The story of the Dominion; four hundred years in the annals of half a continent; a history of Canada from its early discovery and settlement to the present time; embracing its growth, progress and achievements in the pursuits of peace and war

Front matter

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< 'iiai).?:iii3L.lfl Copyright No.

Preface

SOME years ago I had occasion to state that "Canada only needs to be known in order to be great." Events have since greatly strengthened my belief in the truth of these words and have impressed upon my mind the further fact that to be properly appreciated abroad a people should be familiar with its own past, proud of its own history, filled with confidence in its own resources and strength and conscious of its own national and material development.

Are Canadians in this position ? It is to be feared that only a small minority realize the conditions mentioned. The great mass of the people look with admiration and deserved respect upon the splendid annals of the Mother-land, her wars upon sea and shore, her heroes in history and statecraft and literature and every branch of human progress, her wealth of civilized tradition and store of constitutional liberties. Others are impressed with the vast object-lesson of United States development and the thrilling records of its war for unity and freedom. To them all, it is to be feared, the four hundred years of history which the Dominion boasts is more or less a sweeping shadow upon the dial of time ; a matter of comparative unimportance and little interest.

Yet that period includes within itself the most picturesque panorama of events in all the annals of the world. There lies within its shadow the fig^ure of the wild, untamed savaee movinof over his native ground in a spirit of mingled ferocity and love of freedom ; the black-robed Jesuit struggling against fate and the fierce will of the Iroquois in a spirit of sacrificial fire almost unequalled in the annals of martyrdom ; the long procession of French gentlemen and adventurers, voyageurs ii PREFACE

and hunters, streaming up the waterways of the St. Lawrence and scattering over the vast wilderness of half a continent in pursuit of dreams of wealth, or power, or fame ; the romantic story of such lives as Iberville le Moyne and Charles de la Tour, such struggles as those of Champlain and the Iroquois, Frontenac and the Americans, Wolfe and Montcalm.

Through the shaded aisles of a primeval forest, over thousands of miles of lake and river and wilderness echo the sounds of that hundred years of war between the French and English for the possession of this continent. Out of these struggles develop the striking incidents of the Revolutionary period and the first conflict for Canadian independence; out of the new condition of affairs then created come the memories of a war in 1812 which was fought for freedom as fully, and marked by episodes as heroic, as ever were the conflicts of ancient Greek or modern Swiss.

To the constitutional student there are no more interesting pages in history than those describing the developments of the nineteenth century in British America and none which convey more lessons in the follies of a fanatical freedom, the strength of an hereditarj' loyalty, the value of a moderate liberty evolving through precedent into practice. The questions connected with the history of Canada are, indeed, at the very root of the annals and present position of the British Empire. He who would understand the situation of to-day must know something, for instance, of the prolonged struggle between British and American tendencies and influence which permeates the whole modern development of the Canadian people from the annexationist views of Papineau and Mackenzie to the continental aims of Mr. Erastus Wiman or Mr. Goldwin Smith ; from the religious and denominational ties of early days between the two countries to the social and commercial relations of a later time ; from the early period of American preachers and missionaries and teachers and schoolbooks

PREFACE iii

to the present time of an American cable system, and news agencies and literature. He who understands the existing loyalty of Canada to the Empire will then realize in the full light of its history that, despite the ties of tradition and allegiance and sentiment, the maintenance and development of that loyalty is one of the miracles of the century.

To the young men of Canada a knowledge of its history and progress is not only desirable but necessary. To understand the business situation of to-day information concerning the financial, fiscal and commercial development of the Dominion is exceedingly useful. To comprehend the position of political parties, the utterances of public men, the principle and practice of national administration, a knowledge of the political struggles and progress of the country is also essential. In all these respects I believe that the following pages may be found of some service.

I have not tried to make this volume a detailed record of dates and incidents. It has rather been my desire to give an interesting narrative of the great events which go to the making of Canada in such a way as to afTord a summarized review instead of a more or less dry list of occurrences. At the same time I trust that no event of importance has been left unrecorded. For a similar reason I have not laden the pages with foot-notes or references to the many hundreds of volumes with which occasion has made me familiar in the preparation of this work and of my Encyclopcedia of Canada. And, in concluding these few prefatory words, I can only add the hope that a book which has been written with sincere belief in our Canadian land and a deep personal admiration for its striking history may be found of interest and perhaps sow some further seeds of true Canadian sentiment amongst our people.

](CJ}My1^vliZL^

Toronto, December, igoo.

Chapter I Pack

A Period of Myth and Mystery — The Sagas of Iceland and the Voyages of

the Norsemen — Cabot's Place in History — Comparison with Columbus — Champlain and Cartier — Founding of Quebec — Discover^' of tl;e Great Lakes — La Salle and the Interior — The French and the English — Gradual Unrolling of the New World's Map 17

Chapter II

Their Place in Tradition and Story — Their Character and Customs — A History Written in Fire and Blood over the Whole Continent — Two Sides to the Record — The Indian of the Past and the Present — Romantic Pictures and Black Shadows — The Iroquois and the French — Heroism of Daulac — The Lachine Massacre — The English Colonists and the Indians — The British Government's Treatment of the Indian — The Iroquois of New York and the Revolution — Thayendanagea and Tecumseh — Darkness Dawning into Light 43

Chapter III

The Pioneers of Empire in New France — The Jesuits and Their Work — Extraordinary Character of these Black-robed Martyrs to their Faith — Success with the Hurons — Failure Amongst the Iroquois — A Long Story of Privation, Self sacrifice, Adventure, Torture and Frequent Death — Lallemant and Brebeuf— The Early Church in Quebec — Laval and Briand and Plessis — Difficulties and Disputes, Power and Progress — Loyalty to Great Britain and W^isdom in Administration 66

Chapter IV

Founding of Acadie — Champlain and Du Monts and Poutrincourt — Sufferings and Hardships of the Early Settlers — Sir William Alexander and the English Claims — Internal and External Hostilities — The Storj- of

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TABLE OF CONTENTS v

TAGC

De la Tour and Charuisay — Rival Colonists and Races and Varying Warfare — Treaties and Transfers of Allegiance. — Sir William Phipps at Port Royal — Final British Conquest — Continuous Border Troubles with Quebec — Conduct and Character of the Acadians — Hiawatha at the Bar of History — The Expulsion of the Acadians — Governor Lawrence and his Reasons — The End of Acadie and the Birth of a New Era .... 83

Chapter V

Rivalry and Warfare of a Century — Prolonged Conflict for the Possession of a Continent — French Aims and Character — English Progress and Expansion — Feudalism versus Freedom ; Military Ambition versus Commercial Development — Gallantry of the French in their Defiance of Fate — Greatness of their Plans and the One-time Possibility of Success — Frontenac and Talon — War and Massacre and Battle — The Hatchet and Scalping Knife of the Indians, and the Roar of European Guns in the vast Forest Areas of America — De Tracy and De Courcelles — Denonville of Quebec, and Dongan of New York — Sieges of Quebec — Brilliant Career of D ' Iberville — Sieges of Louisbourg — Montcalm and Wolfe — Capture of Quebec and the Last Days of New-France 105

CHAPTER VI Colonial Rivalry and the Revolution

Antagonism of the French in Quebec and the English in the Thirteen Colonies — Influences of Race and Religion and Historic Rivalries — The Quebec Act and the English Colonies — Guy Carleton, Lord Dorchester — Gradual Evolution of American Discontent — Quebec Remains Passively Loyal to the Crown — Efforts to Divert its Allegiance — Washington and D' Estaing Appeal to French Canadians — Franklin in Montreal — Declaration of American Independence and Invasion of Canada — Carleton Saves the Country to England — Progress of the Revolution — Treaty of Peace and Canadian Losses of Territory — Old Quebec Dismembered and the Ohio Valley Given to the New Republic — Diverse Development North and South of the Great Lakes 129

Chapter VII

Genesis of the American Tories, or Canadian Loyalists of a Later Time — Principles, Traditions, and General Position — Loj^alty to the King — Lights and Shadows in the Life and Character of George III — Suffervi TABLE OF CONTENTS

ings of the Loyalist Refugees to tlie Canadas and New Brunswick — Hardships of Pioneer Life — Stories in the Making of a Nation and Country — New Institutions built on Old time Traditions — Loyaltj- to the Sovereign as the Basis of Life and Work in a vast Wilderness . . . 148

Chapter VIII

French Canadians not Ready at the Cession, nor for many years afterwards, to Receive the Full Forms of British Freedom — The Military Rigime, the Quebec Act, and the Constitutional Act — The Expansion of Quebec in 1775 and its Restriction and Division in 1791 — British Government makes the Mistake of Beginning at the Top instead of at the Bottom of the Framework of Free Institutions— Frenchmen Bom and Bred in the Traditions of Louis XIV, Frontenac and Bigot — Playing at Parliamentary Government — The Situation Different in the Loyalist Provinces. 166 .

Chapter IX

Causes and Issues of the Conflict — Disproportion of Forces, and American Expectation of an Immediate Conquest of Canada — The Difficulties of England — Napoleon Bonaparte and the United States — War Declared by the Republic — The Gauntlet Taken up and Flung back by Brock at the Capture of Detroit and the Conflict on Queeuston Heights. Invasions Repulsed, and the Varying Results of Minor Actions in three Important Campaigns — Gallantry of Tecumseh and the Indians — Weakness of Prevost and Defeat of Procter at Moraviantown — American \'ictories on the Lakes — British or Canadian Victories at Chateauguay, Lacolle Mills, Stony Creek, Chr\-stler's Farm, and Lundy's Lane — Landing of Peninsular Veterans at Quebec — Disaster at Plattsburg ; Capture of Washington ; Defeat at New Orleans and End of the War — The Treaty of Peace — Canadian Heroes and Homes in the Struggle — Brock, Tecumseh, De Salaberry, Fitzgibbou, Har\-ey, Morrison, McDonell and Drummond 183

Chapter X

Development of Discontent in Lower Canada — Moderate Frenchmen in a very Small Minority — English and French Antagonisms — The French ^Majority Seizes its Opportunity — The Assembly becomes a Convenient Tool for Racial Control of the Province — Papineau as an Orator, an

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PAGIZ

Agitator, and a Budding Rebel — Neilson, Morin, Viger, Sewell, and other Lower Canada Leaders — ^The Governors and Their Difficulties — Grievances, Real and Fancied^The Ninety-two Resolutions — Attitude and Policy of the Tories — In Upper Canada and Down by the Atlantic — Clerg)'^ Reserves and other Issues — Benefits of the Loyalist Regime — Mackenzie Appears on the Scene in Succession to Thorpe, Gourlay, and other Agitators — His Struggles and Aspirations and Policy — Alliance with Papineau -English Radicals and Canadian Reformers — Agitation steadily Develops Disloyalty and Rebellion in the two Canadas — Different Results of Controversy on the Atlantic Sea-board 208

Chapter XI ■

Progress of Sedition in the Canadas — Attitude of the Governors — Colborne and Bond Head — Extreme Views and Violence of Papineau and Mackenzie — Comparative Moderation of Howe and Baldwin. The Tory Position on the Verge of the Outbreak — Conflicts in Lower Canada — The Short and Sharp Struggle in Upper Canada— -Punishment of the Rebels — Border Troubles and Relations with the United States — Raids and other Results — Lord Durham's ^ndL Regivie — The Rebellion in History and Politics 237

CHAPTER XII Lord Durham and the Union of 1841

Remarkable Character of the Earl of Durham — His Policy and Short Administration — His Famous Report the Basis of Colonial Constitutions everywhere — Recommends the Union of the Canadas — Obstacles to the Project — Condition of the People and Politics — Racial Complications — Carried in Upper Canada through the Tory Spirit of Loyalty — Influence and Policy of Lord Sydenham — The Principles and Bases of Union — Its Creation and First Fruits 254

CHAPTER XIII The Hudson's Bay Company and the Northwest

Foundation and Early Annals of the Company — The Great Wilderness of the Far West— The Red River Settlement— Lord Selkirk and His Times— The Indians and the Half-breeds — Explorations and Discoveries — The Rival Fur-Companies — Expansion of the Hudson's Bay Company — Early History of British Columbia — The Company and Colonization — Vancouver Island and the Mainland — Prince Rupert's Land and Negotiations with Canada — The Passing Power of a Great Company 267

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CHAPTER XIV The Struggles for Responsible Government

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Conditions Prevalent after the Union of the Canadas — What the Advocates of Responsible Government Wanted — Reason for Opposition — The Governors and the Colonial Office — Bagot, Metcalfe, and Elgin — The Political Leaders and the Issue — Draper and McNab, Baldwin and Lafontaine — Lord Elgin Settles the Question — In the Maritime Provinces — Howe and the Governors of Nova Scotia — Varied Phases of the Issue — Fisher and Wilmot in New Brunswick — Satisfactory Solution of an Important Controversy 284

Chapter XV

The Troubles of 1849 — The Rebellion Losses Bill — Riots and Elections — British Free Trade and One of its Results — A Perambulating Parliament — The British American Leagvie and the Early Days of Sir John Macdonald — George Brown comes to the Front — Abolition of the Seigneurial Tenure — Settlement of the Clergj' Resen'es — Political Complications and Parties in the Canadas — On the Verge of Deadlock — Position of Affairs in the Maritime Provinces — Rise of Charles Tupper and Leonard Tilley into Prominence — The Grand Trunk and the Intercolonial — Gradual Growth of the Provinces 305

Chapter XVI

The Early Fiscal Policy of the Provinces — Abolition of British Preferential Duties — The Public Mind Turns to the States — Lord Elgin's Ability and Diplomac)- — Visits Washington and Obtains the Treaty of 1854 — Its Nature and Benefits — Its Tenure and Disadvantages — Different Interpretations — The Gait Tariff in the Canadas — Complaints by the United States — The Civil War and the Supposed Attitude of England. Her Real Position and that of the Provinces — The Alabama Claims and Fenian Raids Result from the War — The General Nature of the International Situation — Its Effect upon British America 327

Chapter XVII

Origin of Confederation — Early Advocates of the Idea — Causes which Brought it to the Front in i S64-66 — The Conferences at Charlottetown and

TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

PAGI

Quebec — Who was the Father of Confederation ? — Meeting in London — British Statesmen Support the Policy of Union — Its Necessity and Desirability — A Crisis in British Colonial Historj' — The Influence of John A. Macdouald — Debates in the Canadian Legislature — Attitude of Cartier and Dorion in Lower Canada — Of Howe, and Tupper and Tilley in the Maritime Provinces — Of McGee, and Gait and George Brown in the Canadas — Accomplishment of the Policy and Birth of the Dominion of Canada 342

CHAPTER XVIII The Completing Confederation

The Situation of Affairs on July i, 1867 — Sir John Macdonald Forms the first Dominion Government — A Nominal Coalition — Organization of a new Administrative System — Purchase of Rupert's Land and Creation of Manitoba — The Insurrection at Fort Garry — Wolseley and Riel — The Admission of Manitoba to the Union — Organization of the Territories — Admission of British Columbia — Prince Edward Island also Comes in — The Federal Situation in Nova Scotia and its Solution 360

Chapter XIX

Relations with the United States after the Abrogation of the Reciprocity Treat)^ — The Joint High Commission of 1871 — Its Composition and Objects — Sir John Macdonald's DiflScult Position — -The Fenian Raid Claims and Canadian Fisheries — Conclusion of the Treaty — Opinion in Canada and its Ultimate Passage through Parliament — Important Issues Involved — The Patriotic Attitude of Canada — Relations of Great Britain and the United States 380

Chapter XX

The Party System in the New Dominion — Changes and Transformations — Policy of Sir John A. Macdonald — Disappearance of Old Issues — The Provinces in New Clothes — -Their Ministers and Parties — Complications Between the Dominion and Provincial Authorities — Improvement in Parliament and Politics — Broader Views and Bigger Minds — Position and Character of the Governors-General — The Joly Question in Quebec — The General Elections of 1872 and 1874 394

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CHAPTER XXI rAC«

Fiscal Relations of the New Dominion with the United States — Change in Conditions — The Tariff Remains at a Revenue Level — Industrial Competition and Growing Depression in Canada — A Protective Tarifif Advocated — Sir John Macdonald Takes Up the Question — Resolutions in the House of Commons — Opposed by the Government — General Election of 1878 — Victory of the Conser\'atives — ^The Macdonald Ministry and its Policy — The "N.P." Tariff passes Parliament in 1879 — Principles of Protection in Canada — Its Ups and Downs and Final Acceptance by all Parties 4'^

Chapter XXII

The Principle of a Continental Highway and its Early Advocates — The Pledge to British Columbia — The Promoters of 1872 and their Troubles — Mr. Mackenzie and the Policy of His Government — The Syndicate of 1880 — Sir Charles Tupper takes Up the Question — The Macdonald Government Presses the Final Contract through Parliament — Building of the Great Railway' — Difficulties and Obstacles — George Stephen and Donald A. Smith — Triumph of the Company and Completion of the Railway — A Great Undertaking and its Importance to Canada 430

CHAPTER XXIII The Northwest and the Rebellion of 1885

The People and Position of the Territories — Causes of the Insurrection — Appearance of Louis Riel on the Scene — The Indians and the Half-breeds — Policy of the Government — Breaking out of the Rebellion — Troops Hurried from all Parts of Canada to the Banks of the Saskatchewan — General Middleton as a Commander — Success of his Tactics and Ultimate Triumph of his Political Adversaries — Conflicts at Fish Creek, Cut-Knife and Batoche — Capture and Execution of Riel — Results of the Rising 449

Chapter XXIV

Political Issues in Quebec and the Position of the Church — The Habitant and the Clergy — Twenty Years of Conservative Success — The Rise and Diverse Characteristics of Mercier and Laurier — The Riel Question and the People of Quebec — Position of Chapleau, Langevin and Caron —

TABLE OF CONTENTS xi

PAGB

Trimnph of Mercier in Provincial Politics aud of Chapleau in the Dominion Elections — Genesis of the Jesuits Estates — Appeal to the Pope — Passage of the Grant to the Jesuits — Agitation in Ontario and Birth of the Equal Rights part)' — Refusal of the Dominion Government to interfere with the Legislation — D' Alton McCarthy and the " Noble Thirteen " — A Very Diving Question for a Time — Its Decay and the Fall of Mercier in Quebec 47 1

Chapter XXV

The Progress of Canadian Trade — Popularity of Protection — Changes in Liberal Tariif Policy — Mackenzie, Blake and Daurier in this Connection — Natural Pessimism of the Opposition — Erastus Wiman Appears on the Scene in 1887 — Sir Richard Cartwright, Goldwin Smith and the New Scheme of Commercial Union, or Unrestricted Reciprocity — Progress of the Movement in Parliament and the Country — American Versus British Relations at Issue — The Elections of 1891 — Manifestoes of Sir John Macdonald and Wilfrid Laurier — The Hottest Contest in Canadian Historj' — The New Proposals Defeated — Gradual Decay of the Idea and its Final Disappearance in the Elections of 1896 491

Chapter XXVI

Progress of Manitoba After its Union with Canada — Material Interests the Chief Concern of its Scattered People — Education Finds an Important Place — Separate Schools and the Roman Catholic Population — Position of Archbishop Tache — Legislation and the Schools — ^Joseph Martin Advocates "National" Schools — Abolition in 1890 of the Existing S3^stem — Catholic Appeals to the Courts and to the Judicial Committee in London — Decisions of the Latter Body and Appeal to the Governor- General-in-Council — Excitement amongst French Canadians and Ontario Orangemen — Difficult Position of the Dominion Government — The Remedial Order— Attitude of Sir M. Bowell and Sir C. Tupper— Of Mr. Laurier and the Opposition — Position of the Hierarchy — Political Conflict and Confusion — The Elections of 1896 and the Policy of the New Government 518

CHAPTER XXVII The South African War and Imperialism in Canada

Position of Canada in the Empire — Responsibilities not Always Recognized — The Outbreak of the War — Popular Opinion in the Colonies — Influence x'l TABLE OF CONTENTS

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of the Imperial Federation League — Precedents for Sending the Contingents — History of their Despatch — Patriotic Enthusiasm of the People — Position of Lord Miiito, Sir \V. Laurier and Sir C. Tupper — Major-General Hutton and the Militia — The Colonial OflSce and Canada — Gallantry of Canadian Troops in South Africa — Growth of British Sentiment in Canada — Attitude of Quebec and Mr. J. Israel Tarte — Possible Results of the War and of Colonial Participation — A New Empire and a Greater Canada 5^t

Chapter XXVIII

Growth of Internal Liberty and the Practice of Self-government — The Old- Time Legislatures and the New — French-Canadians and British Institutions — The Toryism of 1800 and the Democracj' of 1900 — Extension ot Education — Journalism and Literature — The Churches and Religion — Growth of the Principles of Toleration — The People and their Social Progress — Development of Patriotism — The Militia and its Growth — Out of Provincialism into Nationality — Canada for Canadians Within the Empire 562

Chapter XXIX

Trade Between the Provinces — Industrial Expansion — Growth of the Northwest — Wheat Upon the Prairies — Cattle in the Territories — Mineral Wealth of British Columbia and the Yukon — Agriculture and the Position of the Farmer — Mining in Ontario and Nova Scotia — Commercial Expansion — Progress of Canals, Railways and Steamship Lines — Shipping, Banking and Fisheries — Competition and General Progress . . . 597

Chapter XXX

Treaties between Great Britain and the United States — Those of 1783 and 18 18 — A General Review of the Relations and Mutual Interests of the United Kingdom, Canada and the American Republic — Treaties which Have Failed — Fisheries and Reciprocity — The Behring Sea Arbitration — Canada, Venezuela and the Monroe Doctrine — The Alaska Boundary — American Efforts at Annexation — Canadian Opinion upon the Subject — Feeling Toward the Mother-land — Past Complexities in the Situation — The Present View and Probable Future 620

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Pacs

Her Majesty the Queen- Empress

(1900) Frontispiece

The Hon. John A. Macdonald

(in 1S54) vii

The Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, P.C, G.C.B. . . . vii

Her Majesty Queen Victoria (at

the time of Confederation) . xv

(when visiting Canada) . . xv

Major-General Sir William Pepperell at the Siege of Louisbourg 17

Samuel de Champlain 21

Jacques Cartier 21

Natural Steps, Montmorenci, near

Quebec 32

Thayendanegea (Joseph Brant) . 57

Tecumseh 57

Marguerite Bourgeois 68

Magdalen de la Peltrie 68

Mgr. Jean Octave Plessis .... 68

Mgr. Francois de Laval 68

Louis Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm 77

Major-General James Wolfe ... 77 Death of General Wolfe on the

Plains of Abraham 88

The Falls of Niagara, Canadian side 97 Jerome le Rover de la Dauver-

siere 108

Paul Chomede)' de Maisonneuve . 108 Francois, Due de Levis, Marshal

of France 108

Page

Lieut. -General J. Graves Simcoe . 108 Scene in the Thousand Islands, St.

Lawrence River 133

Guy Carleton, Lord Dorchester . 144 John George Lambton, ist Earl of

Durham 144

Chateau de Ramezay, Montreal .153 Old Hudson's Bay Company Post,

near Montreal 153

Archbishop Tache 164

The Rev. Dr. Samuel S. Nelles . 164 The Rev. Dr. R. A. Fyfe .... 164 The Most Rev. Dr. Francis Ful-

ford 164

Buildings and Scenes of Historical

Interest in Old and New

Canada 173

Cape Eternity and Cape Trinity,

Saguenay River, Quebec . . iSo Col. The Hon. C m! de Sala-

berrj', C.B 189

Major-General Sir Isaac Brock . 1S9 The Battle of Queenston Heights,

The Hon. Sir John Beverley Robinson, Bart., C.B., D.C.L. . 209 Charles Poulett Thomson, Lord

Sydenham 209

The Hon. Robert Baldwin, C.B. . 220 The Hon. Sir Louis Hypolite La-

fontaine, Bart 220

The Right Rev. and Hon. Dr. John

Strachan 229

The Rev. Dr. Egerton Ryerson . 229 Thomas Chandler Haliburton . .240

xiii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Pack

William Lyon Mackenzie .... 240 The Hon. Louis Joseph Papineau 240 Sir John George Bourinot . . . 240 James Bruce, Sth Earl of Elgin

and Kincardine 249

William Kingsford, LL.D. . . . 260 The Rev. Dr. Henry Wilkes . 260

The Hon. John Young 260

Colonel George McDonell, C.B. . 260 The Hon. Luc Letellier deSt. Just 269 The Hon. Sir Albert J. Smith . 269 The Hon. Sir Adams G. Archibald. K.C.M.G 269

The Hon. Thomas D'ArcyMcGee, 269 The Hon. Lemuel Allan Wilmot 280 The Hon. Joseph Howe .... 280 General Sir William Fenwick Williams, Bart., (of Kars) . . . 280 Major-General Sir Howard Douglas, G.C.B 2S0

The Hon. George Brown . . . .289 The Rev. Dr. George Douglas . . 300 The Rev. Principal Caven, D.D. 300 The Rev. Dr. John Cook . ... 300 The Rev. Dr. James Richardson . 300 The Hon. Sir Oliver Mowat . . . 309 The Hon. John Sandfield Mac-

donald, Q C, M.L.A. . . . 309 The Hon. Edward Palmer . . .316 The Hon. Sir William Young, Knt. 316 The Hon. Sir John Campbell

Allen, Knt 316

The Hon. George E. King, LL.D. 316 The Hon. Sir Alexander T. Gait 325 The Hon. Sir Francis Hincks . . 325 The Right Hon. Sir John Rose,

Sir Ettiene P. Tache 325

The Hon. Sir William Ralph

Meredith, Kut 336

H. E. Elzear Alexandre, Cardinal

Taschereau 336

The Hon. Honore Mercier, QC. 336 Sir William C. Van Home . . . 336 Sir J. W. Trutch, K.C.M.G. . . 345 The Hon. George A. Walkem . . 345 The Hon. Theodore Davie . . . 345

The Hon. John Robson 345

The Hon. P. J. O. Chanveau, Q.C. 356 The Hon. C. E. B. de Boucher-

ville, C.M.G 356

The Hon. Sir Narcisse F. Belleau 356 The Hon. Thomas White, M.P. . 356 Visit of H.R.H. The Prince of

Wales to Toronto in 1S60 . . 365 Field Marshal, Viscount Wolseley 376 The Hon. William McDougall,

The Hon. F. W. G. Haultain . . 385 The Hon. John Xorquay .... 385 The Hon. Thomas Green way . . 385 The Hon. Hugh J. Macdonald,

Sir Charles Hibbert Tupper . . . 396 The Hon. Sir Adolphe J. P. R.

The Hon. Sir Alexander Campbell, K.C.M.G 396

The Hon. Sir D. L. Macpherson,

The Hon. Sir Richard J. Cartwright, K.C.M.G., M.P. . . 405 The Hon. Edward Blake, Q.C. . 405 The Hon. Sir Antoine A. Dorion 405 The Hon. Sir George E. Cartier 405 The Hon. Sir Hector L. Lange-

The Hon. Sir Adolphe Chapleau 416 The Hon. Sir Samuel Leonard

Tilley, K.C.M.G., C.B. . . . 416 The Hon. George Eulas Foster .416 Sir Sandford Fleming. K.C.M.G. 425

Sir Joseph Hickson, Knt 425

Sir William E. Logan, LL.D. . . 425

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Sir Hugh Allan, Knt 425

George Stephen, ist Lord Mount

Stephen 436

Donald A. Smith, Lord Strath-

cona and Mount Roj'al . . 436 Sir J. William Dawson, C.B. . . 445 Principal George M. Grant, D.D. 445 Louis H. Frechette, C.M.G. . . 445 Nicholas Flood Davin, Q.C. . . . 445

Battle of Batoche 456

Battle of Cut Knife Hill . . . . 456

Major-General Sir F. D. Middleton, K.C.M.G., C.B 465

Lieutenant-Colonel A. T. H. Williams, M.P 465

The Hon. George W. Ross, LL-D. 476 The Hon. David Mills, Q.C . . 476 The Hon. William Stevens Fielding, M.P 476

The Hon. Andrew G. Blair, Q.C. 476 Gilbert Parker, D.C.L., M.P. . . 485 William Wilfrid Campbell ... 485

Archibald Lampman 485

Charles G. D. Roberts 485

Parliament Buildings, Toronto . 496 University of Trinity College,

Toronto 496

The Marquess of Lome, G.C.M.G.,

9th Duke of Argyll .... 505 H. R. H. The Princess Louise,

Marchioness of Lome . . . 505 Charles, Lord Monck, G. C.M.G. 505 The Right Hon. Sir John Young,