Raphia and reed weaving, including also cardboard and paper construction; a practical course for primary and elementary schools

Front matter

RAPHIA AND REED

WEAVING

KNAPP

Preface

The object of this book is to give to class teachers a complete series of models arranged in graded sequence, and extending from the Kindergarten to the grammar grade.

Though well aware that no book can be a substitute for an efficient instructor, efforts have been made to give the operations in minute detail in order to assist those teachers who, untrained in manual work, appreciate its value as an educational factor, and believe that the development of the senses, touch included, and the training of the hand in artisanship, must be the root of mind growth.

This book is the outcome of many years' experience in teaching and study, whereby the need was felt for such a series of elementary models as could be worked out in the class room by the class teacher, and its chief object is to show that hand training should and can be introduced in the Kindergarten and continued, without the usual break, into the High School. Although the models are not arranged in correlation with any particular subject, here may ber found the basis from which can be constructed such objects as are adapted to any subject taught. No teacher should feel confined to a certain set of models, yet there must be such a development in the gradation as will make the work easy and delightful to the young pupils, and the articles made of such form and nature, and so systematically arranged, that there will be a steady growth in all phases of the work, and thus the child's instinct for activity satisfied and cultivated, and pleasure excited in the acquisition of skill.

Contents

PAGE

Outline Course in Constructive Work 5

Introduction 7

Introduction

In order to secure exactness in construction in cardboard or wood the pupil must be taught to read and intelligently use the ruler, and in the foregoing series of lessons two periods per week are devoted to instruction in measurement.

But ten minutes are given to the first lesson. The idea of measuring, by inches, having been well developed by using inch sticks and tablets, the pupils are provided with rulers marked olf in one-inch spaces, and these, together with the sticks, furnish material for many additional lessons, the child being taught to measure from any given point on the ruler in either direction. This development should not be hurried; exercises in judging and then testing measurements of various tablets and objects should be given, and results should be satisfactory, if at the end of first school year the pupils are able to space and rule both horizontal and vertical lines, and cut strips of paper to given lengths.

Variety and pleasure are given by using black pencils for spacing and colored ones for ruling the lines. The idea of one-half inch is introduced into the work of the next year {advanced first), beginning with the ruling of parallel lines, then drawing to measurement various rectangular figures, introducing in the latter part of the school year the development of simple folding boxes. This work is carried on through the second and third year, by a succession of graded models made up in various materials.

For all cardboard work the Essex bristol is used. This is comparatively inexpensive and may be secured in a variety of colors. Portfolios, frames, pocketbooks, etc., are covered

RAPHIA AND REED WEAVING.

with leatherette, and a heavy quality of book-cover paper is used for the construction of many of the models.

One period per week is taken for weaving. Harmonious combinations of two colors of book-cover paper, cut into strips one inch wide for elementary first, and one-half inch for advanced first, form the basis; and from this are constructed napkin rings, baskets, picture frames, and boxes of various shapes and sizes.

In the second and third year reeds and raphia are furnished, and by combinations of both of these, many easily constructed gifts, such as mats, baskets, chairs, etc., can be made and preserved for use at Christmas or Easter time.

Two periods per week are given to lessons in construction — the material for first two years being various shades of " bluefiber " or "eel-skin" paper, cut into squares 6" x G" and folded into most delightful forms, complete sets of furniture for dolls' houses being easily made by little fingers. This paper creases easily, retains its shape and is very inexpensive, thirty cents covering all cost for a class of fifty, twenty models for each child.

Variety is given to the work of the second year by using glass, cardboard, thin wood, or tin, in the production of kaleidoscopes, bandilores, jumping-jacks, swings, etc.

The boy in third year is eager and well-fitted to take up bench work, and the girl to be initiated into the cutting and making of dolls' garments ; from now on the manual training teacher finds his pupils equipped with a fund of knowledge which will prove helpful in the making and understanding of working drawings.

CONSTRUCTION IN PAPER.

Series I.

ELEMENTARY FIRST GRADE.

Time twenty minutes bi-weekly.

The following models are based on the folded square, and constructed from a stiff quality of fiber, manila, or hercules cover paper, the latter being most expensive. In the diagrams, the light lines indicate folds, the heavy lines, cuts.

In giving these lessons the teacher should place the lines on the board as she dictates the folding, first drawing a large square to represent the square of paper, then the horizontal diameter for first fold, indicating each additional fold by a new line. After all folds have been indicated in the drawing with white crayon, show with colored crayon the lines to be cut, and by erasing lines, show which squares are to be cut out. Variety can be given to the manner of presenting the lesson by requiring pupils to work from the drawing only, without dictation, each new line drawn indicating a step in the work. Power is thus given to the child to enable him to interpret readily the more difficult drawings which he will meet when he works from measurement.

Not more than twenty minutes should be given to each lesson ; and as it will take two periods to develop some of the models, time may be saved by providing each pupil with a portfolio, made from oak tag, in which he may place his unfinished work and waste pieces, all of which are to be saved and utilized in the making of the different models. The mucilage may be placed on several small dishes on a table, each child, after showing his work properly folded, passing to the

RAPHIA AND REED WEAVING.

table and pasting into shape. This is a more cleanly and a quicker way than to furnish paste for each child.

R lodel I. Square Box.

Model II. Oblong Box.

MODEL I. — SQUARE BOX.

Fold the paper into sixteen small squares. (See Fig. 1.) Cut in on the heavy lines, fold on the light lines. Fold into shape and paste, using mucilage.

MODEL II. — OBLONG BOX.

Cut off four squares on the right side or from top. (See Fig 2.) Indicate this on blackboard by erasing. Cut in on heavy lines, fold into shape and paste. Put the mucilage on both sides of the center square and bring the ends around, one inside and one outside the center.

Model III. Cubical Box.

Model IV. Comb Case.

CONSTRUCTION IN PAPER.

MODEL III. — CUBICAL BOX.

Cut as indicated by full lines, leaving nine squares. 3.) Fold into shape and paste.

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MODEL IV. — COMB CASE.

Cut out upper corner square. (Fig. 4.) Cut in on full lines and fold into shape. Perforate back for hanging.

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Model V. Match Safe.

Fig. 5.

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Model VI. Table.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

RAPHIA AND REED WEAVING.

MODEL V. — MATCH SAFE.

Out off four squares on the right side. (Fig. 5.) Cut out the upper corner squares. Cut in on the remaining full lines and fold into shape. Perforate for hanging.

MODEL VI. — TABLE.

Cut and fold as for Model I. (Fig 6.), using for legs the four squares cut away from Model V. (Fig. 7.) Fold each of these squares on the diagonal, and glue them into the corners of the inverted box. For the tablecloth, fold a piece of thin white paper into sixteen squares and then cut off about a quarter of an inch around the edge. The cloth may be fringed if desired.

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Model VII. Fig. 8.

MODEL VII. CHAIR.

Cut as indicated at Fig. 8. Fold the corner squares back, and bring the back of the chair up into position. Fold the remaining two squares back and strengthen the back of the chair by using the four squares cut away, folded through the width and glued to the back.

MODEL VIII. —LUNCH BOX.

Two squares of paper, 6 ins. x 6 ins. are required for this model. For the box construct as in Fig. 2, Model II.

Model VIII. Lunch Box.

CONSTRUCTION IN PAPER.

Pattern for the cover will be found in Fig. 10. For the curved lines trace around a one-inch semi-circular tablet.

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Hall Bench.

MODEL IX. — HALL BENCH.

But one square need be given to pupil for the construction of this model, as the piece cut from Fig. 11 will form Fig. 12.

Cut out corner according to diagram and then cut in for laps, fold into position and paste, using Fig. 12 for back and arms.

MODEL X. — SLED.

Cut off four squares as indicated in Fig. 13, then fold each outside square to half its width, and cut off the half at upper end, then fold back for runners and cut curved lines as indicated, using Fig. 14 for brace.

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Model X. Sled. Model XI. Butter Dish.

MODEL XI. — BUTTER DISH.

But one square is needed for this model ; fold and cut as indicated in Fig. 15, folding the diagonal edge back to a and cut off the projecting ends after pasting.

RAPHIA AND REED WEAVING.

MODEL XII. — CORNER SHELF.

Fold and cut as indicated at Fig. 16, using for top of the shelf two of the squares cut away, curving this piece to suit the fancy of the pupil.

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Model XII. Corner Shelf.

Model XIII. Side Shelf.

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Fig. 17.

MODEL XIII. — SIDE SHELF.

But one whole square need he passed for this model, using for the brackets the piece cut away from Fig. 16.

Fold Fig. 17 on center line, and then fold up for top half and down for bottom half of the back, glue into shape and

CONSTRUCTION IN PAPER.

then acid the brackets which are to be cut and folded as indicated in Fig. 18.

MODEL XIV. CHAIR.

Use one square for this model. Cut as indicated at Fig. 10, fold into position and paste. The paper may be so folded as to bring the two arms together and then cut into curves, if desired.

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Model XIV. Chair.

Model XV. Carriage.

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Fig. 22. Handle.

MODEL XV. — CARRIAGE.

Two squares will be required for this model.

Fig. 23. The wheels may be cut from extra pi^ce in Fig. 19.

Cut and fold Figs. 20 and 21 as indicated. Use for the

handle the pieces cut away, folding the handle double and

making it eight squares in length. Glue this to shape and

place in position before the top of the carriage is glued at the

RAPHIA AND REED WEAVING.

sides. Use toothpicks for axles and peas for hubs. If the back wheels are made larger than the front ones, then the back axle must be placed higher than the front one.

MODEL XVI. — HOUSE.

But one square is used for this model. Out and fold as indicated at Fig. 24, the dotted lines indicating a fold, into half widths; glue these folds back.

MODEL XVII. — COW SHED.

Fold and cut as indicated at Fig. 25. Glue into position and then cut off that part of the end which extends above the roof.

Model XVI. House.

Model XVII. Cow Shed.

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Fig. 24.

MODEL XVIII.

BARN".

Use two squares for this model. Cut and fold as indicated at Fig. 26. A roof may be added as indicated at Fig.

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Model XVIII. Barn.

CONSTRUCTION IN PAPER.

MODEL XIX. — HEN COOP.

Cut as indicated at Fig. 28, folding the pattern as indicated by dotted lines before

Model XIX. Hen Coop, cutting out the slats t s

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FREE WEAVING.

Series I.

ELEMENTARY FIRST YEAR.

Material required for entire course of twelve models, five sheets of 48-pound laid antique book- cover paper (of contrasting colors) cut into strips one inch wide.

MODEL I. GROUND FORM OR FOUNDATION.

Material. — Two strips of red or scarlet. Three strips of fawn.

Fold red strips across the width through the middle. Fold the fawn color through the middle, tear and fold again and lay these pieces on the desk.

Lay the two folded red strips on the desk; long edge extending from left to right, with upper piece extending about two inches beyond left end of the lower piece, open ends toward the left; have the open ends of the lower piece toward the right. Much future trouble will be avoided if the teacher requires this same arrangement at each lesson.

Now taking one of the short pieces, or weavers, in the right hand, beginning at the top and left end pass the two ends of the weaver outside the top and inside the lower double strip, drawing the loop ends up close ; now with the second weaver work in the same manner from the bottom upward; then with another weaver work from the top and so on, until all the strips are used. The teacher may easily judge if all weaving is correct by asking the pupil to hold up the work and at the same time turn it, after each weaver is inserted, as both sides will be alike if correctly woven.

The work is tightened by pulling the opposite ends of the horizontal strips, and every two of the weavers, until the work is flat.

To hold the weaving securely in place, open the free ends and place the paste inside, using a thin, flat pasting stick.

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MODEL II. — BOOK MARK.

Material. — Two strips of fawn. Four strips of red.

(Waste of material will be avoided if the two colors are used alternately in the long strips.)

Weave as before, and after pasting, notch the ends of the weavers close to the long strip, leaving the free ends of the long strip about three inches in length. Notch these also.

FREE WEAVING.

MODEL III. NAPKIN RING.

Material. — Two strips of red, four strips of fawn.

Using fawn for weavers, proceed as for bookmark, and after tightening and pasting, cut all weavers close to the long strips, and cut the end of the long strips so as to leave 1\ inches extending. Out corners from these ends, and bringing the two ends of weaving together insert each free end under the second square on the opposite end. Glue should be used to hold this in position, placed under the two outside squares.

MODEL IV. - - MATCH SAFE.

Material. — One strip of red, two strips of fawn. Use red for horizontal strips, tearing into two and folding. Make four weavers from other strips. Insert the weavers and

cut close all free ends at

O the top. Fold at each

square, pressing flat to secure sharp edges. Insert the long ends into the opposite side and shape to oblong box. Overlap the free ends on the bottom, cut to length and glue . ut from cardboard of some harmonious color, a piece 4x3 inches, and glue the box to this near the lower left corner. Cut a piece of No. 1 sandpaper 1x2 inches and fasten it to the right of the

box. Perforate the top of cardboard in two places and pass

ribbon through for hanging.

RAPHIA AND REED WEAVING.

MODEL V. RULER.

Material. — Four strips of scarlet, six strips of fawn. Glue together each two of the scarlet strips, and use the fawn for weavers. Weave strip twelve inches long, and after fastening the weaving cut all ends close and mark each square in numbers from one to twelve.

Before allowing the pupil to take this model home, teach its use in measuring.

MODEL VI. CUBICAL BOX.

Material. — Two strips of fawn, four strips of scarlet.

Using scarlet for weavers, make a strip eight inches long. Glue the ends, and cut close all weavers on the top edge. Fold at every two squares, creasing well, and then join the ends by inserting under opposite squares. Now interlace the other ends of the weavers for bottom of the box, and glue to position.

MODEL VII. — PICTURE FRAME.

Weave as for ruler, making four strips, each twelve inches in length. Cross ends for frame, and fasten at each corner with round head Magill fasteners. Cut a piece of cardboard to size, and glue to the back, leaving an opening at the top. In this cardboard perforate holes? , through which pass ribbon for hanging.

FREE WEAVING.

MODEL VIII. — ROUND BOX.

Material. — - Four strips of fawn.

Seven strips of scarlet.

After gluing the fawn strips so as to make two long ones, use the scarlet for weavers and make a strip fourteen inches long. Fasten the ends of the weavers at the top and cut close.

Bring the opposite ends of the woven piece together, and fasten by inserting loose ends under the opposite square. Bend up the remaining ends of wearers for the bottom of the box, and cut two circular pieces of cardboard to fit the bottom; glue one out side and one inside the box.

MODEL IX. OBLOXG BOX.

Material. — Six strips of scarlet.

Eleven strips of fawn.

Weave band sixteen inches long for box (cover separate).

Fasten all weavers on the top edge and cut close. Count two inches from one end and fold for the end of the box ; then six inches for one side, and again two for the end. Glue into shape and fit oblong piece of cardboard both inside and outside of box. Weave a strip six inches long for the cover; punch holes one inch in

from both ends of the cover and the box and hinge with

ribbon.

RAPHIA AND REED WEAVING.

MODEL X. — BOX WITH HANDLE.

Material. — Sixteen strips of fawn.

Six strips of scarlet.

Using fawn for weavers make a band twenty inches in

length. Out the top ends close and glue to shape, five inches on a side. Fit a double bottom of cardboard and

_,M weave the strips for the handle, fastening the handle to the box by using Magill paper fasteners.

MODEL XI. — CUBICAL BOX WITH COVER WOVEN ON.

Material. — Five strips of scarlet.

Three strips of fawn.

Use scarlet for weavers, but keep two of them full length, tearing the others into halves and folding. Weave first with four short weavers, then insert two long ones. Do not pull these two down close but let them remain far enough above the woven strip to allow the insertion of two fawn-colored strips, and then pull down to position and insert the other two weavers. Fasten into shape and form the bottom

as for Model VI.

This makes a very pretty candy box and the cover may be

fastened by tying a band of ribbon round the box.

MODEL XII. — PINCUSHION.

Material. — Two strips of fawn.

Five strips of scarlet.

Using scarlet for weavers, make a strip ten inches long. Shape as for circular box and fit double bottom of cardboard. Make a simple form of cushion to fit this box and glue it to position.

Series II.

ADVANCED FIRST GRADE.

MODEL I. — ASH CART.

Using one square of paper, 6 in. x G in. , fold and cut as indicated at Fig. 1. As the wheels are too large to be cut from waste pieces, it will be necessary to give each pupil one-

Model I.

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Fig. 1.

half a square of paper from which the wheels may be cut. This piece is not to be folded into squares. Use toothpicks for axle and thills and peas for hubs.

Model II. Tray.

Cut as indicated at Fig. 2.

Fold back at dotted lines and bring laps into position, placing them under the edge folded down.

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Fig. 2.

MODEL III. — BUTTON BOX.

Cut as indicated at Fig. 3, bring laps into position and paste.

RAPHIA AND REED WEAVING.

MODEL IV. — EXPKESS WAGON.

Fold and cut square 6 in. x 6 in., as indicated at Fig. 4, using for Fig. 5 one of the pieces cut away, and making the seat from the other piece. The depth of the box is but one-

Model III. Button Box.

Fig. 3.

Model IV. Express Wagon.

♦fr" A o^xvof half the width of the square. Use toothpick for handle and peas for hubs. A cheap quality of collar button may be used for hubs, passing them through the wagon box from the inside, and then through the wheel.

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MODEL V. SLEIGH WITH BOX.

Fold and cut the sleigh as indicated at Fig. 6, and the

CONSTRUCTION IX PAPER.

box at Fig. 7. Pass the end of a piece of cord eight inches long through the holes, and fasten.

MODEL VI. — EGG BOX.

Cut box as indicated at Fig. 8, and cover at Fig. 9, using one-inch semi-circular tablets for tracing thumb places.

Use for partitions pieces cut away from Figs. 6 and 7, and cut as indicated at Fig. 10.

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Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

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Model VI. Egg Box.

RAPHIA AND REED WEAVING.

MODEL VII. — SHOPPING BAG.

Fold and cut as indicated at Fig. 11, saving for handle the piece cut away, and folding it in the middle — lengthwise. Cut and use one piece for handle, folding it lengthwise and

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Model VII using double. In pasting bring the inside corners of outside squares together and place the middle square inside these two, with the ends of the handle between.

MODEL VIII. STOVE.

Use for this model three squares of Mack paper 6x6 inches.

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Model VIII. Stove.

Fold and cut as indicated at Fig. 12 for body of the stove, making lines for grate with a red lead pencil. Indicate, with black pencil, the hinges and knobs on oven doors.

CONSTRUCTION IN PAPER.

Cut and fold hearth as indicated at Fig. 13, showing hinges and knobs on doors. Bring Fig. 12 into shape and

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loJf* paste. Use Fig. 11 for the bottom of the stove, fastening it onto the inside of front and back of stove, so as not to interfere with the use of the oven. Place the hearth in position and fasten, then open front doors. Cut and fold the pipe as indicated at Fig. 15 and glue to the stove.

MODEL IX. — TROLLEY CAR.

Cut as indicated at Fig. 16, cutting out for windows, or the windows may be indicated by pencil lines and not cut out. Cut the bottom of the car as indicated at Fig. 17. Use toothpicks for axle and peas for hubs, making wheels from the piece cut away from

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Model IX.

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