Animal products

Front matter

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Chapter I. The Wool-producing Animals And Their Uses To Man

Statistics of Sheep in various countries— Wool produce of the world- British imports of Wool— Breeds of Sheep— Number of Sheep in the United Kingdom and her colonies— Characteristics of Wool— Our Imports of Wool — Exports of Wool and Woollen manufactures — Classifications of Wool 4

Chapter II. Products Of Wool-bearing Animals

Sheep skins — Woollen manufacture and sub-divisions of the trade- Shoddy— Worsted, Carpets, etc.— The Goat tribe— Cowhair— Shawl wool and other goat hair — Statistics of Goats in various countries — Varieties of Goats — Glove t manufacture— Commerce in goat skins, and their uses— Leather bottles— The Llama tribe — Alpaca wool — Guanaco and Vicuna, and their uses— The Camel and its products —Pack camels and racing camels— Statistics of camels— Camels'

hair 44

b vi CONTENTS.

Chapter III. Products Of The Bovine Tribe

PAGE

Cattle as food producers — Statistics of Cattle in various countries — Oxen — Bisons — Buffaloes— Continental breeds of Cattle — The Yak — The Musk ox— Meat supply from Cattle — Salted meat — Dried meat — Dairy products — Milk, Butter, and Cheese — Rennet . . . . 77

Chapter IV. Other Economic Products Of Cattle

Horns and hoofs — Horn comb manufacture — Horn buttons — Bones and their uses — The trade in Tallow — Soap — The trade in Hides— Leather manufacture — Tanning substances — Bookbinding and miscellaneous applications of Leather — Uses of offal, blood, glue — Cowhair — Boiling down Cattle 133

Chapter V. The Deer And Antelope Tribes

Deer horns, their growth and uses — Commerce in them — Deer skins — Deer hair — Varieties of deer — The Moose or Elk — The Reindeer — Numbers killed — The Stag — The Musk deer and its perfume — Varieties of Antelopes — The Eland — The Springbok — Karosses or skin cloaks — The Gnu — The Giraffe — Various species of Antelopes . 177

Chapter VI. Furs And The Fur Trade

Early use of Furs — The chase of fur-bearing animals — No decrease in their numbers — Dying and preparing Furs — The Hudson's Bay Company's depots— Statistics of Furs imported — Commerce in Furs in the United States and Canada — Russia and France — Fur trade of Europe and the United Kingdom . . . 206

Chapter VII. Carnivorous Mammals

Uses of the Carnivora — Commerce in wild beasts — The Felines or Cat tribe, and their products — Lion, puma, tiger, panther, leopard, jaguar, ocelot, wild and common cat — Trade in their skins — Chetah or hunting leopard — Lynxes — Civet cats — Furs and economic products of these animals 222

CONTENTS. vii

CHAPTER VIII. CARNIVOROUS MAMMALS— [cammed]

PAGE

The Dog tribe — Varieties of dogs — Esquimaux dogs and dog-sledges — Statistics of dogs — Wolves and their depredations — Wolf Skins imported — Foxes— ^Varieties of Skins imported by the Hudson's Bay Company — Racoons, Bears, and Bear skins — Various species of Bears 236

CHAPTER IX. CARNIVOROUS MAMMALS— {concluded)

The American and European Badgers— The Polecats— Martens— Sables- Land and sea Otters — Statistics of imports — Seals and the Seal fishery — Statistics of seal-oil and seal skins — The Fur Seals of commerce —Sea lions— Sea elephant — Walrus 256

Chapter X. Mammals Of Secondary Importance, Their Economic Products

Monkeys — Bats— Insectivorous and toothless animals— Hedgehog— Tatoo — Rodents — Porcupine — Agouti — Cavy — Chinchilla — Beaver — Statistics of Beaver skins imported — Castoreum — Musquash — Hamster, Marmots— Rabbits and Hares— Statistics— Use of their skins and flesh 288

Chapter XI. Solidungula And Pachyderms And Their Uses

Horses, Asses, and Mules— Dray and waggon horses— The Arab horse- Statistics of Horses in various countries — Horses in Russia — Australia—South America— Demand for Horses for military purposes- Products of the Horse— Flesh, hide, horse hair and its manufacture- Mules and Asses, numbers in different countries— The Quagga and Zebra— African and Asiatic Elephants— The trade in recent and

fossil Ivory— Statistics of commerce in Ivory 307

b 2 viii CONTENTS.

Chapter XII. Pachyderms, Or Thick-skinned Animals, And Their Products

PAGE

Swine— Great value of the Pig— Various breeds— Our foreign imports of pigs, bacon, hams, and pork— Extent of pig breeding in the United States— Vast export of products— Immense slaughter-houses— Pigs in Russia— Pork as food— Trade in Lard and lard-oil— Hogskins— Bristles— Our import trade— Russia the chief source of supply — Statistics of Swine in various countries— Peccaries or wild hogs- Tapir— Rhinoceros — Use of its hide and horn — Hippopotamus— Its hide, flesh and teeth 34-8

Chapter XIII. Aquatic Mammals And Their Products

Sirenia— Dugongs— Manatee— Whales and products of the Whale fishery —Changes in the trade— Its great decline— Whalebone— Spermaceti — Ambergris — Whale-oil — The Narwhal or sea unicorn — The common Dolphin — Porpoise — White whale — Porpoise-oil — Porpoise-leather 373

Chapter XIV. Marsupials And Their Uses

The Wombat — Opossums, Australian and American — Various species of Kangaroos, wallabies and wallaroos, hunted for their skins and flesh

Kangaroo-leather — Fur cloaks— Smaller Marsupials — Bandicoots

—Koala or native bear, native cat, kangaroo-rat, &c. 397

Index 409

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Dorset ram . . . . . 10

Shropshire ram . ■ . . . 13

Diagram of rabbit fur and human hair 15

Wool compared with vegetable fibres . 16

Spanish Merino wool . . . . . . . . .18

Rambouillet-Negretti ram 20

African fat-tailed Sheep . 21

Flock of sheep in Australia . . 23

Different qualities of wool found on the Sheep 26

Crimps of the fibre of Merino wool 28

" Blumen " or flower in Merino fleece 29

Representations of good and bad " stubble " in Wool . . . . 30

Negretti Merino ram 32

Representation of East Indian wool . 34

Varieties of Wool as seen under the microscope 35

Sheep -shearing operations in Australia • • 39

Sheep- washing in Australia .41

Mohair or goat's wool c 1

Angora Goats . . . 53

Llama of South America 65

Alpaca of Peru 67

The Mehari or racing Camel . 71

Group of African Cattle S^

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Shorthorn cow 85

African bullock waggon 86

Hereford bull , . . . 87

Thelemark cows of Norway 89

Cow of the Swedish Herrgards or Nobles' race . . ... 91

Podolian cow, Galicia 92

Murzthal cow, Styria 93

Montafun cow, Vorarlberg — Tyrolese race 94

Brahmin bull . . 96

Bison (Bos Americanus) 99

European buffalo bull 101

The yak or grunting ox (Poeph agus grunniens) 105

Egerland cow, Bohemia 107

Pinzgau cow, Salzberg race 109

Mode of cutting up a carcase for meat no

Mariahof cow, Styria . .112

Group of cattle 113

Kuhland cow, Moravia 117

Devon yearling heifer 119

Jersey bull 121

Group of Hereford cattle 127

Head of Argali (Ovis fioli) 137

Mode of cutting horn combs 141

Bony skeleton of hippopotamus 146

Diagram of a " crop " or full hide 157

Herd of mixed Cattle, Australia . 173

Head and antlers of Arctic Reindeer 178

Stages of growth of stag horn ♦ . . 179

Deformed horns of deer 181

Antlers of Elk or Moose 183

Deer hair magnified 185

Indian Deer in the jungle 187

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xi

PAG

Esquimaux Dogs killing a Reindeer 192

Musk deer jo,^

Hunting the Musk deer in China 198

Musk pod — natural size 199

White-eared Antelope head (Antilope leucotes) 200

Bastard Gemsbok (Antilope leucophcea) 203

Waterbok (Antilope ellipsyprymna) 205

Arctic fur-bearing animals . . . . . . ...213

Skull of Bear, showing the dentition 222

Natives killing a Lion in Africa . "~~~~" 224

Fight with a Leopard 228

European Lynx (Felts lynx) 231

Animals yielding Civet and Musk 233

Civet cat 234

Dog 237

Arctic Dog sledge 238

Esquimaux Dog 239

Hungry Wolves 243

Racoon (Procyon lotor) 248

A Polar Bear hunt with Esquimaux dogs 249

Polar Bear killing Walrus .251

Killing a Polar Bear 253

American Badger (Meles Labradoria) 256

Pine Marten (Mustda leucopus) 260

Group of Seals 268

Esquimaux Dogs capturing a Seal . . 271

Northern fur Seal. The Sea bear or Sea lion of Alaska , . ■ . . 279

Antarctic fur Seal {Otafia Falklandica) . . . . . . . 283

Walrus (Trichecus rosmarus) 284

Walrus' skull, showing the powerful canine teeth 285

Walrus on the ice 286

Heads of Aye Aye of Madagascar, white-necked Marmoset, and East

Indian red Monkey 289 xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Chinchilla lanigera . . ... . . . . ... 293

Musk rat (Fiber Zibethicus) . . 297

Quebec Marmot (Arctomys empet) a) 299

Dead horse 317

Native carried off by a Quagga ........ 327

Section of skull of Elephant, showing the dentition 329

Upper molar tooth of Indian elephant 331

Upper molar tooth of African elephant 331

African Elephants . 333

Molars of Elephant . . 334

Indian Elephant employed in a timber yard 338

Siamese war Elephant 341

Head of Indian Elephant ......... 343

Ornamental application of scrivelloes or small tusks 347

Old English breed of hogs 350

The Berkshire pig 350

Small white breed of pigs . . . . . . . . 351

Carved Rhinoceros horn, Siam 368

Hippopotamus amphibius . 370

Dugong (Halicore Dugong) . . 375

Manatee (Manatus Americanus) . . 378

West Indian Manatee 379

Right or Greenland Whale 381

Cachalot, or Sperm Whale 381

In pursuit of Whales 383

Skull of whalebone Whale and plate of baleen 385

Narwhal and Polar Bear . 392

Polar Bear and white Whale 395

The woolly Kangaroo (Macropus lanigera) 399

Opossum (Didelphys ornata) . " . . 399

1 1

^S^J^Y^Cd^ ^Wcv^

ANIMAL PRODUCTS

ORIGIN OF THE ANIMAL PRODUCTS COLLECTION.

At the close of the Great Exhibition of 1851, many of the articles there displayed were presented to Her Majesty's Commissioners by various Foreign Governments, and numerous individual exhibitors, to form the nucleus of a permanent Trade Collection. It was considered that such a Collection would not only be interesting as constituting a lasting memorial of the Exhibition and a record of the state of Industry in 185 1, but that it might be rendered of great practical benefit to the Manufacturing and Mercantile communities if systematically arranged for purposes of reference, with a view both to technical instruction and to the ever-changing and increasing wants of trade in this great commercial country. The Collection thus presented to the Commissioners contained many and valuable specimens in the three great kingdoms of Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral products. Great progress had been made in the development of two important National Collections illustrative of the Vegetable and Mineral kingdoms respectively, viz., the Museum of Economic Botany at Kew, and the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street, and to these the vegetable and mineral products were respectively consigned.

No corresponding Collection for the Animal Kingdom had, however, previously existed. The Royal Commissioners, therefore, thought it desirable to endeavour to supply this deficiency

XIV

ITS LOCAIITY AND DEVELOPMENT.

by the formation of a Collection of Animal Products, the articles of that class, presented to them in 1851, serving as an appropriate nucleus for such a Collection. The Society of Arts, being equally impressed with the importance of this object, co-operated with the Commissioners towards its attainment, and joined in securing the services of Professor Solly for a period of two years, ending in 1855, to superintend the formation of the Collection; Dr. Lyon Playfair, M.P., the then scientific referee of the Department of Science and Art, giving valuable assistance in the development and arrangement of the articles, a work in which the author of these pages also took a not inconsiderable part. The Collection was first exhibited to the public in 1857 ; and in 1858 the whole of the Collection of Animal Products, as it then existed, was presented by Her Majesty's Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1 85 1 to the Science and Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education. It was then exhibited as part of the South Kensington Museum, where it remained for several years, but was subsequently removed to the Branch Museum of the Department at Bethnal Green, where it is now arranged in the Lower Gallery on the South Side of the Building.

As the Food Products from Animals, and the Economic relations of Insects to man, are dealt with in separate Handbooks or Guides to those Collections by other writers, the various products of the Mammalia alone are proposed to be touched upon in this Manual, which will be devoted chiefly to those used for Manufactures, without following in strict order the natural history classification; but tracing the Collection as nearly as possible in the methodical manner in which it has been arranged, and adding to the text such illustrations of animals and their products, as may serve to render it interesting and useful, and help to make it more generally understood.

The Classification (beginning at the East end of the Gallery) adopted originally in the arrangement of the Collection of Animal Products is as follows : —

CLASSIFICATION OF THE COLLECTION, xv

Class I. — Animal Substances employed for Textile Manufactures and Clothing.

Division I. Wool, Mohair, and Alpaca. ,,» II. Hair, Bristles, and Whalebone.

III. Silk.

IV. Furs.

,, V. Feathers, Down, and Quills.

,, VI. Gelatin, Skins, and Leathers.

Class II. — Animal Substances used for Domestic and Ornamental Purposes.

Division I. Bone and Ivory. ,, II. Horns and Hoofs.

,, III. Tortoise-shell. ,, IV. Shells and Marine Animal Products for Manufacture,

Ornament, &c. „ V. Animal Oils and Fats. *

CLASS III.— Pigments and Dyes yielded by Animals. Division I. Cochineal and Kermes. ,, II. Lac and its applications.

III. Nut Galls, Gall Dyes, Blood, &c. ,, IV. Sepia, Tyrian Purple, Purree, &c.

Class IV. — Animal Substances 7isedin Pharmacy and in Perfumery,

Division I. Musk, Civet, Castoreum, Hyraceum, and Ambergris. ,, II. Cantharides, Leeches, &c.

Class V '.—Application of Waste Matters.

Division I. Guts and Bladders. ,, II. Albumen, Casein, &c.

,, III. Prussiates of Potash and Chemical Products of Bone, &c. ,, IV. Animal Manures. — Guano, Coprolites, Animal Carcases, Bones, Fish Manures, &c.

The special object of this Collection is not merely the formation of a Museum showing the various Animal Products entering into British and Foreign Commerce, but, at the same time, to instruct and inform the visitor as to the magnitude of the trade, ihe varieties, peculiar characteristics and suitability for various purposes, of different substances. While, therefore, the mere visitor for pleasure will be gratified by a passing glance at such a general collection of useful and ornamental products, the more thoughtful and inquiring will here find ample opportunities presented to them of studying quietly, systematically, and in proxvi IMPORTANCE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS.

gressive detail, the principal Arts and Manufactures arising out of Animal substances which result in such individual benefit, and contribute so greatly to our national wealth and extensive commerce.

The objects exhibited are arranged into classes, groups, and sub-divisions, which proceed step by step from the raw material, through the various stages of manufacture, up to the finished product.

The Food Products of Animal origin are illustrated in the Food Collection arranged in the opposite gallery.

Descriptive general, and special, framed labels are hung about the galleries; every case, article, and particular manufacture is fully described, and cheap catalogues are also on sale, so that the visitor will have little difficulty in gleaning useful information as he proceeds.

The extent and importance of the trade in Animal Products generally is probably little understood. It would be indeed difficult to form a precise estimate of its magnitude even as regards the trade, industry, and money value for the United Kingdom alone, but there are some few data from which an approximate account of the raw materials and manufactures derived from the Animal Kingdom may be formed. We have tolerably correct agricultural statistics of our domestic Live Stock, and also official records made annually by the Board of Trade, of the value of the Imports and Exports. If we take, therefore, the data from these for the year 1875 (which, it may be incidentally remarked, was not a very prosperous trade year), we shall arrive at some idea of the enormous figures and the large interests involved.

Value of the Imports of Animal origin brought into the United Kingdom in 1875.

Live Animals ,£8,466,226

Food Products :

Bacon and Hams 6,982,470

Pork, salted and fresh 590,356

Iteef, salted 35 7, 201

,, fresh or preserved 97,136

VALUE OF OUR IMPORTS. xvii

Poultry and Game, including Rabbits . . . 328,044

Articles chiefly for Manufactures :

Bones for manufacturing ...... ^"74,059

Bristles 419,203

Feathers for beds . 126,177

Lac resin and lac dyes 806,117

Hair of various kinds 1,483,984

,, manufactures 68,323

Hides, wet and dry 4,203,371

,, tanned or otherwise prepared . . . 2,814,042

Leather manufactures 308,290

,, Boots and Shoes 240,000

Manures: Bones of Animals 630,656

Oils: Train or Blubber 489,817

,, Spermaceti or head matter . . ... 427,884

Rags, Woollen, for re- working .... 599,402

Silk, raw and thrown 3,546,456

,, manufactures of all kinds 12,264,532

Skins of various kinds (not furs) .... 2,494,979

Furs, Pelts, and manufactures of Furs . . . . 1,375,512

Specimens of Natural History . . . . . 22,785

Wool of various kinds 23,451,887

Woollen yarn . 1,491,117

^105,577,155 xviii VALUE OF OUR EXPORTS.

These are only the principal articles ; sponges, mother-of-pearl, cowries, and other shells, tortoise-shell, leeches, cantharides, and many other products, are not included, being aggregately grouped by the Board of Trade under "Miscellaneous Articles."

There are also certain vegetable substances imported, which are chiefly used in the preparation and manufacture of Animal •Products, such as all the tanning materials, which should be taken into consideration ; these include the following values : —

Barks and Extracts for tanning .... ^*395»3 I 8

Cutch I4°>i5°

Gambier 601,105

Valonia 622,019

^2,104,935

Value of the Animals and Animal Substances, the produce of the United Kingdom, exported in 1875.

Food substances :

Cheese 88,143

Provisions 693,294

Manufactures and materials, &c. :

Hats of all sorts 1,045,440

Leather manufactures . ...... 3,881,168

Silk, Thrown, Twist and Yam .... 880,923

Silk manufactures I »734>5 1 9

Skins and Furs of all sorts 946,694

Umbrellas and Parasols ...... 356,467

Woollen and Worsted Yarn 5>°99,307

Woollen manufactures 21,659,325

£39,297,923

This is exclusive of a number of minor articles not enumerated or specified in the Board of Trade Returns.

VALUE OF OUR LIVE STOCK. xix

Taking the latest Agricultural Returns as our guide for numbers, and assuming a very moderate value for each animal, we get at the following approximate estimate of the value of our domestic stock.

Live Stock in Great Britain and Channel Islands, 1875 :

Horses * .

£21,587,056

Cattle .

• 6,050,797 „ 10

60,507,970

Sheep

. . 29,243,790 „ 1 10

43,865,685

Swine .

• 2,245,932 „ 1 5

2,807,415

£128,768,126

There are no returns of asses and. mules, goats and poultry, for Great Britain.

Number and value of Live Stock in Ireland in 1875 : t

Horses and Mules .

£10

Asses .

179,742 „

179,742

Cattle

41,119,900

Sheep .

. 4,248,158 „

1 10

6,372,237

Goats

. 268,894 „

134,447

Pigs .

• 1,249,235 „

1 5

Poultry . . .

. 12,055,768 „

602,788

£55,447,408

When we find that the figures we have quoted give an estimated money value exceeding ^33 1,000,000 sterling, and that to this has to be added all the dairy produce, the poultry and their products for Great Britain ; the annual clip of British wool, which maybe estimated at 160,000,000 lbs., worth at least ^8,000,000; the hides and skins, tallow, horns, bones, and other offal, horse and cow hair, woollen rags collected, the game and rabbits, the sea and river fisheries; besides the products of our woollen, leather, glove, silk, soap and comb manufactures retained for home consumption, furs, brushes, and many other articles, we ought to add a great many millions more to the aggregate value or total.

* Returned by occupiers of land alone, and quite exclusive of horses kept in towns, racehorses, &c, of the numbers of which there are no complete returns.

f These values are the old official prices, and many are much below the present value for horses, &c.

xx AGGREGATE VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS.

These collective figures of the value of our Live Stock and of the Animal Products imported and exported, will at least show what a large amount of capital is invested in them, and that they must necessarily give busy and remunerative occupation to a great number of persons in the raising, collection, distribution and after preparation of most of the articles, to fit them for various uses, whilst the amount of shipping tonnage employed, and the inland transport by road and rail from place to place, of the raw materials and the finished manufactures, are other great sources of active industry, in which numbers of our population are specially interested.

INTRODUCTION.

CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS.

Naturalists have described more than 2,000 species of Mammals, or animals which suckle their young. They are characterised by warm red blood, and breathe by means of lungs. They have been grouped into different Orders, each divided into Genera, which usually include several individual Species.

Amongst them are the cattle of our fields, beasts of burden, and domesticated animals of many kinds. Most of these are familiar to all ; but a more perfect knowledge of their nature contributes to the improvement of agricultural stock, affords indications of rational methods of treating the diseases to which they are subject, and makes us acquainted with the sources of supply of many Animal Products largely used for food or in the various arts and manufactures.

The following, although it may not satisfy all as a classification of Mammals, is yet sufficiently clear for the purposes of this work, which is intended as a description of the Economic uses of the Animals, and their Commercial products, rather than a treatise on Systematic Zoology.

I. Ouadrumana, or four handed.* Examples — Ape, Baboon, Monkey.

There are about 100 species belonging to this order at present known. In some countries the flesh of monkeys is eaten. The skins and skeletons form articles of commerce, and live animals are purchased for zoological gardens.

* The order Bimana — Man — has been passed over, the only products of any commercial value derived from the human race being the hair of females, in which some considerable trade is carried on, and skulls and skeletons for museums. In the Waste Products Collection will be found illustrations of the use of human hair, and in Case 87 is a piece of cloth made with human hair ; ladies' muffs have also been made of it.

B

2 CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS.

II. Cheiroptera. Example — Bats.

Some of these are fruit eaters, others insect eaters. The flesh of a few bats is eaten.

III. Insectivora. Insect eaters. Examples — The Hedgehog and Mole.

This order is not of much commercial importance.

IV. Carnivora. Flesh eaters — beasts of prey. Examples — Lion, Cat, Fox, Bear, Seal.

This is the most important order of animals for the supply of skins and furs to commerce. The flesh of some carnivorous animals is eaten in certain districts.

V. RODENTIA. . Gnawing animals. Examples— Rat, Hare, Rabbit, Beaver, Squirrel.

Many furnish furs to commerce, and their flesh serves for food. 380 species are known to naturalists.

The great incisor teeth being separated widely from the molars is the characteristic of this order, and enables the animals to gnaw hard substances, such as wood, with facility.

VI. Edentata. Animals wholly or partially without teeth. To this order are added the Monotremes. Examples — Armadillo, Sloth.

This order is commercially unimportant.

VII. Ruminantia. Ruminants, or cud chewers, who remasticate their food, which, after it is brought into the first stomach and imperfectly digested, comes again to the mouth.

They are cloven-hoofed, and with but few exceptions have horns. The horns are either solid, deciduous, as in the deer, persistent, with a core, as in the antelope and goat, or round and smooth as in the ox and buffalo : some of the buffaloes, however, have them wrinkled. Examples — Ox, Sheep, Goat, Camel, Alpaca.

This is the most valuable order of any for the commercial products it supplies, in animal food, skins, wool, tallow, &c.

VIII. Solidungula, or solid hoofed, on each foot only one toe or hoof. Examples — Horse, Ass.

These are exceedingly useful to man as draught animals and for r products, hair, skins, flesh, &c.

CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS 3

IX. Pachydermata. Thick-skinned animals. Examples— -Elephant, Hippopotamus, Hog.

By some naturalists the Pachydermata are made to include the Solidungula.*

Some of the animals of this order, as the hog and the elephant, are -of high commercial importance.

X. Aquatic Mammals. Examples— Manatee, Dugong, Beluga, Whale.

By naturalists the manatees are grouped in a separate order termed Sirenia, the seals and otters belong to the Carnivorous order, and the whales to the Cetacea.

The aquatic mammals are commercially valuable for their flesh as food, for their skins, and the oil obtained from their blubber.

XT. Marsupialia. Pouched animals. Examples — Kangaroo, 'Opossum, Wombat.

The animals of this order are sought for their flesh and skins ; some are herbivorous, others carnivorous.

* One of the most recent classifications is that establishing the order Ungulata, hoofed mammals, which combines the three divisions, Pachydermata, Solidungula, and Ruminantia, which have been thrown into three new sections or sub-orders, and stand classified thus, according to Mr. Wilson {Elements of Zoology): —

A. Artiodactyla. B. Perissodactyla. C. Peoboscidea.

§ 1. Omnivora. § 1. Solidungula. Elephants.

§ 2. Ruminantia. § 2. Multungula.

Mr. Andrew Murray classifies the Ungulata in the following manner :—

A. Monodactyla (The Solidungida). Horses, &c.

B. Artiodactyla.

1. Ruminants, including camels, oxen, sheep, antelopes, camelopard,.

deer, musk deer and chevrolins (Tragulidae).

2. Anoplotheridae (extinct).

3. Non Ruminants, including the peccary, swine, hippopotamus.

C. Multungula.

Tapiridae — tapirs.

Nasicornia — rhinoceros.