"Sam"

Front matter

^luuihuui; •'■:':\^if<iiiju*ii

OR THE

HISTORY OF MYSTERY.

Chapter I. Page

The Mysterious birth of " Sam ^' — Some of his Youthful Feats and Characteristic Eccentricities 5

CHAPTE R II.

The young " Sam ^' proves a shrewd Citizen — His first Hanging Feat — The early Navigators , . 9

Chapter VIII. Page

The Origin of the Witch Persecutions — Character of Cotton Mather — Cotton Mather and his Invisibles — Parris, his associate and conspirator — Hanging of George Burroughs — Decline of the delusion, and Mather's despair — Quaint specimens from Mather's Works — ^White Slavery 39

Chapter XII

Formation of the London Company for the Settlement of Virginia — Birthplace of Capt. John Smith, and early crosses — Enters the service of Austria — Single combats in presence of both armies — Prisoner among the Tartars — Romantic adventures and escape — Joins the London Company — Prisoner among the Indians — Saved from death by the youthful Pocahontas — Other achievements in America 66

Chapter XIII

Historical depreciation of "Sam's" Southern children — Abusive epithets current — Contrast with the first Northern Settlements — Who, apparently, under the ban of Providence? — Who were the Discoverers and Explorers of the New World ? 74

Chapter XIV

Prosperity of the Colony of Jamestown under the rule of Captain Smith — Sudden Treachery of the Indians and great INIassacre of the Settlers 82

TABLE OF CONTENTS. V

Chapter XV

Origin of " First Families " in Virginia — Auction of wives to the Virginians — "Sam's" idea of Aristocracy — Virginians obtain the right of trial by Jury — of Representative Government also — Religious toleration, first granted them, repealed 85

Chapter XVI

Repeal of Charter of London Company — The Bacon Rebellion — Death of Bacon, and character of same 90

PART 11.

Chapter XVII

A new mystery — The rise of Luther, and Protestant wars — Advent of the mystery of Jesuitism 95

Chapter XVIII

Life of Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Order — Spiritual exercises— The Weeks — The Contemplations — Loyola a Pilgrim to the Holy Places — His persecutions — His first disciples, Xavier, Le Fevre — Lainez and Rodriques vow to go to the Holy Land and convert Infidels — Vow of perpetual chastity and poverty — The vow of unquestioning obedience — Refusal of the Holy See to recognize the Order — Cunning vow of obedience to the Pope — Obtains his recognition — Bull of recognition 99

Chapter XIX

Loyola's early tribulations — His inflexible Will — Obtains the critical Pledge of implicit obedience from his disciples — Bull of final recognition from the Pope 109

Chapter XX

Was Ignatius Loyola a Bigot? — Other Bigots of the same stamp — *' Sam's " indignation aroused — Hideous sacrilege and spiritual tyranny — Perinde ac si cadaver , 116

VI TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Chapter XXI. Page

Insiduous cunning of the Jesuits — Death extortions — Robbery and Ruin of their Devotees — Scandalous scenes in the interior — ^Life of Jesuitism — Loyola entangled with the " Sisters " — Secret Jesuits. . . 125

Chapter XXV

The deadly war of the Jesuits against Protestantism continued in the New World — Cant of Bancroft the Historian — Illustrations — Martyrdom ? — Facts and Motives of Jesuit Missions — League of the Iroquois — Intrigues of the Jesuits — First Intercolonial War — Predominance of Jesuit Instigation 160

Chapter XXVI

The Queen Ann's, or " Second Intercolonial War " between " Sam " and the Order of Jesuits — The Order not quite ready for formidable operations in the South — Retrospective glance at acts and influences of the Catholic Priesthood in Mexico, from the Conquest — Evidence of Clavigero, the Catholic Historian of Mexico — The monstrous destruction of the archives of Historical Pictures in Yucatan, by an " Ecclesiastic " — Destruction of the most precious Arts, which were common throughout Mexico 175

Chapter XXVII

Vandalism of the Catholic Priesthood continued in New Mexico — Antiquarian researches concerning the first Missions to New Mexico — Conquest of California — Various efforts to penetrate the mysterious gold region, by the Catholic governors of California — Extermination of the Catholic Spaniards of the Conquestador-Occupation — Hidden ruins and strange Traditions — Ruins of magnificent Catholic Cities — Marvelous treasures won by Cortez from Montezuma 180

TABLE OF CONTENTS. VU

Chapter XXVIII. Page

Alas Poor Mexico ! — Marquette and Joliet — La Salle — His pretended retirement from the Order of Jesus — His Fur Monopoly — He descends the Mississippi to its mouth — His Death — Remarks — Commencement of the Second Intercolonial War 196

Chapter XXXII

Pawn of the Revolutionary Period — Humorous " History of John Bull's Children " — Contrast between causes which led to the Revolution of 1688, in England, and those which led to the American Revolution ; from Judge Drayton's Charge, in 1776 293

Chapter XXXIII

Townshend's Scheme of Colonial Taxation — Repeal of the new taxes, except that on Tea — Local Affairs — Trade of the Colonies — Attempt to collect the Tax on Tea — Reminiscences of the position of the Tea Ships at Boston — Destruction of the Tea in Boston Harbor 304

Chapter XXXIV

The troubles thicken — Gage reinforced — Assembly of the first Continental Congress at Philadelphia 321

Chapter XXXV

Arnold's Defeat before Ticonderoga and Crown Point — Gage's Proclamation exempting from pardon John Hancock and Adams — Battle of Bunker Hill 347

Vlll TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Chapter XXXVI. Page

The first Sea Fight, and origin of the U. S. Navy— Ethan Allen taken captive and sent to England — Capture of St. Johns and Montreal — The Expedition against Quebec — Re-organization of the Army — Lord Howe in Boston — Movements of the British in Virginia 367

CHAPTER XXXVIL

The Settlements in the West — Biography of Boone, by Himself — Biography of Simon Kenton 398

Chapter I

The Mysterious birth of " Sam "-—Some of his Youthful Feats and Characteristic Eccentricities.

Once, when Earth, the good mother, was in grievous tribulation because of her children, and a voice of wailing was heard among the nations, a great cloud grew up suddenly in the East, and there seemed a sign of fire and tempest within its bosom.

All the peoples felt the shadow of this great cloud upon them, but they knew not what the strange portent meant, except that, to certain minds among them, it seemed that this gathering of mighty forces must be pregnant with some MYSTERY that was to step out from its bosom soon, as if the " Son of the morning" came forth from the caves of night, and that this mystery, too, was most like to stand as an embodiment, whether an incarnated embodiment or not, of some new birth of regeneration to all mankind.

Though it was thus the wise man spoke, or rather hoped, yet there was no one who knew these things to be true ; therefore the people trembled, and were afraid, while the turmoil of this cloudy Presence rolled with its slow shadow over them ; and when they saw it take its way toward the West, over the solitary sea, they wondered greatly whither it might be speeding. Only the Viking's wandering proAV had furrowed that solitary sea, as yet, when the great cloud set forth upon its face ; but there were daring men who said its shadow was a protection, and that no harm could come to any bark which sailed beneath it.

A.nd soon, from the port of Palos, in Andalusia, a fleet of little ships, like three cockleshells, went dancing forth upon the open sea, and were quickly hid from view beneath that shadow. A mighty sailor stood within these deckless hulls, whose deei>visioned eyes saw beyond all shadows. (14!J2, 3d August.)

And when men saw the miglity sailor forth, then from many a port went many a vessel, to sail within his wake, and all the world was filled with wonder of the golden miracles those ships brought back. And many a gay, adventuring host went shining underneath that shadow, that its slow glooms would not give u]).

At length (Dec. 11th, 1620), the great cloud, which for more than a hundred years had wandered up and down, brooding upon the sea, gathered together, and amidst a mighty anthem of the waves and winds, struck upon a headland rock, at Plymouth, and its voluminous folds, wrapping the snows for a moment, shivered as in a throe, then, thin and dim, commenced to fade upon the icy air.

Now, as the shattered cloud rose up, a strange, frail ship that seemed to have been hidden within its womb of shadow, lay trembling feebly in the ofhng on subsiding waA^es. The name of the little ship was " Mayflower.''

But when the cloud ^Yas all gone, there lay stretched upon the snow-covered summit of that headland rock a ffio-antic form, which seemed most like some helpless and misshapen Titan, which had been thus struck dumb, blind and sprawling out of the thunders of a tempest-birth, and hurled upon the desolation.

The trees yet rocked behind the passing storm when the bright sun came out, glittering keenly from the angles of the frosty rocks, upon this pale, ungainly specter, which, born thus of the thunder, seemed the incarnation of some new and powerful Force.

Touched by the sun, its lips moved in inarticulate sounds, that seemed in natural consonance with the groanings of the struggling forest, whicli bent its trees like grass-spears beneath the heavy head, thus pillowed on them all unconseiouslv.

The great arms of the monstrous Youngling, cast wildly out in spasms of a troubled awakening, in the involuntary clasp of drowsy fingers, tore the old oaks from rocky fissures, and the mighty stretching of its restless feet made maelstroms with the cliff-fronts, which they tumbled into the sea.

Far away upon the crest of hills, and upon the promontories of that broken shore, the tufted red men gathered, warned by the sounding tremors in the earth and air of some strange advent. And now they thronged and gazed upon this majestic wonder, which seemed to have lain down, as if upon its own couch, within the House-of-Sky, covering with its giant limbs the land of which the pestilence had made them but of late afraid.*

Now, with a slow, upward heave, the shoulders of the Youngling arise beneath the sun, and as he sits erect with mute, upturned face and unsealed eyes, the bowed forest trees swing up again with a clangor that would have scared Behemoth, stepping on the mountains.

He spreads with lazy stretch his arms abroad, feeling among the hills — and now, with quick sense, his unused fingers clutch upon the groups of shrinking red men, and thrilled by the touch of struggling life, he lifts them, fumbling, as if with baubles, toward his mouth.

The dangling stoics howl their death-whoop while they swing through mid-air by their scalp-locks, and at the strange sound the Mighty Infant, with loosened grasp, throws up its hands in awe, for now, through eyes dim-opened in the startle,

^•'On the 16th of March, 1620, the English received a visit from one of the natives, who came boldly into Plymouth, calling out Welcoyne Englishmen ! His name was Samoset, a Sagamore, who had learned a little English from the fishing vessels that had been on the coast. He informed the adventurers that the place they occupied, was called by the Indians Patuxet, and that all the people formerly inhabiting the place, died of an extraordinary sickness about four years since. — Antiquarian Researches — E. Hoyt.

The spot to which Providence had directed the planters had, a few years before, been rendered entirely a desert by a pestilence, which had likewise swept over the neighboring tribes, and desolated almost the whole sea-board of New England. AVhen the Pilgrims landed, there were the traces of a previous population but not one living inhabitant. Smoke from fires in the remote distance alone indicated the vicinity of natives. Miles Standish, " the best linguist" among the Pilgrims, as well as the best soldier, with an exploring party, was able to discover wigwams, but no tenants. Yet a body of Indians from abroad Avas soon discovered hovering near the settlements though disappearing when pursued. — Bancroft's United States.

the power of the sun has overcome him. Keaching, as if to pluck the glittering toy, his upright form has straightway chinned the hills, and with folded arms, now leaning idly on their harriers, he gazes out upon the spreading space.

Some moving specs upon a far-off lake have caught his vacant eye — his outstretched grasp has reached them — and, gathering an Algonquin fleet within his fingers, he eyes, with unmoved stare, the frail canoes of bark that are crushed within unconscious pressure, then snapping the huge pines that grew along the steppes, he piled a mighty ark in play, that launched with a toss on the same waves, displaced in overflow the pent-up waters with its swing.

As children pick in idleness at any dot upon the sheet, he plucked a wigwam village by the roots, and with a stare and stride, as if their funnel-tops had proved oSensive, he tore the idle bowlders from the valleys and built a towering House that would not smoke.

Now, as the sun went up and the awed savages kneeled to him, the giant Infant took a new mood. While he gazed steadfast on the blazing orb, there seemed a gnat, or some ambitious thing, that flitted before his sight. He swept his great hand down and brought the struggler to his face. It pecked and clawed him with a vicious tare, that first aroused him to the sense of pain, and tossing the warlike insect from him, he watched it cleave with unrumpled plumes, the sunward air again. He took the tameless creature down from the skies, and made its eyrie on the House he built!

mam''

, mm mfmmmmmmmsmr*:

Chapter II

The young "Sam" proves a shrewd Citizen — His first Hanging Feat — The early Navigators.

The young Sam, though born out of a cloud, proved to be rather a sharp-sighted individual. One of the first evidences of this, it will be seen, he gave in a familiar way, when he hung half-a-dozen Quakers on Boston Common, and gave as a reason for it, that " we desire their lives absent, rather than their deaths present."

It is to be supposed that this mythical personage fled from persecution ; but then there was a hearty savor in the way in which he attempted to annihilate the Anabaptists, and ruled the distempered Quakers up to Haman^s lodgings, which showed he had a genuine relish for persecution, per se.

Perhaps it was that Sam thought persecution caused mankind to thrive, for the same reason that we tell our babies, when they are caught out of doors in the summer rain, that the pelting makes them grow. At anyrate Sam took a very original view of matters and things when he found himself suddenly awake upon a new Continent. He had a dim reminiscence of having been badly treated somewhere else, and

10 "Sam:" or, THii lli^ioiu" of ^Iystery.

therefore concluded that it must be best, in bis new condition, to treat every one else shrewdly, at least, if not badly — .the Quakers and Miantonomah can tell you why ! So can Butler, in his Hudibras, who seems to have known something about Sam in his earliest dealings with the simple Narragansetts :

" Our brethren of New England use

Choice malefactors to excuse,

And hang the guiltless in their stead

Of whom the churches have less need ;

As lately happened. In a town

There lived a cobbler, and but one,

That out of doctrine could cut use,

And cut men's lives as well as shoes.

This precious brother having slain,

In times of peace, an Indian,

(Not out of malice, but mere zeal,

Because he was an Infidel) ,

The mighty Tottipottymoy

Sent to our elders an envoy.

Complaining sorely of the breach

Of league held forth by brother patch,

Against the articles in force

Between both churches, his and ours.

For which he prayed the Saints to render

Into his hand or hang the offender.

But they naturally having weighed,

They had no man for him o' the trade.

(A man that serv'd them in a double

Capacity, to teach and cobble),

Resolved to spare him, yet to do

The Indian Hoghgan, Moghgan too,

Impartia-1 justice, in his stead did

Hang an old weaver that was bed-rid.

There had been many adventurings toward the South, before Sam came to raise a nasal hymn within the rocky wilderness, that shook a continent with long reverberations. The Cabots had surveyed the North, Verrazzani, Cartier, Roberval, De la Roche, and noble old Champlain, had named the St. Lawrence, surveyed the Arcadia of the French, and settled Quebec. Ponce de Leon, seeking for the fountain of eternal youth, remained yet an old man, though Spanish commerce, through his superstitious yet chavalric enterprise, won a new passage through the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico.

" Sam : " or, the History of Mystery. ll

Then had come the stubborn Cortez, and many a gallant Knight went down in his miraculous conquest. But Sam, even from the embryo of his cloudy birth , has always thought the proudest thing this Cortez ever did was when he took Pamphilo de Narvaez prisoner.

This is the same person who had been sent by the jealous governor to Cuba to take Cortez prisoner, who, after having declared him an outlaw, was himself easily defeated. He lost an eye in the affray, and his own troops deserted him. When brought into the presence of the man whom he had promised to arrest, he said to him, " Esteem it great good fortune that you have taken me captive." Cortez replied, and with truth, "It is the least of the things I have done in Mexico.

But with all the cark and cant which entered into the composition of his nature, our northern Sam, nevertheless, proves himself, in a general way, to be a right loyal gentleman, that is, not particularly loyal to his king, but a most w^orshipful servitor of that hard-handed despot who prorogued the Long Parliament. We may as well say, en passant, that there seemed to have been a contest between the old Continent and the new, when they managed almost simultaneously to produce Oliver Cromwell and Sam, for they both whined at first and proved themselves reverentially absurd, yet always were victorious. Cromwell conquered an empire, and Sam, a Ncav World.

Being both tyrants, they could not well be contrasted, but the motto of them both seems to have equally been, " ^ray to God and keep your powder dry.'^

Kaleigh, the loftiest cavalier the world has ever seen, and Smith — the veritable John Smith — the noblest of adventurers, had long ago formed colonies in Virginia, but not even the dauntless energies of Smith could make them stay colonized respectably, and San Augustine and Jamestown, and the settlements in North Carolina, and on the Chesapeake, had all proved partial failures, since the thirst for gold and wild adventure had mostly led them, rather than what he loves to call the solemn purpose to found an empire, when Sam really came, as we have seen.

Chapter III

First act of Diplomacy on the part of " Sam " — His tender mercies toward the heathen King Philip, and other merciful attributes.

Though the Sam, whose birth and advent we liave described, may be considered by the unbelievers as more or less of a myth, because he is not always visible to the naked eye, yet this is no sign — for it is to be remembered that his proportions are too great to be taken in by the gaze of common mortals — and for the same reason that the roar of Niagara makes a silence, thus confounding one sense — that of hearing — with the voice of nature, his great dimensions may confound another — that of sight — seeming to it only a continuation of space.

We shall perceive, however, before this legend is through, that his existence is yet a veritable one, and if we can neither see nor hear him, we can feel him, and that the grip of his giant hand is now, and has been, as unmistakable throughout the land as the shaking of his mighty feet.

Now, as a conscientious historian, we have not set out to prove Sam to have been a saint from the origin, though he may have been a very large baby. On account of his size, his wants were, of course, enormous. A childling of the elements, he could not be expected to have learned much of such unruly parentage, concerning the differences between right and wrong.

Therefore it is not to be considered particularly surprising that " the oldest act of diplomacy recorded in New England " should have been when, in their first parley with Massasoit, the chief of the Wampanoags, one of Sam's people, Mr. Winslow, was dispatched with some handsome presents and a pot of " strong water," to open a negotiation with the shy and simple savage, and that he, tempted by the novel sensations produced by the unknown drink thus oflered to him, as a pledge of amity, agreed to " come in '^ and discuss, with Governor Carver, the terms of a treaty. Then it followed of necessity that *' after an exchange of salutations, refreshments were placed before the chief, of which he and his people freely partook." That " a league of friendship was then agreed on," and that " the Indians departed well pleased with their interview," as says the impartial narrator* — can not reasonably be doubted.

Who can doubt, also, that Sam must have got greatly the better of his ally through the potency of his " refreshments ? " Is it not pretty clearly shown in the fact that he actually kept faith with these poor Wampanoags, for about fifty years ? But then, having nearly ** pushed " King Philip, the haughty successor and grandson of this same Massasoit, " off the end of the log," upon which that good-natured old chief, as the ancient tradition goes, " had welcomed his tired limbs to sit down and rest," he made a characteristic conclusion of a long and terrible war, when, having hunted the unfortunate King through the swamps of New England, like a wolf, for having objected to being pushed off into the mud, he first shot him through the heart, in order to be sure he was dead, and then had him beheaded and quartered, by a man whom he had, as may be supposed, spiritually admonished from his birth to be named " Captain Church," for the express purpose of sanctifying this deed — we mean, of course, as a veracious narrator, that it only sounded better to Sam that such a deed should have been done by something or somebody who bore such a name.

We should not blame him if this were really true, for predilections like this were strictly, peculiarly his own ; and, as he first claimed their assertion in his own immense and manly way, we can begin to understand how it was that Sam proved afterward to be such a pet of Oliver Cromwell.

It seems, altogether, a supererogation of pale-gilled Puritanism, that local historians, who presume to write a history of Sam, should so modestly j)ass over this most characteristic opening incident of his history, for there is quite sufficient grandeur in his nature and his plain-told acts to relieve

■■' Hoyt's Antiquarian Researches, page 21.

tliem of any necessary defense of prevaricating cant. The same story, of the first interview with Massasoit, is thus, in other words, narrated by one who seems to have felt himself " spiritually admonished,'' very much as w^e have related above concerning Captain Church, to become *• the defender of the faith," instead of the historian of Sam.

" The chieftain of a race as yet so new to the Pilgrims, was received with all the ceremonies which the condition of the colony permitted. A treaty of friendship was soon completed in few and unequivocal terms. The parties promised to abstain from mutual injuries, and to deliver up oifenders. The colonists were to rex^eive assistance if attacked — to render it if Massasoit should be attacked unjustly. The treaty included the confederates of the sacJiem ; it is the oldest act of diplomacy recorded in New England ; it was concluded in a day, and, being founded on reciprocal interests, was sacredly kept for more than half a century. Massasoit desired the alliance, for the powerful Narragansetts were his enemies ; his tribe, moreover, having become habituated to some English luxuries, were willing to establish a traffic, while the emigrants obtained peace, security, and the opportunities of a lucrative commerce."''

The dainty form of speech which, here including everything in the phrases " all the ceremonies which the condition of the colony permitted" skims over the "pot of strong water to the chief," and concludes that Massasoit " having become habituated to some English luxuries, w^as willing to establish a traffic," is too transcendentally rich not to be twenty-seven years in advance — as the Dial has since been published — of the first modest insinuation from the same meridian, that Massasoit, having " left Mr. Winslow^ in the custody of his men, as a hostage, ventured to the English, by whom he was hospitahhj entertained, and with wdiom he concluded the treaty, already noticed."!

The voice of Sam, himself, it is said, can yet be heard on any still day, reverberating among the Green Mountains.

"Bancroft's United States, vol. 1st, page 317.

t History of the United States of America, by the Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, 23d edition.

" It is all a lie, I gave Massasoit rum !" And that he made a drunken treaty, and that Sam must have held him with his lordly nation by an ascendency of fifty years, in growling, half-subjection, can only be accounted for by the enslaving habits of the " English luxuries '^ to which the Wampanoags had been introduced.

When the stern, heroic Philip, whose first overt act of war was caused by Sam's characteristic murder of three Indians, whom Philip was accused of having excited to the slaying of one Sansamon, a renegade Indian Missionary — which saintly personage, it seems, Philip thought had been inflicting too much piety and rum upon his nation ! Sam now lifted himself up in wrath, striking with his heavy hand at the rebellious chieftain, for rum and piety, at the one blow.

Here are some of the scenes which occurred about these times, and which go to show the comparative metal of these two foes.

The English forces at Hadley, on the Connecticut, had become pressed for provisions and forage, and it was known that a large deposit of wheat, at Deerfield, fifteen miles up the river, was exposed in the stack to easy destruction by the Indians.

Captain Lathrop, with his company of eighty men, with a number of teams and drivers, was accordingly detached by the commander at Hadley, to thrash out the grain and transport it to head-quarters.

" In obedience to his orders, Lathrop proceeded to Deerfield, where Captain Mosely was then posted with a company of colony troops, and having thrashed the grain and loaded his teams, he commenced his march for Hadley, on the 18th of September, 1675. No discovery had been made of the enemy in the vicinity, and probably Lathrop did not apprehend that they were watcliing his movements ; but it seems they were too vigilant to let slip so favorable an opportunity of depriving the English of such a valuable acquisition of stores.

" For the distance of about three miles after leaving Deerfield meadow, Lathrop's march lay througli a very level country, closely wooded, where he was every moment exposed to an attack on either flank ; at the termination of this distance, near tlie south point of Sugar-loaf Hill, tlie road approximated Connecticut river, and the left was in some measure protected. At the village now called Muddy Brook, in the southernly part of Deerfield, the road crossed a small stream, bordered by a narrow morass, from which the village has its name ; though more appropriately- it should be denominated Bloody Brook, by which it was for some time known.

" Before arriving at the point of intersection with the brook, the road for about half a mile ran parallel to the morass, then crossing, it continued to the south point of Sugar-loaf Hill, traversing what is now the home-lots, on the east side of the village. As the morass was thickly covered with brush, the place of crossing afforded a favorable point for surprise.

" On discovering Lathrop's march, a body of upward of seven hundred Indians planted themselves in ambuscade at this point, and lay eagerly waiting to pounce upon him while passing the morass. Without scanning the woods in his front and flanks, or suspecting the snare laid for him, Lathrop arrived at the fatal spot, crossed the morass with the principal part of his force, and halted to allow time for his teams to drao; throu2:h their loads. The critical moment had arrived — the Indians instantly poured a heavy and destructive fire upon the column, and rushed furiously to close attack. Confusion and dismay succeeded. The troops broke and scattered, fiercely pursued by the Indians, whose great superiority enabled them to attack at all points. Hopeless was the situation of the scattered troops, and they resolved to sell their lives in a vigorous struggle.

" Covering themselves with trees, the bloody conflict now became a severe trial of skill in sharp shooting, in which life was the stake. Difficult w^ould it be to describe the havoc, barbarity and misery that ensued. ' Fury raged, and shuddering pity quit the sanguine field,' while desperation stood pitted at ' fearful odds,' to unrelenting ferocity.