A new history for American homes. Our own country; its history and achievements and the story of our great men and women

Front matter

UH vy y/j f/.M W

ITS History Achievements

:% .0^.-^.^

Introduction

T is four hundred years since Columbus caught his first gHmpse of the western world, but it is only two hundred and seventy five years since the work of making this continent habitable began. From Jamestown and from Plymouth the streams of exploration and colonization flow steadily westward and southward, gathering volume and momentum until they unite the great oceans and cover the continent. The story of this vast unfolding of life under new conditions is told in this volume by different pens, but with one controlling idea — to show how and by what means a great nation grew out of the few and scattered seeds of a small emigration from beyond the sea. The great English statesman, Burke, has said somewhere that to be a statesman one must ;aot only master the different conditions and occupations of a people, but must so xealize them through his imagination that he sees in them one unbroken life. This volume has been prepared in the hope that it will present the life of the American people so clearly, vividly and comprehensively that the unity and magnitude of that life will be more evident than they have ever been before. A great people in a great countiy has so many occupations, so many kinds of wealth, such differences of condition, that it loses at times the consciousness of its family ties and affections. There are so many kinds of Americans, they are

v vi THE STORY OF AMERICA.

so widely scattered, and they are busy with such manifold interests, that the homestead is in great danger of being neglected by the children, and the sense of kinship is likely to be lost in the diversity of interests.

We talk a great deal about our power but we do not realize it ; we cannot realize it until we understand what it is which gives us power. We use a great many figures to convey an impression of our acreage and crops ; but it is the farmer, the mechanic and the merchant who are the real capital of the country. Their character, energy, intelligence, thrift and practical sagacity constitute our real wealth ; the wealth which is not subject to the fluctuations of the market or the untimely conditions of the weather. This volume tells the story of material growth as fully and more comprehensively than most books ; but it tells also the story of America as It is written in the life, character and habits of the American man and woman.

To know the American you must know his ancestry and how he came where he now is ; that record is made here with a broad completeness which brings out the immense variety and volume of race force and character behind the people on this continent. To know the American you must know what religious, social and political influences shaped and moulded the lives of his forefathers ; those influences are all marked and traced here. To know the American of to-day you must know what experiences have befallen him on this side the ocean, how he has fared and what he has accomplished ; accordingly his history is fully spread out in these pages, and his explorations, settlements, wars, growth are told, not in detail but so as to cover the ground strongly and effectively. To know the American you must know what he is doing to-day ; where his work is and how he does it ; how he travels ; what inventions he uses ; what mechanical genius he displays ; what books he reads ; what church he attends ; what schools he maintains ; what his pleasures are ; and how he employs his wealth. This volume answers these questions. It is at once a history, a story, an encyclopaedia of national information, and a text-book of national character. It reports travels, describes settlements, gives account of wars, traces political ideas and growth, follows the lines of trade and of national prosperity, pictures what is going on in the shop, the office, the church, the school, the mine, the garden, the grain field, the home. It supplies the historic background of American life, and against this background it spreads out that life in broad, clear lines of growth and activity. It is the story of America, but it is still more the story of the American. Welldone or ill-done, it aims at nothing less than to show the American as he lives and works on the continent which he has conquered by sheer force of energy and intelligence.

There is no romance so marvelous as this record of fact ; none so full of incident, adventure, heroism, and human vicissitude. From the voyages of the earliest Spanish, French, and English explorers to the inventions and discoveries

INTRODUCTION. vii

of Edison the story never fails of thrilling interest. It is a romance of humanity written by the hand of Providence on the clean, broad page of a new continent. It is a Bible for new illustration of the old laws of right and wrong which underlie all history ; but it is a modern version of The Arabian Nights for marvels and miracles of human skill and achievements. The building of Aladdin's palace was a small affair compared with the building of some of our States ; and the rubbing of Aladdin's lamp was but a faint burnishing compared with the glow of prosperity which hard work has brought out on the face of this continent. There is no romance so wonderful as the story of life told, not by novelists of varying degrees of skill, but by great multitudes of eager, energetic men and women. It is doubtful if any country has ever developed greater energy of spirit or greater variety of character than this ; and this is the chief reason why our history has such significance and such fruitage of achievement.

To know this history is a duty and a delight. A man whose brave ancestors have carried the name he bears far, and made it a synonym for courage and honor, is rightly proud of his descent and gets from it a new impulse to bear as brave a part in his own day. Americans can honestly cherish such pride ; it is justified by what lies behind them. No man can be truly patriotic who does not know something of the nation to which he belongs, and of the country in which he lives. Such knowledge is a part of intelligent citizenship. In this country, where the government rests on the intelligence and virtue of the entire population, such a knowledge is a duty and a necessity. Men who reach eminence in their professions invariably have large ideas of those professions ; they know the history of the profession and the names of those who have advanced its influence and secured its honors. A man of business who takes the lead in his particular line of trade is uniformly distinguished by his superior knowledge of business problems and conditions. He studies his business in its large relations to the business of the country ; he looks at it with the eyes of a statesman. The intelligent American cannot be ignorant of the great history in which he has had so vital an interest, or of the life of his country to-day. Not to know these things is to miss a noble and inspiring landscape which we might see simply by the lifting up of the eyes.

It is for the family that this volume was primarily prepared. America is pre-eminently the country of homes ; that is the country which, by its frer institutions and its large social and industrial conditions, makes comfortable homes possible to its entire population. These homes are not only the sources of happiness and the nurseries of purity and prosperity ; they are also the schools of citizenship. From these schools are graduated year after year, in unbroken and never-ending classes, the men and women who continue and enlarge the work and the influence of the nation. The Bible has been and will viii THE STORY OF AMERICA.

remain the great text-book in these schools ; but other books are needed, and this book aims to take its place as an indispensable book of instruction and entertainment. The history of a race is the best possible material for the education of the children of that race. We know this by instinct, and we act by instinct when we hold up constantly the lives and achievements of our great men as. illustrations of honor, honesty and capacity. No teaching is so effective as that which flows from persons and characters rather than from abstract principles and statements. Few boys care for patriotism as a quality of character, but every boy knows on the instant what patriotism means when the names of Washington and Lincoln are spoken in his hearing. These great men render through character an even higher service than they render through sacrifice and action. They embody great virtues, they stand for great principles, they illustrate noble qualities. Being dead they still speak with voices whose range and power are denied to teachers who impart truth but do not live it on a great scale. Alfred the Great has been and still is one of the most persuasive and inspiring teachers England has ever had. His name brings instantly to mind the noblest traits of English manhood, the grandest type of English citizenship. To tell his story to a boy is to teach him the deepest lessons of life while he does not suspect anything more enduring than the entertainment of an hour. History is summed up in great men, and every virtue, every vice, every decisive popular movement is identified with or incarnated in some great man. The name of Washington is a most familiar name for truthfulness and integrity, that of Arnold for baseness and treachery, that of Jefferson for the democratic idea, the rule of the people. These names are always in the air because they have their g-eneral and enduring- meanings ; and no man can estimate their educational value to the country. They are heard on every political platform, but they are heard still more frequently in the school roorrt, and they are of more use there than most text-books.

It was the custom among some nations of antiquity to repeat to each fresh generation the noble deeds of their ancestors, thus making history a great oral tradition, and turning it from a dead record into a living' romance. Real education is not knowledge of books but knowledge of life, and books are useful only so far as they lead us to this kind of knowledge. What men have been and have done is the best material for the education which trains one in courage, honesty, and energy as well as in mental quickness and skill. The Athenian boys learned Homer by heart; the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" took the place of the pile of books which the school-boy of to-day carries under his arm when he sets his " morning face " schoolward. In this way boys learned beauty and eloquence of speech, and imbibed the spirit of art while they were yet at their games. But they learned even greater things than these ; they grew up with the heroes of their race and took part in their great deeds. The bravest and

INTRODUCTION. ix

most poetic things which their race had done were familiar and became dear to them while their natures were most receptive and responsive. The past was not dim and obscure to them as it is to too many Americans ; it was a living past, full of splendid figures and heroic deeds. To boys so bred in the very arms and at the very heart of their race it was a glorious privilege to be an Athenian ; to share in a noble history, to be a citizen of a beautiful city, to have the proud consciousness of such place and fame among men. It is not surprising that as the result of such an education the small city of Athens produced more great men in all departments in the brief limits of a century than most other cities have bred in the long course of history. There was a vital, inspiring education behind that splendid flowering of art, literature, philosophy and statesmanship.

The American boy and girl ought to have the same education. Too many grow up with the most indefinite ideas of their own country. They do not know what has been done here ; they do not even know how people live in other parts of the broad land. They know something of their own communities, but they are ignorant of the greater community to which they belong. The story of the country's birth and growth, of its struggles and achievements, of its wonderfully diversified life, of its heroic men and noble women, ought to be familiar to every boy and girl from earliest childhood. This knowledge is the A B C of real education. It is to furnish this knowledge that this volume has been largely prepared. The home is never isolated and solitary ; it is one of a great community of homes stretching across the continent. To get the best and the most out of its beautiful relations and its manifold opportunities, each home must develop the sense of kinship with other homes, and the consciousness of common responsibility. Every child must fill a place in the nation and the world as well as in the home. He must know, therefore, what the nation is and what it demands of him. He must feel the deep and wonderful life, active and powerful over a whole continent, in which he shares and to which he contributes.

This is the age o ' community feeling ; the sense of brotherhood among men of all races has never before been so pervasive and so real. A famine on the banks of the Volga, brings quick response from the prosperous fields about the Mississippi. Nothing that happens in the remotest corner of the world is without interest. To know how the other half lives is not only a universal desire, but a universal dut}'. This volume not only makes the present acquainted with the past and so gives Its historic background, but it brings to each occupation and profession the work and condition of every other occupation and profession, and it lays before each section of the country the aspects and habits of every other section. It is a national book ; it describes the West to the East and the North to the South. It tells the merchant how the farmer lives ; it gives the

THE STORY OF AMERICA.

mechanic a picture of the miner's life ; it furnishes the planter a glimpse of the herdsman. It unfolds a map of the whole country, not in the hard and fast lines of geography, but in the streaming, rushing life of an inmense and energetic people. It supplies a clear and comprehensive view of the government in all its functions of administration ; it describes the great cities ; it follows and pictures the countless channels and instrumentalities of travel and commerce ; it delineates the work of the farmer, the mechanic, the miner, the merchant ; it has something to say about churches, colleges, schools, literature, charities. It is, in a word, a national chart, text-book, history and romance for the home.

In the preparation of this volume we have had the assistance of a number of experienced writers specially qualified to present the subjects assigned to them. This co-operation of knowledge and work was not only necessitated by the magnitude and comprehensiveness of a book covering a period of four hundred years and embracing all the aspects, — historical, religious, industrial, social, and intellectual, — of the nation's life, but was deliberately chosen because it ensured greater variety, interest, and thoroughness than any single author could give such a work. Its advantages were recognized as counterbalancing the additional expense involved. We have, however, planned the entire work, and, with the exception of the chapters which are signed by their writers, have outlined and thoroughly revised every part we have not ourselves written, thus securing unity of aim and purpose throughout.

Hamilton W. Mabie.

Marshal H. Bright.

U.S./*1an op War

•BuiLt- fOR- E;(hiBiy- at- Wg^Los-FAil^

LIST OF CHAPTERS AND SUBJECTS.

PAG«

INTRODUCTION S

Chapter I. Kindinq The New Country 21

DISCOVERY AND DISCOVERERS THE NORSEMEN DID THEY DISCOVER AMERICA? THE EVIDENCE- CONCLUSIONS COLUMBUS — EARLY YEARS — CHARACTERS OF HIS TIME LEAVES ITALY FOR POR- TUGAL HIS PLAN SEES THE KING THE KING's INDIFFERENCE VISITS SPAIN — A TRUE

friend disappointment and delay ferdinand his coolness to columbus's project —

isabella exorbitant terms — at last success — the expedition from palos — mutiny

Columbus's firmness — mistaken signs — land at last — a new world found — return-; to spain — voyages and discoveries — humiliation his death at valladolid.

Chapter II. Post-coluivibian Explorers And Discoverers, 40

COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES — THEIR EFFECT OTHER NATIONS AROUSED — THE CABOTS AND

LABRADOR — AMERICUS VESPUCIUS — THE NAME AMERICA— CANNIBALS AND THEIR SACRIFICES

PINZON TURNS VOYAGER — HIS DISCOVERIES — DA GAMA — DE CABRAL — BASTIDAS — DE LA COSA

PONCE DE LEON HIS CAMPAIGN IN FLORIDA VERAZZANO — BALBOA HE DISCOVERS THE

PACIFIC DAVILA — FERDINAND DE SOTO — ATTEMPTS TO CONQUER FLORIDA — A LONG MARCH — '

ONWARD TO THE FAR WEST — DE SOTO DISCOVERS THE MISSISSIPPI DEATH AND BURIAL.

Chapter III. Settling The New Country 69

BEGINNINGS OF IMMIGRATION CONDITION OF EUROPE — FIRST ATTEMPT AT COLONIZATION THE

THIRTY YEARS' WAR FIRST ROANOKE COLONY WOMEN AND THE COLONISTS RALEIGF

ASSIGNS HIS PATENT— ACADIE — THE VIRGINIA CHARTER — LAZINESS AND ILL FEELING — OBTAIN- ING A NEW CHARTER — THE POCAHONTAS MYTH — JOHN SMITH — HIS CHARACTER THE PLY- MOUTH COLONY A CRUEL WINTER— MILES STANDISH — PICTURESQUE CHARTERS — MASSACHU- SETTS BAY COLONY INDIAN WARS BOUNDARY DISPUTES — TOWN MEETINGS — HENDRICK HUD- SON NEW AMSTERDAM — PENN — THE FRIENDS RAPID SUCCESS OF THE QUAKERS.

xi xii LIST OF CHAPTERS AND SUBJECTS.

CHAPTER IV. MiAKINQ THE NKW PEOPLE

THE colonists' NEW CONDITION — LAND AND LABOR THE RICE SWAMPS OF CAROLINA THE PLAN- TATION THE FARM — FORCING A STAPLE — A MULBERRY-TREE LAW MANOF.IAL RIGHTS IN VIR- GINIA THE FEUDAL SYSTEM THE ORIGIN OF THE VIRGINIA PARISH THE COUNTY AND THE

COURT CASTE THE AMERICAN BARON WHITE TRASH — EQUALITY IN NEW ENGLAND WHITE

SLAVES RELIGIOUS FREEDOM— CHARACTER OF THE PURITANS — EARLY HISTORIES OF MASSA- CHUSETTS — COTTON MATHER AND THE WITCHES NEW YORK's AUTO DA FE — SYMBOLISM

THE QUAKER AND THE PURITAN A PROTEST AGAINST PERSECUTION — THE BLUE LAWS THE

HUDSON RIVER ESTATES SCHOOLS NORTH AND SOUTH — THE SPREAD OF INTELLIGENCE.

Chapter V. Old Colony Days And Ways, 103

HOME AND SOCIAL LIFE ISOLATION OF COMMUNITIES THE TYPICAL PURITAN HOME— FRIENDLINESS

AND REPRESSION HOME INDUSTRIES THE LOOM AND THE SPINNING WHEEL HABITS OF THE

PEOPLE — BOOKS AND READING — SCHOOL AND MEETING-HOUSE — MINISTER AND SQUIRE.

Chapter VI. Story Ok The Buccaneers And Pirates, ... 117

rORTUGA — THE FIRST HOME OF THE BUCCANEERS— SPAIN JEALOUS OF THE FRENCH THE CAPTURE OF

A WAR-SHIP — CHARACTER OF THE BUCCANEERS — PIERRE FRANgOIS AND THE PEARL FISHERS

A CHANGE OF BASE — PORTUGUES — SUPPOSED DEATH OF THE PIRATE — REJOICING OF THE SPAN- IARDS BRAZILIANO — THE PROFLIGACY OF PORT ROYAL DAVIS'S STRATEGY DEFEAT AND VEN- GEANCE OF LOLONOIS — WEALTH OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN CITIES — THE DEFENSE OF MERIDA

AN OLD SOLDIER OF FLANDERS — THE LAST OF THE BUCCANEERS HENRY MORGAN HIS CAREER —

THE TAKING OF PUERTO BELLO — ST. CATHERINE'S FALLS MARACAIBO AGAIN THE SPANISH

admiral's ULTIMATUM — HOW MORGAN ANSWERED IT THEATRICAL CIVILITY — MORGAN

APPROACHES PANAMA — IN SIGHT OF PANAMA AN ARDUOUS BATTLE RICH BOOTY TREACHERY OF

MORGAN — OTHER PIRATES — KIDD — BLACKBEARD — HOW KIDD GOT HIS COM.MISSION, ETC.

CHAPTER VII. CUTTING LOOSE PROM EUROPE, i33

DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS IN THE COLONIES — CHARTERS AND ASSEMBLIES — TOWN MEETINGS IN NEW ENGLAND — COUNTIES AS UNITS IN THE SOUTH — MASSACHUSETTS AND VIRGINIA REPRE- SENTATIVE TYPES — bacon's REBELLION — ANDROS'S TYRANNY UNITY IN ACTION FOR SELF- DEFENSE — KING PHILIP'S WAR, THE DUTCH AND THE SPANIARDS, LOUISBURGH, PORT ROYAL- WASHINGTON AND BRADDOCK — OVERTHROW OF THE FRENCH POWER IN AMERICA THE ALBANY

PLAN — NAVIGATION LAWS — THE STAMP ACT — NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION — THE BOSTON MASSACRE — BOSTON TEA PARTY — PORT BILL — FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS.

LIST OF CHAPTERS AND SUBJECTS. xiii

Chapter VIII. Page

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE, 149

CHARACTER OF THE WAR — THE BRITISH PLAN OF CAMPAIGN BUNKER HILL TICONDEROGA — THE

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND — HARLEM HEIGHTS WASHING- TON'S CROSSING THE DELAWARE TRENTON AND PRINCETON — BURGOYNE's EXPEDITION —

SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE — HOWE AT PHILADELPHIA — BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN — WASHINGTON AT VALLEY FORGE — THE FRENCH ALLIANCE — MONMOUTH COURT HOUSE — INVASION OF GEORGIA AND SOUTH CAROLINA — GATES's FAILURE — GREENE's STRATEGY — BENEDICT ARNOLD'S TREACH- ERY — PAUL JONES AND THE " SERAMIS " — AT YORKTOWN —WASHINGTON'S DECISIVE MOVE — SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS — INDEPENDENCE ACKNOWLEDGED.

Chapter IX

STRUOOLE EOR LIBERTY AND OOVERNNIENT, . . 173 BY FRANCIS NEWTON THORPE, PH.D.,

PROFESSOR OF SCHOOL OF AMERICAN HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

COLONIZATION — SOME RESULTS — POPULAR RIGHTS — NEW ENGLAND — THE STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY — LIMITATIONS — THE ENGLISH IDEA — COLONIAL LEGISLATURES — THE MONEY QUESTION — GOVERN

ING OUTSIDE OF CHARTER LIMITATIONS TAXATION — THOSE TEA CHESTS — THE STRUGGLE FOR

INDEPENDENCE — CONFEDERATION — THE FRANCHISE — PROPERTY QUALIFICATION — THAT STAR OF EMPIRE — ITS WESTWARD COURSE — THEN AND NOW, ETC.

Chapter X. Patheinders And Pioneers 199

DANIEL BOONE — A PICTURESQUE CHARACTER — WALKER — STEWART HOLDEN — MONCEY FINLEY

COOL — A FIRST VIEW OF KENTUCKY — THE BIVOUAC — A KENTUCKY FORT — INDIAN CAPTURES- DAVID CROCKETT A FASCINATING CAREER LEWIS AND CLARK THEIR WESTWARD TRAVELS

FREMONT KIT CARSON — ARCTIC EXPLORERS BEHRING VAN WRANGEL ROSS PARRY SIR

JOHN FRANKLIN THE GRINNELL EXPEDITION — KANE — DR. HAYES — SCHWALKER THE BENNETT

EXPEDITION CAPTAIN LONG DEATH AND RESCUE.

Chapter XI. F-ushinq Back The Boundaries 215

ORIGINAL LINES ORDER OF ADMISSION OF THE STATES — THE FRENCH CESSION THE SPANISH CESSIOI*

— TEXAN ANNEXATION — MEXICAN CESSION RUSSIAN PURCHASE — THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS.

Chapter XII. The Second War Kor Independence, Or The

MEANING OF THE WAR — ITS CAUSES — NEUTRAL RIGHTS— IMPRESSING AMERICAN SAILORS INSULTS

AND OUTRAGES — THE "CHESAPEAKE" AND THE " LEOPARD " INJURY TO AMERICAN COM xiv LIST OF CHAPTERS AND SUBJECTS.

MERGE PAPER BLOCKADES THE ORDERS IN COUNCIL EMBARGO AS RETALIATION OUR NAVAL

GLORY IN THIS WAR FAILURE OF THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST CANADA HULl'S SURRENDER AT

DETROIT SPLENDID VICTORIES AT SEA — THE "CONSTITUTION AND THE " GUERRIERE " THE

"wasp" and THE "FROLIC" — OTHER SEA-DUELS AMERICAN PRIVATEERS — ON THE LAKES

perry's GREAT VICTORY LAND OPERATIONS — BATTLE OF THE THAMES WILKINSON'S FIASCO

— THE "shannon" AND THE "CHESAPEAKE" ENGLISH REINFORCEMENTS — LUNDy's LANE

AND PLATTSBURG — THE BURNING OF WASHINGTON BALTIMORE SAVED — GENERAL JACKSON AT

NEW ORLEANS THE TREATY OF PEACE — THE HARTFORD CONVENTION.

Chapter XIII. Pagb

THE STORY OR THE INDIAN 247

OUR RELATIONS TO THE INDIAN PERIOD OF DISCOVERY HOSPITALITY TO FIRST SETTLERS — ABUSE

OF HOSPITALITY DISTRUST AND WARFARE — COLONIAL PERIOD EARLY OUTBREAKS AND

MASSACRES — FRENCH AND ENGLISH WARS — REVOLUTIONARY WAR — INDIAN STRUGGLE FOR TERRITORY.

Chapter XIV

THE INDIAN OR THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, . . 261 BY HON. HENRY L. DAWES,

CHAIRMAN COMMITTEE ON INDIAN AFFAIRS, U. S. SENATE.

NATIONAL PERIOD — CONFLICT BETWEEN TWO CIVILIZATIONS INDIAN BUREAU — GOVERNMENT POLICY

TREATIES RESERVATION PLAN REMOVALS UNDER IT INDIAN WARS PLAN OF CONCENTRA- TION — DISTURBANCE AND FIGHTING PLAN OF EDUCATION AND ABSORPTION ITS COMMENCE- MENT — PRESENT CONDITION OF INDIANS NATURE OF EDUCATION AND RESULTS LAND IN

SEVERALTY LAW — MISSIONARY EFFORT — NECESSITY AND DUTY OF ABSORPTION.

Chapter XV. Story Oe The Negro 277

THE NEGRO IN AMERICA THE FIRST CARGO — BEGINNING OF THE SLAVE TRAFFIC — AS A LABORER

INCREASE IN NUMBERS — SLAVERY ; ITS DIFFERENT CHARACTER IN DIFFERENT STATES —

POLITICAL DISTURBANCES — AGITATION AND AGITATORS — JOHN BROWN — WAR AND HOW IT EMANCIPATED THE SLAVE — THE FREE NEGRO.

Chapter XVI

THE. STORY OE THE CIVIL WAR 293

SECESSION — NOT EXCLUSIVELY A SOUTHERN IDEA — AN IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT — COMING EVENTS —

LINCOLN A NATION IN ARMS — SUMTER — ANDERSON — McCLELLAN — VICTORY AND DEFEAT^

MONITOR AND MERRIMAC — ANTIETAM — SHILOH — BUELL GRANT — GEORGE H. THOMAS — ROSE-

CRANS PORTER SHERMAN SHERIDAN — LEE — GETTYSBURG — A GREAT FIGHT SHERMAN's

MARCH THE CONFEDERATES WEAKENING — MORE VICTORIES APPOMATTOX — LEE'S SURRENDER—

FROM WAR TO PEACE ETC., ETC.

LIST OF CHAPTERS AND SUBJECTS. xv

Chapter XVII. Pagb

som:e korootxen lessoims ok the war 317

BY ALEXANDER K. McCLURE,

EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR OF THE PHILADELPHIA TIMES.

EMANCIPATION — RELUCTANCE OF THE NORTH TO FIGHT — FORT SUMTER FALSE ESTIMATES ON

BOTH SIDES THE QUESTION OF THE RIGHT TO COERCE — NAVAL WARFARE REVOLUTIONIZED^

GLOOMIEST PERIOD OF THE WAR DEFEAT OF THE ATLANTA BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG — LEE —

SHERMAN — JACKSON LINCOLN — GRANT, ETC.

Chapter XVIII. Our Flag At Sea • ... 339

THE ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN NAVY — JOHN PAUL JONES AND HIS FAMOUS VICTORY — SIGHTS ON

GUNS AND WHAT THEY DID — SUPPRESSING THE BARBARY PIRATES — OPENING JAPAN PORT

ROYAL PASSING THE FORTS THE "MONITOR" AND " MERRIMAC " — IN MOBILE BAY — THE

" KEARSARGE " AND THE "ALABAMA" NAVAL ARCHITECTURE REVOLUTIONIZED — THE SAMOAN

HURRICANE — BUILDING A NEW NAVY.

Chapter XIX. Dieeiculties With Foreign F'0^?vers. ..... 361

PERPETUAL PEACE IMPOSSIBLE — THE BARBARY STATES — BUYING PEACE — UNCLE SAM AROUSED —

THRASHES THE ALGERINE PIRATES A SPLENDID VICTORY — KING BOMBA BROUGHT TO TERMS —

AUSTRIA AND THE KOSZTA CASE — CAPTAIN INGRAHAM — HIS BRAVERY "DELIVER OR i'lL SINK

you" AUSTRIA YIELDS— THE PARAGUAYAN TROUBLE — LOPEZ COMES TO TERMS THE CHILIAN

IMBROGLIO — BALMACEDA THE INSULT TO THE UNITED STATES — AMERICAN SEAMEN ATTACKED

MATTA's IMPUDENT LETTER — BACKDOWN PEACE — ALL's WELL THAT ENDS WELL, ETC.

Chapter XX. Arctic Adventurers 379

THE FATE OF SIR JOHN FRANKLIN — DR. KANE AND THE GRINNELL EXPEDITION — DR. HAYES DIS- COVERS GRINNELL LAND — THE DEATH OF CAPTAIN HALL — SCHWATKA's SEARCH FOR FRANKLIN RECORDS — THE JEANNETTE AND HER COMMANDER — DE LONG ON FLOATING ICE— DISCOVERS

BENNETT ISLAND — WEYPRECHt's GREAT PLAN AND THE GREELY EXPEDITION LOCKWOOD's

FARTHEST NORTH.

Chapter XXI. Religion Under New Conditions, ...... 389

THE OLD HEBREW COMMONWEALTH — WHEN LEADING SECTS ARRIVED — THEIR PRESENT NUMERICAL

STRENGTH CARDINAL FACTS IN RELIGIOUS HISTORY IN THE UNITED STATES — PHASES OF

RELIGIOUS LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND — THE PURITAN MINISTER HIS PREACHING — PURITAN MEET- ING HOUSES THE DUTCH " DOMINIE " METHODIST CIRCUIT RIDER — GREAT PREACHERS:

JONATHAN EDWARDS, THE ELDER — GEORGE WHITEFIELD — NATHANIEL EMMONS — LYMAN BEECHER

HENRY WARD BEECHER CHARLES GRANDISON FINNEY DENOMINATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS:

FRIENDS — BAPTISTS METHODISTS — CONGREGATIONALISTS — PRESBYTERIANS ROMAN CATHOLICS

UNITARIANS — MORMONS — CONCLUSION.

xvi LIST OF CHAPTERS AND SUBJECTS.

Chapter XXII. Page

THE PEOP^LE UNDER NEW CONDITIONS 41S

THE NEW DEMOCRACY MANHOOD SUFFRAGE — FEDERATION — THE EVOLUTION OF POLITICS AND

PARTIES — THE FEDERALISTS HAMILTON DEMOCRATIC PARTY— JEFFERSON — WHIGS — HENRY

CLAY WEBSTER — CALHOUN — ABOLITIONISTS — THE . REPUBLICAN PARTY LINCOLN — INDEPEN- DENTS, ETC.

Chapter XXIII. Qold And Silver Mining 427

OPENING THE WAY TO CALIFORNIA — DISCOVERY OF GOLD — M.\RSHAL AND SUTTER PROFITS ONE

DOLLAR PER MINUTE — SAN FRANCISCO WITH FIFTY HOUSES — FIVE TIMES DESTROYED BY FIRE

DISCOVERY OF SILVER IN 1857 THE FATE OF EARLY MINERS — MINING LIFE VIGILANCE

COMMITTEES, ETC.

Chapter XXIV

THE PROBLE\4 OE OUR NATIONAL CURRENCY, . . 439 BY HON. JOHN SHERMAN, ITS HISTORY AND EVOLUTION. By J. K. Upton.

WHAT IS MONEY ? — ITS EARLY FORMS — ITS FUNCTIONS — LEGAL TENDER — CONSIDERED UNDER THREE FORMS — ITS HISTORY DIVIDED INTO THREE PERIODS — COLONIAL MONEY — DEBASING THE

COINAGE — PAPER MONEY BI-METALISM — CONTINENTAL CURRENCY — MONEY UNDER THE

CONSTITUTION HAMILTON ON BI-METALISM — REGULATION OF COINAGE — MINTS — PAPER MONEY

OF THIS PERIOD — THE CRASH OF 1809 THE NATIONAL BANK — CRISIS OF 1818 — THE PANIC OF

£837 — ISSUE OF GREENBACKS BANK NOTES RESUMPTION OF SPECIE PAYMENTS — GOLD AT IO3

— CONTRACTION OF THE CURRENCY — GREENBACKS AT PAR FOLLOWED BY UNPARALLELED

PROSPERITY FUTURE CURRENCY OF THE COUNTRY.

Chapter XXV. Our Presidents And Their Adiviinistrations, . . 473

THE TWENTY-THREE STATESMEN WHO HAVE OCCUPIED THE PRESIDENTIAL CHAIR — BRIEF SKETCHES

OF THEIR LIVES THE MEMORABLE EVENTS OF THEIR ADMINISTRATIONS — THE IMPORTANT FACTS

OF OUR POLITICAL, COMMERCIAL, AND SOCIAL HISTORY SINCE THE ADOPTION OF THE CON- STITUTION — POLITICAL CHANGES — HAWAIAN DIFFICULTY LABOR TROUBLES — RECENT ELECTIONS,

ETC., ETC.

Chapter XXVI. How V/e Govern Ourselves, 461

BY MISS ANNA L. DAWES.

THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT — CONGRESS — HOW COMPOSED — DUTIES — EXECUTIVE ELECTION OF

PRESIDENT CABINET — JUDICIARY — POWERS OF SUPREME COURT — FEDERAL SYSTEM — RELATION

OF STATES TO NATION — THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES.

LIST OF CHAPTERS AND SUBJECTS. xvii

SOME NOTED MEN OF RECENT TIMES . . . 501

The Story of their Lives and Achievements.

Ulysses S. Grant. The Hero of ihe Civil War.

Robert E. Lee. The Great Comm.mder of the Confederate Armies.

George B. McClellan. First Commander of the Army of tlie Potomac.

James A. Garfield. Citizen, Statesman, President.

Samuel J. Tilden. The Great Reform Governor.

James G. Blaine. The Brilliant and Successful Statesman.

John Jacob Astor. Our Pioneer Business Man and First Millionaire.

Cornelius Vanderbilt. The Great Railroad Magnate.

CVRUS W. Field. The Succes^^ful Projector of the Atlantic Cable.

Leland Stanford and the Great University of Palo Alto.

Robert Fulton. The Pioneer of .Steam Navigation.

Thomas Edison. The Greatest Modern Inventor.

John Wanamaker. The Great Business Organizer.

Marshall Field. The Modern Business Man.

Henry Ward Bef.cher. The Great Pulpit Orator and Reformer.

SOME NOTED WOMEN OF RECENT TIMES ... 549

MISS FRANCES E. WILLARD, LL. D., AND HER STORY OK AlVIERICAN ^A^OIvIEN.

TWO DISTINCT EARLY TYPES — THE NORTHERN AND THE SOUTHERN NO PLACE FOR GIRLS IN THE