is the healthy season — the season of "Northers." The only noise is the little bells upon the necks of the donkeys, that are carrying about kegs of water for family use. The chain-gang have completed their morning task of cleansing the streets and gutters, and as they are led away to their breakfast, a clank now and then of their chain reminds the traveler that crime has been as busy here as in more bustling cities. Morning mass is over, and bonnetless women of low and high degree are returning to their homes ; some wearing mantillas of satin, black and shining as their raven hair, which are pinned by a jeweled pin upon the top of their heads ; others, more modern in their tastes, sport India shawls ; while the common class still cling to the "rebosa," which they so ingeniously twirl around their heads and chests as to include in its narrow folds their arms, and all above the waist except the face. Priests appear in black gowns, and fur hats with such

VEKA CKUZ.

VERA CRUZ.

ample brims that they lap and are fastened together upon the top of their heads. The armed patrol, in dirty cotton uniforms, and soldiers in broadcloth, are returning from morning muster ; for in this hot climate the burden of the day's duties is discharged before breakfast. Under the arches (portales), and in the open market-place, men and women are driving a brisk trade, in the most quiet way, in meats, and vegetables, and huxter's wares. Nature has denied to the butcher of hot climates the privilege of salting meat, but he makes amends for this defect by cutting his tough beef into strips, which he rubs over with salt, and offers to sell to you by the yard. Vera Cruz is now as venerable a looking town as when I was here before, although the houses, and the plastered walls, and tops of the stone churches seem to have had a new coating of Spanish white within a few months. But the malaria from the swamps in the time of the vomito, or the salt atmosphere driven upon it by the Northers, soon replaces the familiar dingy hue. The battered face of the stone image, at the side of the deserted church, has received a few more bruises since I was last here ; for the marriageable young misses still most religiously believe that a stone thrown by a fair hand that shall hit the image full in the face, will obtain for the thrower a husband, and an advantageous settlement for life. This is a small city, or the poor image could not have endured this kind of bruising for two hundred years.

The first Spaniard that landed here was Grijalva,* in 1518, in a trading expedition fitted out by Valasquez, Governor of Cuba. He was so successful in his traffic with the natives, as to obtain, in exchange for a few trinkets, $14,000 worth of gold dust. His success so encouraged Yalasquez, that he fitted out a much larger expedition the following year, the command of which he gave to Hernando Cortez, of whom we shall have occasion to speak more at large hereafter. Cortez, at first, landed on the island of Ulua, in front of the site of the present city. But when he commenced his conquest he transported his boats to the mouth of the river Antigua, where he founded his intended city, a little way below the place where the national bridge now stands, and gave it the name of the Rich City of the True Cross (Villa Rica de Vera Cruz) ; and there it was where he destroyed his little vessels. Ninety years after the conquest of Mexico, the Marquis De Monterey removed the port back to Ulua, and founded the present city of Vera Cruz. It was at first built of wood, but having been several times burned down, it was at length built of its present material — a porous stone full of animal remains, obtained from the bottom of the harbor. This stone, when laid in and covered over with cement, forms a very durable building-material. The castle, which stands upon the island of Ulua, is now fast going to decay. * Apuntes Historicos de Vera Cruz, p. 102.

COMMERCE OF VERA CEUZ. 19

As a fortification it is no longer of great value,* although it is computed that more than $16,000,000 was expended in its erection. In fact, its only present practical advantage is derived from the light-house which stands upon one of its towers.

This town, although it has been the terror of seafaring men for the last three hundred years, has, for a like period of time, enjoyed an enviable commerce. Nearly three-fourths of all the silver that, has been shipped to Europe from America during that long period has been sent from this port, besides the other productions of the country, such as cochineal, vanilla, wood of Tobasco, sarsaparilla, and jalap. To all this we must add that all the trade of Spain with Japan, China, and the Philipine Islands, was carried across Mexico from Acapulco, on the Pacific, to be shipped from Yera Cruz to Spain. During the long period we have named, this was the only port on the Atlantic side where foreign commerce was allowed ; and this was restricted to Spain alone, and to a single fleet of merchant ships that came and went annually, until about fifty years before the Mexican independence, when free commerce was allowed with all the Spanish world. From a history of the commerce of Vera Cruz, just published at Mexico, I find that its annual average did not vary greatly from $12,000,000 importations against $18,000,000 exportations. The extra $6,000,000 being about the annual average of the royal revenue derived from New Spain, as this country was then called. Silver constituted the bulk of this $18,000,000, both in weight and in value. During the last fifty years of Spanish dominion, this commerce, extended, as we have said, to all Spanish possessions, was monopolized by a

* Esterior Comercio de Mexico. M. M. Lerdo de Tegido. Mexico, 1853.

company of merchants styled the Consulado of Vera Cruz. Under the management of this company it averaged as high as $22,000,000. The revolution broke up this monopoly, and almost annihilated the commerce of this port, but it rapidly revived after the Spaniards were driven out of the castle, and from this time it has gone on increasing, until now it amounts to $26,000,000 ; the imports and exports being equal, as there is now no King's revenue. This commerce is now carried on principally with the United States, since the establishment of a line of steamers to New Orleans. The most important article of importation is raw cotton, for the supply of the great manufactories in the interior of Mexico. The silver goes principally to England, and is drawn again in favor of the cotton purchaser. There is also a large import trade in agricultural implements, steammachinery for the sugar-mills and the silver mines, besides heavy importation of silks and wines from France and Spain. With this hasty notice we are compelled to quit a subject which is the theme of a most interesting volume.